Generational and Gender Differences on the Perception of the Attractiveness of the Darker Skin Complexion by Filipinos in Metro Manila / Diferencias Generacionales y de Género en la Percepción del Atractivo del Color de Piel por Parte de los Filipinos en Metro Manila

Abstract Filipinos are said to have high esteem for the lighter skin complexion, and lower esteem for the darker one. By manipulating the skin colors some digitally created photographs of non-existent models, this paper empirically and quantitatively explored this Filipino attitude by surveying 527 respondents from Metro Manila, the metropolitan capital of the Philippines. This research was able to validate the Filipinos' higher esteem for lighter skin complexion in general. However, generational variation was detected in the sense that Generation x respondents have a higher esteem for the lighter skin complexion, while Generation z respondents no longer have. Furthermore, gender variation was also detected in the sense male respondents have a wider divergence on how they highly esteem the lighter skin complexion against the darker one, compared to their female counterparts. This paper is significant in empirically documenting this Filipino esteem for the lighter skin color, as well as in pointing out that such esteem is shaped by generational and gender variations among the respondents.

Resumen Se dice que los filipinos tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara y una menor estima por la más oscura. Mediante la manipulación del color de la piel de algunas fotografias de modelos inexistentes (creados digitalmente), este artículo exploró empirica y cuantitativamente la actitud filipina hacia el color de piel. A través de una encuesta a 527 personas de Metro Manila, la capital metropolitana de Filipinas. Esta investigación validó en general una mayor estima de los filipinos por la tez de piel más clara en. Sin embargo, se detectó una variación generacional en el sentido de que los encuestados de la Generación x tienen una mayor estima por la tez de piel más clara, mientras que los encuestados de la Generación z ya no la tienen. También se detectó una variación de género en el sentido de que los encuestados masculinos tienen una divergencia más amplia sobre cómo estiman el atractivo de la piel más clara frente a la más oscura, en comparación con sus contrapartes femeninas. Esta investigación documenta empiricamente la supuesta estima filipina por el color de piel más claro, y sena senala como dicha estima está determinada por las variaciones generacionales y de género entre los encuestados.

Influence of Photoinitiator on Accelerated Artificial Aging and Bond Strength of Experimental Resin Cements

Abstract The goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro the effect of the photoinitiator phenylpropanedione (PPD), alone or combined with camphorquinone (CQ), on color stability of photoactivated resin cements and their bond strength to ceramics using a micro-shear test. Four resin cements were used: a commercial brand cement (RelyX Veneer®) and 3 experimental cements with different types and concentration of photoinitiators. For color analysis, ceramic discs were cemented on bovine dentin specimens to simulate indirect restorations (n=8) and were exposed to UV for 120 h and tested for color alteration using a reflectance spectrophotometer and the CIEL*a*b* system. Data were analyzed by Anova and Tukey's test at 5% significance level. The color test results did not present statistically significant difference for the ∆E for all the studied cements, neither for ∆L, ∆a and ∆b. For the bond strength, all the studied cements showed statistically significant differences to each other, with the highest result for the RelyX Veneer® (29.07 MPa) cement, followed by the cement with CQ (21.74 MPa) and CQ+PPD (19.09 MPa) cement; the lowest result was obtained by the cement using only PPD as a photoinitiator (13.99 MPa). So, based on the studied parameters, PPD was not advantageous as photoinitiator of resin cements, because it showed a low value of bond strength to the ceramics and no superior color stability.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro o efeito do fotoiniciador fenilpropanodiona (PPD), isoladamente ou em associação com a CQ, sobre a estabilidade de cor de cimentos resinosos fotoativados e sua resistência de união adesiva à cerâmica, por teste de microcisalhamento. Foram utilizados 4 cimentos resinosos, sendo um comercial (RelyX Veneer®) e 3 experimentais, diferindo entre si quanto ao tipo e concentração dos fotoiniciadores. Para a análise de cor foram cimentados discos cerâmicos sobre dentina bovina, simulando restaurações indiretas (n=8), sendo expostos a 120 h de UV e testados quanto às alterações de cor, que foram mensuradas empregando a escala CIEL*a*b*, por meio de espectrofotômetro de reflectância. Os dados obtidos foram verificados quanto à distribuição normal, submetidos a Anova e ao teste complementar Tukey, todos com significância de 5%. Os resultados do teste de cor não apresentam diferença estatisticamente significante para o ∆E dos 4 cimentos estudados, tampouco para ∆L, ∆a e ∆b. Para a resistência de união, todos os cimentos estudados apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si, com o maior resultado para o cimento comercial RelyX Veneer® (29,07 MPa), seguido pelo cimento com CQ (21,74 MPa), e cimento de CQ+PPD (19,09 MPa); o menor resultado foi obtido com o cimento utilizando apenas o PPD como fotoiniciador (13,99 MPa). Portanto, para os parâmetros estudados, o PDD não se mostrou vantajoso como fotoiniciador de cimentos resinosos, pois apresentou baixo valor de resistência de união à cerâmica e não demonstrou superioridade quanto à estabilidade de cor.

Study on Commercial Specification And Quality Characteristics of Radix Rehmanni / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This paper was aimed to explore the relationship between different commercial specification and chemical constituents on Radix Rehmanni,which provided experimental evidences for drawing up the commodity commercial specification and grading criteria of Radix Rehmanni.Several classified indexes,including grade,surface color,section color,section texture were carried to explore the change rules of chemical constituents by setting the contents of iridoid glycoside,sugars,water content,total ashes,acid-insoluble ashes and water extract as the markers.The results showed that the grade,surface color and section texture had less impact on chemical constituents.However,the section color had more influence.Along with the section color gradually being deepened,the contents of iridoid glycoside and oligosaccharides of Radix Rehmanni were lower,and the contents of monosaccharide and polysaccharide were higher.It was concluded that there was correlation between commercial specification and chemical constituents of Radix Rehmanni.

Correlations between colors and contents of nine active constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza with four growth years / 中成药

AIM To study the correlations between colors and contents of nine active constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.with four growth years (one,two,three and five years).METHODS The chromatic values (L*,a* and b*) were determined by precise color difference meter.HPLC was applied to determining the contents of water-soluble constituents (lithospermic acid,salvianolic acid B,rosmarinic acid,protocatechuic aldehyde acid and salvianic acid A sodium) and liposoluble-soluble constituents (dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ,cryptotanshinone,tanshinone Ⅰ and tanshinone Ⅱ A).Then the correlations between colors and contents of various constituents were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS L* and b * values of two growth-year S.miltiorrhiza,together with a* value of three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza,were the highest,but various chromatic values of five growth-year S.miltiorrhiza were all the lowest.The contents of various constituents in three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza reached the highest.Lithospermic acid and salvianic acid A sodium showed no significant correlations with various chromatic values,salvianolic B,rosmarinic acid and tanshinone Ⅱ A exhibited significantly positive correlations with them,and protocatechuic aldehyde had significantly negative correlations with them.CONCLUSION The quality of three growth-year S.miltiorrhiza is relatively high.

Identification of synthetic food colors adulteration by paper chromatography and spectrophotometric methods

Synthetic food colors are widely used in different types of food stuffs in India as well as in the world. Changing lifestyles across the globe have transformed food habit patterns. The instant and processed foods (junk foods) are mainly used in a variety of attractive “Synthetic food colors” by its manufacturers. In the present study an attempt has been aimed to study the Extraction, Identification of Synthetic food colors adulteration by Paper chromatography and UV-Visible spectrophotometer in different sweets and jams. In the Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology (IFSC), Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh in 2011.

Uma nova ferramenta educacional para terapia de suporte aos implantes dentários: o diagrama de motivação por cores / A new educational tool for implant supportive therapy: the color motivation chart

A comunicação bem-sucedida entre pacientes e clínicos na terapia de suporte aos implantes pode ser comprometida por diversas razões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma nova ferramenta educacional de conhecimento, como o diagrama de motivação por cores (DMC). Com base em uma radiografia periapical feita pela técnica do paralelismo e cone longo, os clínicos podem determinar se os níveis ósseos do paciente estão acima ou abaixo da plataforma do implante. Cálculos simples são feitos entre os anos consecutivos para se determinar o remodelamento ósseo. Depois, o limiar de perda é atribuído para cada intervalo e um código de cores (azul, amarelo, verde ou vermelho) é aplicado. Desta forma, o paciente pode se concentrar nos significados das cores e ter compreensão total dos resultados, além de melhorar sua higiene oral caseira. Embora a validade desta ferramenta ainda não tenha sido investigada cientificamente, ela lança novas perspectivas sobre a motivação do paciente no tratamento com implantes osseointegrados.

Successful communication between patients and clinicians during implant supportive therapy can be compromised due to several reasons. The aim of this paper is to present a new educational tool known as the color motivation chart (CMC). Based on a standardized periapical radiograph using the long-cone technique, clinicians can determine whether the patient shows bone levels above or below the implant platform. Simple calculations are made between consecutive years to determine bone remodeling. After, the threshold value is attributed for each interval and a color code message (blue, yellow, green, and red) is applied. In this way, the patient can concentrate on color meanings and have an overall comprehension of the outcomes and how to improve their oral hygiene home-care measures. Although the validity of this new tool has not been scientifically investigated, it launches new perspectives on patient motivation for implant treatment.

Investigation in cognitive status quo of urology medical staff about hematuria color / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To understand the cognitive status of urology medical staff about hematuria color.Methods The self-designed questionnaire about color cognition was adopted,and the concentration of hematuria samples were determined.The investigation was carried out in 50 health care workers about their cognition of hematuria color.Results The study found that there were differences in color perception between doctors and nurses,doctors and nurses with different titles,doctors and the standard sample,nurses and the standard sample.Conclusions There are differences in judgment and description of the urine sample color in medical personnel,they are more attempted to judge by virtue of work experience and subjective consciousness.Due to the lack of a uniform and objective standards,the medical staff can not accurately and objectively describe the development of patients' condition,thus patients' recovery was affected.Therefore,a unified objective criteria for clinical reference norms of hematuria should be developed as soon as possible to ensure that patients recover quickly and safely.

In search of the rainbow: Colored inks in surgical pathology.

Introduction: Although surgical pathologists are aware of the multiple advantages that coloured inks contribute to surgical pathology practice, these coloured inks are not available in India and importing them is not a viable proposition. A systematic search for locally available coloring agents was done, and resulted in identifying specific shades within a popular set of children's hobby colors of a particular brand. They retain their bright distinct colors on paraffin blocks and sections. These paints are available all over India, and are cheap, safe, and easy to use. Coloring gross specimen excision margins with different colors, adds precision to margin examination. It allows three-dimensional microscopic reconstruction of the tumor vis-a-vis its various neighboring anatomic structures. It allows postoperative comparison of tissue planes predicted by preoperative imaging. It maintains orientation of grossed and dissected specimens, enabling the pathologist to re-visit the grossed specimen, if required, and confidently allows further sampling if necessary. Aim: A systematic search for indigenous coloring agents was carried out, which included the dyes used in the histopathology laboratory, gelatin, commercially available paints, including acrylic paints and inks. Results: The study identified specific shades within a brand of acrylic colors that are easily available and simple to use, with good results on microscopic examination. Conclusion: Colored inks lend precision to margin examination. A set of easily procurable colors are available in our country, which are easy to use, with distinct bright colors, safe, and reliable.

Development of a Risk Communication Material on Artificial Food Color Additives for Elementary School Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to develop a risk communication material on artificial food color additives for elementary school students. The development was based on a previous study on the perception and information needs of elementary school students on artificial food colors including that the students usually were interested in artificial food colors, but didn't know about those well, and they wanted to get information on the safety of their intake, function and necessity of food color additives. Based on the above results, a comic book on artificial food colors was developed as a risk communication material for the elementary school students by brainstorming and consultation with experts. The book was titled as 'Variegated artificial food colors! Understanding and Eating'. It contained basic information on food additives focused on artificial food colors including definition, function, calculation of ADI, usage of artificial food colors, quizzes and useful web sites, etc. The results of field evaluation for the developed material by 101 elementary school students were very positive in getting the correct information, understanding artificial food colors and having proper attitude for healthy dietary life. Therefore, the developed material could be used to help elementary school students have proper perception on artificial food colors and facilitate the risk communication on food additives.

Spectral analysis of flowers used by nectar-feeding birds in an urban area in Southeastern Brazil

The objective of this study was to determine the spectral characteristic of nectar-producing flowers visited by nectarivorous birds in urban areas. This study was carried out in the central area of the city of Taubaté, in the northeast of the State of São Paulo. The sample areas included green areas, such as squares and parks, and the vegetation of streets and avenues. Twelve plant species were recorded with flowers visited by five nectar-feeding birds. The most visited flower species were those that reflected in long wavelengths (>600 nm). The study discussed the birds' detection capability due to the tetrachromatic vision of nectar-feeding birds and the conspicuity of flowers in urban environments. Finally, the study assessed the scarcity of plants attractive to nectar-feeding birds and the need for a management strategy to favour these species and biodiversity in urban areas.

Análise espectral de flores utilizada por aves nectarívoras em áreas urbanas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer a característica espectral das flores produtoras de néctar visitadas por nectarívoros em áreas urbanas. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na região central do município de Taubaté, no nordeste do Estado de São Paulo. As áreas amostradas incluíram espaços verdes, tais como praças e parques e a vegetação das ruas e avenidas. Foram registradas 12 espécies de plantas utilizadas por cinco espécies de aves nectarívoras. As espécies de flores mais visitadas foram aquelas que refletiram em comprimento de onda longos (>600 nm). Foi discutida a capacidade de detecção das aves em função de visão tetracromática das aves nectarívoras e da conspicuidade das flores em ambientes urbanos. Finalmente, foi abordado o problema da escassez de plantas atrativas para aves nectarívoras nas áreas verdes urbanas e a necessidade de se aumentar a quantidade dessas espécies de plantas para incrementar a biodiversidade em regiões urbanas.

The effect of space and color on judging speeds of traffic lights / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of mental processing speeds of judging traffic lights varying in location and color meaning. Methods 20 healthy adult male (age: 18 ～30 years) were enrolled in this study. By simulation of traffic lights as picture stimuli, all subjects performed a Go/NoGo task separately under normal condition, location-reversed condition, color meaning-reversed condition and both location and color meaning-reversed condition randomly. The accuracy rate and reaction time of the behavior task were quantified. Results The average accuracy rate of the four conditions was 99. 13% , no differences were found in different traffic light colors and different conditions. In the normal condition,the subjects' reaction time(ms) of traffic lights were as fallowings: red light 491.59 ±71.74; green light 487.55 ±58. 11, no difference was found between the two traffic light colors (P=0.522). In the location-reversed condition, subjects' average reaction time(ms) was respectively for red light 606.29 ± 107.59, and green light 593.13 ± 102.45. In the color meaning-reversed condition, it was respectively for red light 572.08 ±78.75, and green light 592.43 ±87.58. Compared with the normal condition, subjects' reaction time was prolonged in the location-reversed condition (F(1,19)=59.77, P<0.01), and also in the color meaning-reversed condition (F(1,19) =52.55, P<0.01). When in the both location and color meaning-reversed condition, the subjects' reaction time (ms) of traffic lights was respectively 502.92 ± 65.27 for red light, and 508.97 ±63.40 for green light,the result came close to statistical significance(P= 0.065)compared with the normal condition. Conclusion A likely "conceptual constancy" is demonstrated on the basis of prolonging the brains' information processing when location and color information changes.

Crescimento e produção de antúrio cultivado sob diferentes malhas de sombreamento / Growth and yield of anthurium under different shading screens

O uso de malhas ou filmes plásticos de diferente naturezas ou cores pode alterar a qualidade espectral da radiação e, como consequência, o crescimento e a produção de uma cultura vegetal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar aspectos do crescimento e da produção de Anthurium andraeanum 'Apalai' sob diferentes malhas de sombreamento. Para tal, mudas micropropagadas foram plantadas em canteiros sob quatro malhas com 70% de sombreamento (azul, vermelha, preta e termo-refletora). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições de quatro plantas úteis por parcela. As avaliações foram realizadas durante 12 meses, sendo iniciadas após a produção de hastes florais comercializáveis. A malha preta se sobressaiu em relação às demais, proporcionando a melhor condição para crescimento e produção do antúrio, bem como as maiores dimensões da haste floral, que são consideradas atributos de qualidade para flor de corte.

The use of screen or plastic films of different nature or color can change the quality of spectral radiation, and as consequence the growth and production of a crop. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the growth and yield of Anthurium andraeanum 'Apalai' under different shading screens. For developing such research, micropopageted seedlings were planted in beds under four screens with 70% shading (blue, red, black and thermo-reflective). The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and four repetitions. The assessments were conducted for 12 months, started after the production of flower stalks marketable. The black screen gave the best results, providing the best conditions for growth and production of anthurium, and the larger dimensions flowers stem, that are considered attributes of quality to cut flower.

Classificação de lotes comerciais de feijão por meio da claridade do tegumento dos grãos / Classify the common bean commerciais lots by the clarity of the grain tegument

A avaliação da claridade do tegumento dos grãos de feijão (valor de "L") é uma medida recente e ainda pouco utilizada no melhoramento. Por isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar se é possível classificar genótipos de feijão pelo valor de "L", dentro de mesmo grupo comercial, e avaliar o número de repetições necessárias. Dezenove ensaios foram conduzidos em Santa Maria, RS, durante os anos de 1998/1999 a 2005/2006, com número variável de genótipos. A coloração do tegumento dos grãos foi quantificada com colorímetro em grãos com 13 por cento de umidade, imediatamente após a colheita. Considerando que a claridade dos grãos é associada ao valor comercial da cultivar, apenas os valores de "L" foram submetidos às análises. Valores entre 0,50 e 3,33 para o valor de "L" foram significativamente diferentes pelo teste de Tukey. A claridade do tegumento dos grãos pode ser utilizada para classificar lotes de feijão de um mesmo grupo comercial. Duas repetições são suficientes para a avaliação da coloração do tegumento dos grãos em feijão, com 90 por cento de exatidão no prognóstico de seu valor real, e com alta precisão experimental.

The estimation of the common bean grain clarity ('L' value) is a new measure and it is not much used in the breeding programs. The objective of this research was to determine the possibility to classifying common bean genotypes for the 'L' value, within the same commercial group and to evaluate how many repetitions are necessary. Nineteen experiments were conducted in Santa Maria, in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, from 1998/1999 to 2005/2006 years. The grain tegument colors were determined with 13 percent moisture. The clarity of grain tegument is associated with the commercial value of common bean cultivar. Values between 0.50 and 3.33 were significative different by Tukey test. The clarity of grains tegument ('L' value) can be used to classify common bean lots of same commercial group. Two repetitions are sufficient to evaluate common bean grains tegument colors, with 90 percent accuracy of the real value and high experimental precision.

Study on variation of total flavonoids in Erigeron breviscapus / 中草药

Object To study the variation of total flavonoids in Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.-Mazz. with the development periods, the months, the affection of the environment and genetical factors on the total flavonoids. Methods The total flavonoids in organs of E. breviscapus during the different deve-lopment periods and the months were determined. The total flavonoids of E. breviscapus in the sunny and shady habitats and the total flavonoids of E. breviscapus with different colors were compared. Results The total flavonoids of E. breviscapus mainly existed in the ground part. The total flavonoids of E. breviscapus are the highest in its flourishing period, and the lowest in its withering period. The variety of the total flavonoids in every organs of E. breviscapus in flourishing period from April to June was not significant. Illumination intensity had little affection to the total flavonoids of E. breviscapus. The colors of E. breviscapus flowers could not be the selected markers for the total flavonoids. The genetic factor played an important role in deciding the difference of the total flavonoids among the individuals. Conclusion It will be optimistic to improve the total flavonoids in E. breviscapus by genetic breeding.

Simultaneous determination of synthetic food colors by method of partial least squares / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To study the application of partial least squares (PLS) in spectrophotometry,and to simultaneously determine four synthetic food colors with PLS.Methods:? max for Tartrazine,sunset yellow,ponocean 4R and amaranth were 428?2nm,482?2nm,508?2nm,520?2nm respectively,which revealed significant overlapping of simultaneous determination of mixture of four synthetic food colors by spectrophotometry,whithout any preliminary chemical separation.Results:The mean recoveries and relative standard deviation(RSD) for each sample were 100.6%,100.5%,99.5%,101.1% and 1.28%,1.11%,1.01%,1.96%,respectively.The actual results of two kinds of samples were also satisfactory.Conclusion:The patial least squares may provide a new approach to determination of the content from multi-component spectroscpic data whithout any preliminary chemical separation.