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Objective To study the association of the CAG repeat length polymorphism in exon 1 of the androgen receptor (AR) gene with metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in men.Methods We used cluster sampling method to select 910 middle-and old-aged male subjects from the communities in Yinchuan and Wuzhong cities,Ningxia.Their body height,weight and blood pressure were measured;their testosterone (TT),serum lipids,fasting glucose (FBG) and fasting insulin (FINS) were assayed;and their body mass index (BMI) and free testosterone (FT) were calculated.Length of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the AR gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing method.The subjects were divided into MS group (n =304) and normal control group (n=606) according to the diagnosis standards of MS.Results No obvious difference in the frequency distribution of CAG repeats in the AR gene was found between MS group and normal control group.The systolic blood pressure in the mcn with CAG repeat number of less than 22 was significantly higher than that in those with CAG repeat number of 22 or more,but HDL-C was significantly lower than men with CAG repeat number of 22 or more.However,the two groups did not significantly differ in diastolic blood pressure,other blood lipids level,FBG,FINS,BMI,TT or FT.The men with CAG repeat number of less than 22 had a higher prevalence of hypertension than those with CAG repeat number of 22 or more,but the prevalence of MS and other components of MS in the two groups had no significant difference,Conclusion The length of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the AR gene is related to the occurrence of hypertension and the dccreased level of HDL-C,but not to the incidence of MS.The number (less than 22) of CAG repeats of the AR gene may be a genetic factor of the occurrence of hypertension and reduced level of HDL-C.
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Aims: To study the frequency of occurrence of the components of Metabolic Syndrome [MetS] among MetS patients in urban south Indian population, with a view to suggest preventive measures. Study Design: Descriptive hospital based study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was done at a tertiary care teaching institution at Kozhikode, which is an urban area in south India, between September 2007 and February 2008. Methodology: Subjects aged 20 years and above attending the general health check-up clinic (953 people) were screened and people meeting National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [NCEP ATP III] criterion for MetS (257 people) were enrolled for the study. In addition to history taking and clinical examination, relevant laboratory investigations were done. Pearson chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. A P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The prevalence of MetS in the screened population was 27%, more in females (28.1%) than in males (26.4%) and was found to increase with increasing age, in both genders. The most frequently occurring component of MetS in this study was increased abdominal girth [AG]. The other components in the decreasing order of frequency were low high density lipoproteins [HDL], elevated fasting blood glucose [FBG], raised blood pressure [BP] and raised triglycerides [TG]. In males the most frequently occurring component of MetS was reduced HDL, whereas in females it was increased abdominal girth. The other components in the decreasing order of frequency in males were raised TG, increased AG, elevated FBG and raised BP, whereas in females it was low HDL, elevated FBG, raised BP and raised TG. Presence of increased abdominal girth (P<.001) and low HDL (P=.030) was significantly more in females, whereas raised TG (P<.001) was more in males. Conclusions: Increased AG, which is the most frequently occurring component of MetS in this study, is an easily measurable parameter and may be taken as a proxy indicator for the prevalence of MetS in the population. Presence of increased AG is an indicator to check for the presence of other components of MetS and to advise necessary lifestyle changes to prevent the occurrence of MetS and to reduce the cardio vascular disease (CVD) burden in the population.
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Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) as defined by the latest Harmonised definition and the agreement between the Harmonised definition and other definitions is poorly studied among Malaysians. This study was conducted to determine and compare the prevalence of MetSyn according to the Harmonised, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATPIII) definitions among Malay staff of Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Methods: Subjects aged between 20 to 65 years were recruited by convenient sampling. Waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles and fasting plasma glucose levels were assessed. The agreement between the Harmonised and other definitions was determined by Kappa statistics. Results: A total of 227 subjects with a mean ± SD age of 37.9±9.6 years participated in the study. The overall prevalence of MetSyn was 38.3%, 38.8% and 33.5% according to Harmonised, IDF and NCEP ATP III definitions, respectively. Generally, men had higher prevalence of MetSyn than women. The prevalence increased with age in both genders with a more progressive trend in women. Men in the age group of 20-39 years had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome. A strong agreement was found between the Harmonised and the IDF definitions (Kappa index=0.991), and between the Harmonised and the NCEP ATP III definitions (Kappa index=0.857). Conclusion: Regardless of definitions used, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the study, especially in young men, was high and warrants further investigation. The Harmonised definition is suitable for diagnosing metabolic syndrome in any population with similar sociodemographic characteristics.