Inferential confusion in the worldview of individuals with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): a qualitative approach / Confusión inferencial en cosmovisión de individuos con Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo (TOC): un un acercamiento cualitativo

Abstract Introduction The Inference-based Approach (IBA) is an etiologic, therapeutic research paradigm regarding inferential confusion (IC) as an exclusive metacognitive process of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). IC is the rational tendency of individuals with OCD to underrate abstract data and personal experiences and overrate hypothetical possibilities. IC therefore fosters uncertainty and facilitates the justification of obsessive constructs. IBA has noted that qualitative research on IC and the exploration of IC in non-OCD cognitive constructs are required to refine cognitive and therapeutic OCD models. This could help clarify whether OCD treatment by IBA is overlooking non-obsessive IC habits which, if left untreated, could compromise treatment success. Objective To identify the possible influence of IC on non-obsessive, cognitive worldview constructs of individuals with OCD and to compare these constructs with those of individuals without OCD. Method Twenty-five semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted, 15 with individuals with OCD and 10 with a comparison group without OCD or OCD symptoms. Data were collected and analyzed using Grounded Theory methodology. Results IC was identified in the non-obsessive cognitive worldview constructs of every participant with OCD. IC was not identified in the comparative group. Discussion and conclusion The results suggest that IC affects the rational composition of non-obsessive cognitive worldview constructs of individuals with OCD. The implications this could have for the cognitive and therapeutic models of OCD are discussed.

Resumen Introducción La Aproximación Basada en Inferencia (ABI) es un paradigma de investigación (etiológico-terapéutico) que considera a la confusión inferencial (CI) como un proceso metacognitivo exclusivo del TOC. La CI es la tendencia racional, de individuos con TOC, de infravalorar datos abstractos y experiencias personales, y sobrevalorar posibilidades hipotéticas. Por lo que la CI promueve incertidumbre y facilita la justificación de constructos obsesivos. La ABI señaló recientemente que, para refinar el modelo cognitivo-terapéutico del TOC, falta investigación cualitativa de CI y exploración de CI en constructos cognitivos no-obsesivos. Esto podría esclarecer si el tratamiento del TOC, de la ABI, descuida hábitos no-obsesivos de CI que, al no ser atendidos, comprometan el éxito terapéutico. Objetivo Identificar la posible influencia de CI en constructos cognitivos no-obsesivos de cosmovisión (interpretación formal o informal del mundo) de individuos con TOC y comparar a dichos constructos con los de individuos sin TOC. Método Se realizaron 25 entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad, 15 a participantes con TOC y 10 a un grupo comparativo sin TOC, ni sintomatología de TOC. Los datos se recolectaron y analizaron mediante la metodología Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados Se identificó influencia de CI en constructos cognitivos no-obsesivos de cosmovisión de todos los participantes con TOC. No se identificó influencia de CI en el grupo comparativo. Discusión y conclusión Los resultados permiten aportar que la CI influye en la composición racional de constructos cognitivos no-obsesivos de cosmovisión de individuos con TOC. Se discuten las implicaciones que esto puede tener en el modelo cognitivo-terapéutico del TOC.

Validación de constructo de un algoritmo hipnoterapéutico para niños con enuresis nocturna monosintomática

Introducción: La enuresis nocturna es un motivo frecuente de consulta en pediatría, psiquiatría infantil, psicología y medicina familiar, con mayor porcentaje en los niños de 5 años de edad, seguidos por los de 7 y 9, en ese orden. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo del algoritmo hipnoterapéutico para pacientes con enuresis nocturna monosintomática. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación compleja de 97 pacientes, atendidos en la Clínica de Hipnosis Terapéutica de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba, desde febrero del 2021 hasta julio del 2022, la cual estuvo estructurada en 3 etapas metodológicas de validación de constructo para dar continuidad a la etapa IV de la validación de contenido del algoritmo hipnoterapéutico, sobre la base de 2 cuasi-experimentos sin grupo de control y un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo de control no equivalente de la segunda etapa de dicha investigación. Resultados: El análisis factorial sobre el estudio de componentes principales fue factible, pues los factores 1, 2 y 3 debían mantenerse, lo cual se expresó en el gráfico de sedimentación y en la varianza total explicada, a través de los porcentajes acumulados en los autovalores iniciales y la suma de las saturaciones al cuadrado de la extracción y la rotación con 64,24 %. Conclusiones: La validación de constructo del algoritmo diseñado mostró pertinencia, dada por la idoneidad del análisis factorial y la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett.

Introduction: Bedwetting is a frequent reason to visit pediatric, infant psychiatry, psychology and family medicine services, with more percentage in 5 years children, followed by 7 and 9 years children, in that order. Objective: To determine the construct validity of the hypnotherapeutic algorithm for patients with monosymptomatic bedwetting. Methods: A complex investigation of 97 patients was carried out, who were assisted in the Therapeutic Hypnosis Clinic of the University of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba, from February, 2021, to July, 2022 which was structured in 3 methodological phases of construct validation to continue the phase IV of hypnotherapeutic algorithm content validation, on the base of 2 quasi-experiments without control group and a quasi-experiment with non equivalent control group of the second phase of this investigation. Results: The factorial analysis on the study of main components was possible, because the factors 1, 2 and 3 should stay, which was expressed in the sedimentation graph and in the explained total variance, through the percentages accumulated in the initial auto values and the sum of saturations to the square of extraction and rotation with 64.24%. Conclusions: The construct validation of the designed algorithm showed relevancy, given by the suitability of the factorial analysis and the Bartlett test of spherical form.

Characteristic Analysis of Imprinting Template of Flavonoid Clusters in Four Chinese Medicines to Lung Meridian and Establishment of Experimental Approach of Meridian Tropism in Vitro / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the characteristics of imprinting template of flavonoid clusters in four Chinese medicines attributed to the lung meridian， and to establish an in vitro experimental approach for the study of the attribution of Chinese medicines to the lung meridian. MethodBased on 13 Chinese medicines， including Xanthii Fructus， Houttuyniae Herba， Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma， Belamcandae Rhizoma and so on， which only belong to the lung meridian in Chinese Materia Medica（the 13th Five-Year planning textbook of general higher education）， we identified four representative Chinese medicines， namely Houttuyniae Herba， Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma， Belamcandae Rhizoma and Mori Cortex， and set up their fingerprints by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） and calculated the molecular connectivity indices of various components in the four Chinese medicines， the similarity to their mean value was calculated by included angle cosine method， so as to establish the quantitative relationship of construction versus imprinting ability， and to determine the order of each component in the lung meridian. A total of 7 reference substances， including chlorogenic acid， rutin， quercetin， isoquercitrin， hyperoside， epicatechin， and iridin， were selected to validate the overall conformational relationships of flavonoids of the model， as well as its predictive ability. ResultHouttuyniae Herba， Fagopyri Dibotryis Rhizoma， Belamcandae Rhizoma and Mori Cortex contained a total of 437 chemical components with an average molecular connectivity index similarity of 0.995 6. The four Chinese medicines contained a total of 204 flavonoids with an average molecular connectivity index similarity of 0.978 0， which was second only to the alkaloids with 0.985 1. The retention time（tR） of the 7 reference substances showed a good conformational relationship with the similarity of the molecular connectivity index（tR=831.4×S-790.3， r=0.861 4， P<0.01）， which was applicable to the in vitro attribution study of the position， similarity， and relative similarity with tR of the cluster of 98.04% of flavonoids. Accordingly， the 1st position was kuwanon D， with a similarity of molecular connectivity index of 0.987 7 and a tR of 30.88 min， the 200th position was chlorogenic acid， with a similarity of molecular connectivity index of 0.958 2 and a tR of 6.36 min. The total first-order moment of the four Chinese medicines calculated by total statistical moment method of fingerprint was 24.26 min， ranked 21， which could characterize 99.19% of the whole， and the total first-order moment of the total peak area of the 7 reference substances in the four Chinese medicines was 20.00 min， with a rank of 46， which could characterize 98.68% of the whole. ConclusionFlavonoid clusters are suitable probes for the characterization of imprinting template for the study of the lung meridian， which can be established a quantitative imprinting method for meridian tropism of Chinese medicines in vitro.

Construto socioemocional e suas contribuições para a Psicologia e Educação / Socioemotional construct and its contributions to Psychology and Education / Constructo socioemocional y sus contribuciones a la Psicología y la Educación

Resumo Desde os primeiros anos escolares, habilidades cognitivas estão inseridas no currículo escolar de crianças e adolescentes. Entretanto, formar indivíduos realmente preparados para enfrentar os desafios exige desenvolver habilidades que vão além de disciplinas obrigatórias, denominadas habilidades socioemocionais. Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sistemática sobre o construto socioemocional a partir de buscas nos indexadores eletrônicos LILACS e Redalyc, de 2013 a março de 2019, a fim de investigar sua aplicação na prática e apresentar possíveis estratégias para instrumentalizar pessoas a se tornarem emocionalmente competentes. Foram incluídos 9 artigos empíricos experimentais relativos ao tema para a análise final. A partir de uma investigação conceitual destes estudos, verificou-se que o construto socioemocional é formado por três grandes grupos de habilidades: de regulação emocional, pessoais e de convívio social. Todos os programas de intervenção foram desenvolvidos em escolas com crianças e/ou adolescentes e foram eficazes para promover habilidades socioemocionais nos participantes. Espera- se que, em um futuro bem próximo, alunos tenham melhores experiências escolares desde os primeiros anos de vida e cresçam mais preparados emocionalmente para a adolescência e a vida adulta.

Abstract Since the early school years, cognitive skills have been embedded in the school curriculum of children and adolescents. However, training individuals who are truly prepared to face the challenges requires developing skills that go beyond mandatory disciplines, called socio-emotional skills. A systematic literature review on the socioemotional construct was carried out based on searches in the electronic indexes LILACS and Redalyc, from 2013 to March 2019, to investigate its application in practice and present possible strategies to instrumentalize people to become emotionally competent. Nine experimental empirical articles related to the theme were included for the final analysis. From a conceptual investigation of these studies, it was found that the socioemotional construct is formed by three major groups of skills: emotional regulation, personal and social interaction. All intervention programs were developed in schools with children and/or adolescents and were effective in promoting socio-emotional skills in the participants. It is expected that, in the very near future, students will have better school experiences since the first years of life and grow more emotionally prepared for adolescence and adulthood.

Resumen Desde los primeros años escolares, las habilidades cognitivas se han integrado en el plan de estudios escolar de niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, capacitar a personas que están verdaderamente preparadas para enfrentar los desafíos requiere desarrollar habilidades que van más allá de las disciplinas obligatorias, llamadas habilidades socioemocionales. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre el constructo socioemocional a partir de búsquedas en los índices electrónicos LILACS y Redalyc, de 2013 a marzo de 2019, con el fin de investigar su aplicación en la práctica y presentar posibles estrategias para instrumentalizar a las personas para que sean emocionalmente competentes. Para el análisis final se incluyeron 9 artículos empíricos experimentales relacionados con el tema. A partir de una investigación conceptual de estos estudios, se encontró que el constructo socioemocional está formado por tres grandes grupos de habilidades: regulación emocional, interacción personal y social. Todos los programas de intervención se desarrollaron en escuelas con niños y/o adolescentes y fueron efectivos para promover habilidades socioemocionales en los participantes. Se espera que, en un futuro muy cercano, los estudiantes tengan mejores experiencias escolares desde los primeros años de vida y se preparen más emocionalmente para la adolescencia y la edad adulta.

Validation of the Cognitive Fusion Scale in Cuban adults with anxiety symptoms / Validación de la Escala de Fusión Cognitiva en adultos cubanos con síntomas de ansiedad

ABSTRACT Background: Cognitive Fusion (CF) is a psychological problem that is a fundamental concept within Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. The Cognitive Fusion Scale (CFS), which is used to measure this concept, has not been adapted or validated in Cuba. Objective: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the CFA in adults with anxiety symptoms. Method: Qualitative and quantitative techniques were combined: Expert interview, correlation and concordance coefficients and factor analysis. Result: The CFQ was adapted from a linguistic and cultural perspective. Nine experts were consulted and consensus was assessed using the content validity coefficient of appropriateness (0.97). During piloting with 35 people, the test achieved a Cronbach's α coefficient (0.927). When the adapted test was applied to 106 adults with anxiety symptoms, a Cronbach's α coefficient (0.869) was achieved, demonstrating the homogeneity of the test. The exploratory factor analysis (KMO = 0.820, X2 (338) = 21, p < 0.001) showed item ambiguities of less than 0.6 and factor loadings of more than 0.3. The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good model fit (X2 (14) = 45.1, p < 0.001). A low and statistically significant correlation (Rho = 0.216, p < 0.05) was found in relation to IDARE (state). Conclusion: The adapted CFQ was valid in terms of content, showed high reliability values and its one-dimensionality was verified. The adapted instrument shows a correlation between FC and anxiety symptoms. An instrument like this could improve the diagnosis of CF, as well as increase the quality of care for the patient.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Fusión Cognitiva (FC) es un problema psicológico que constituye un concepto fundamental dentro de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso. La Escala de Fusión Cognitiva (EFC) utilizada para medir este concepto no ha sido adaptada ni validada en Cuba. Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la EFC en personas adultas con síntomas de ansiedad. Método: Se combinaron técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas: consulta a expertos, coeficientes de correlación y concordancia y análisis factorial. Resultados: Se adaptó la EFC desde una perspectiva lingüística y cultural. Se consultaron a 9 expertos y se evaluó el consenso mediante el coeficiente de validez de contenido sobre la suficiencia (0,97). Durante el pilotaje con 35 personas, el test alcanzó un coeficiente α de Cronbach (0,927). Al aplicar el test adaptado en 106 adultos con síntomas de ansiedad se obtuvo un coeficiente α de Cronbach (0,869), lo que evidencia la homogeneidad del test. El Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (KMO = 0,820, X2(338) = 21, p < 0,001) alcanzó unicidades de los ítems menores que 0,6 y cargas factoriales mayores que 0,3. El Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio mostró un buen ajuste del modelo (X2(14) = 45,1, p < 0,001). Se encontró una correlación baja y estadísticamente significativa (Rho = 0,216, p < 0,05) respecto al IDARE (estado). Conclusión: La EFC adaptada fue válida en tanto contenido, mostró altos valores de fiabilidad y se verificó su unidimensionalidad. El instrumento adaptado muestra una correlación entre la FC y los síntomas de ansiedad. Contar con un instrumento como este podría mejorar el diagnóstico de la FC, así como incrementar la calidad del tratamiento que se le brinda al paciente.

Comparative study of dual stability constructs and modified Scott techniques for symptomatic spondylolysis in active adolescents / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy between dual stability constructs and modified Scott techniques for treatment of symptomatic spondylolysis in active adolescents.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical date of 64 active adolescents who had been treated for symptomatic spondylolysis at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The 900th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force from January 2017 to October 2021. There were 59 males and 5 females with an age of (24.9±5.2) years. Responsible vertebral bodies were L 3 in 2 cases, L 4 in 10 cases, L 5 in 47 cases, and L 4 to L 5 in 5 cases; spondylolisthesis was accompanied in 9 cases. Depending on the surgical methods, the patients were divided into a dual stability constructs (pedicle screws and laminar screws) group (observation group, 31 cases) and a modified Scott group (control group, 33 cases). The 2 groups were compared in terms of operative time, bleeding volume, postoperative drainage volume, isthmus healing rate, rate of internal fixation failure, visual analogue scale (VAS) for low back pain, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and the good and excellent rate by JOA at postoperative 1 month, 3 months, and the last follow-up, and the incidence of complications. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the preoperative general data between the 2 groups, indicating comparability ( P>0.05). All patients were followed up. The operation time in the observation group [(94.7±14.9) min] was significantly longer than that in the control group [(84.4±16.4) min] ( P=0.011), but there was no significant difference in intraoperative bleeding volume or postoperative drainage volume ( P>0.05). The healing rate of bilateral isthmi in the observation group was 93.5% (29/31), significantly higher than that in the control group [60.6% (20/33)], and the rate of internal fixation failure in the observation group (0) was significantly lower than that in the control group (12.1%, 4/33) ( P<0.05). At postoperative 1 month, 3 months, and the last follow-up, the VAS scores were significantly lower than the preoperative value in all patients while the JOA scores significantly higher ( P<0.05). At the last follow-up, in the observation group the VAS score [0 (0, 1.0)] was significantly lower than that in the control group [1(0, 2)], and the JOA score [(27.1±1.2) points] and the excellent and good rate by JOA [93.5% (29/31)] were significantly higher than those in the control group [(25.7±2.1) points and 75.8% (25/33)] ( P<0.05). In the control group, follow-ups revealed internal fixation failure in 4 cases due to the cable cutting out of the spinous processes, yielding a failure rate of 12.1%, while no internal fixation failure was observed in the observation group. Conclusions:Both dual stability constructs and modified Scott techniques can relieve the clinical symptoms of spondylolysis in active adolescents to various extents. However, dual stability constructs with pedicle screws and laminar screws may lead to a higher isthmus healing rate and better curative effects.

Scale of Sexual Prejudice Against Bisexuals: evidence of validity / Escala de Preconceito Sexual Contra Bissexuais: evidências de validade / Escala de Prejuicio Sexual Contra Bisexuales: evidencia de validez

Sexual prejudice against bisexuals is widespread in society. However, little research has been done on this phenomenon because it is difficult to measure. The aim of the current study was to validate a short version of the Biphobia Scale for the Brazilian context (EPSB-br). In the first study, the EPSB-br showed unifactorial structure and convergent validity with scales measuring beliefs and stereotypes about bisexuality. Study 2 showed the EPSB-br's convergent-discriminant validity with scales measuring religiosity, right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and sleepiness. Finally, Study 3 demonstrated the criterion-related validity of the EPSB-br through an experimental manipulation in which participants watched a video of a pretend teacher and assigned a salary to it. Taken together, these results showed evidence of validity and reliability of the EPSB-br, which introduced a measure of prejudice against bisexual people in Brazil. (AU)

O preconceito sexual contra bissexuais é fortemente presente na sociedade. Entretanto, este fenômeno ainda é pouco estudado, dada a dificuldade em sua mensuração. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de validar uma versão reduzida da Biphobia Scale para o contexto brasileiro. No primeiro estudo, a Escala de Preconceito Sexual contra Bissexuais (EPSB-br) apresentou uma estrutura unifatorial e uma validade convergente com escalas que mensuram crenças e estereótipos sobre a bissexualidade. O Estudo 2 evidenciou a validade concorrente-discriminante da EPSB-br com a religiosidade, escalas de autoritarismo de direita, orientação à dominância social e sonolência. Por fim, o Estudo 3 demonstrou a validade de critério da EPSB-br a partir de uma manipulação experimental, na qual os participantes assistiram a um vídeo sobre um professor e atribuíram-lhe um salário. A síntese dos resultados mostrou evidências de validade e confiabilidade da EPSB-br, introduzindo uma medida de preconceito contra pessoas bissexuais no Brasil. (AU)

Lo Prejuicio Sexual contra Bisexuales está muy presente en la sociedad. Sin embargo, es un fenómeno poco estudiado, dada la dificultad de medirlo. Este trabajo buscó validar una versión reducida de la Biphobia Scale para el contexto brasileño. En el primer estudio, la EPSB-br presentó una estructura unifactorial y validez convergente con escalas que miden creencias y estereotipos sobre la bisexualidad. El estudio 2 evidenció la validez concurrente-discriminante de la EPSB-br con escalas de religiosidad, autoritarismo de derecha, orientación al dominio social y somnolencia. Finalmente, el Estudio 3 demostró la validez de criterio de la EPSB-br a través de una manipulación experimental, donde los participantes vieron un video sobre un maestro y le asignaron un salario. La síntesis de los resultados mostró evidencia de validez y confiabilidad de la EPSB-br, introduciendo una medida de prejuicio contra las personas bisexuales en Brasil. (AU)

Conserved multiepitope vaccine constructs: A potent HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine in clinical trials

Abstract Despite the success of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in preventing HIV-1-associated clinical progression to AIDS, it is unable to eliminate the viral reservoirs and eradicate the HIV-1 infection. Therapeutic vaccination is an alternative approach to alter the HIV-1 infection course. It can induce effective HIV-1-specific immunity to control viremia and eliminate the need for lifelong ART. Immunological data from spontaneous HIV-1 controllers have shown that cross-reactive T-cell responses are the key immune mechanism in HIV-1 control. Directing these responses toward preferred HIV-1 epitopes is a promising strategy in therapeutic vaccine settings. Designing novel immunogens based on the HIV-1 conserved regions containing a wide range of critical T- and B-cell epitopes of the main viral antigens (conserved multiepitope approaches) supplies broad coverage of global diversity in HIV-1 strains and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles. It can also prevent immune induction to undesirable decoy epitopes theoretically. The efficacy of different novel HIV-1 immunogens based on the conserved and/or functional protective site of HIV-1 proteome has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. Most of these immunogens were generally safe and able to induce potent HIV-1-specific immunity. However, despite these findings, several candidates have demonstrated limited efficacy in viral replication control. In this study, we used the PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases to review the rationale of designing curative HIV-1 vaccine immunogens based on the conserved favorable site of the virus. Most of these studies evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates in combination with other therapeutics and/or with new formulations and immunization protocols. This review briefly describes the design of conserved multiepitope constructs and outlines the results of these vaccine candidates in the recent clinical pipeline.

Validación de dominios y competencias por grupos focales y juicio de expertos / Validation of domains and competencies by focus groups and expert judgment

Resumen El Consejo Mexicano de Ginecología y Obstetricia certifica a los especialistas para ejercer su especialidad y brindar una atención de alta calidad a las pacientes. En la actualidad, el Consejo está rediseñando el examen de Certificación en Ginecología y Obstetricia orientado a la evaluación de competencias profesionales a partir de las actividades profesionales confiables que permitan identificar los dominios de la competencia médica en un especialista. La competencia es una variedad de habilidades ejercidas a través de múltiples dominios o aspectos del desempeño profesional; sus descriptores requieren que contengan habilidades relevantes, contexto y la etapa o nivel de evaluación. Por su parte, los dominios son un conjunto de competencias clave. Este informe incluye los resultados de la primera validación en México de dominios y competencias para la evaluación de los ginecoobstetras a partir de una metodología cualitativa que comprende una revisión de la bibliografía, grupos focales, análisis de trabajos colegiados y validación por juicio de expertos. Los resultados se presentan divididos por los ocho dominios en los que se trabajó, se mencionan los comentarios más relevantes a discutir por los cuatro grupos focales. Éstos y la validación por expertos permitió reunir comentarios valiosos, coherentes y funcionales para el sistema de evaluación que quiere llevar a cabo el Consejo. Este ejercicio permitirá el posterior desarrollo de la tabla de especificaciones, reactivos o nuevos instrumentos de evaluación coherentes con un sistema de dominios, competencias y actividades profesionales confiables.

Abstract The Mexican Council of Gynecology and Obstetrics certifies specialists to practice their specialty and provide high-quality healthcare to patients. Currently, the Council is redesigning the Gynecology and Obstetrics Certification exam, oriented to the evaluation of professional competencies based on reliable professional activities that allow the identification of domains of a specialist's medical competencies. Competency can be defined as a variety of skills across multiple domains or aspects of professional performance. Its descriptors require to contain relevant skills, context, and the stage or level of assessment. Domains can be described as a set of competencies that are considered essential. This report includes the results of the first validation done in Mexico. The validation of domains and competencies for the evaluation of physicians in the area of Obstetrics and Gynecology is based on a qualitative methodology that includes a literature review, focus groups, analysis of collegiate works, and validation through expert judgment. The obtained results are divided into eight domains that mention the most relevant observations that were discussed by the four focus groups. The focus groups and the validation through expert judgment made it possible to gather valuable, coherent, and functional feedback for the evaluation system that the Council wants to carry out. This method will allow the subsequent development of the table of specifications, items, or new evaluation instruments congruent with a system of domains, competencies, and reliable professional activities.

Escala de Crenças sobre Educação Sexual (ECES): evidências de validade no Brasil / Sex Education Belief Scale (SEBS): evidence of validity in Brazil / Escala de Creencias de Educación Sexual (ECES): evidencia de validez en Brasil

Este estudo tem como objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural e produzir evidências de validade de uma escala para medir crenças sobre educação sexual no contexto brasileiro. Participaram desta pesquisa 580 universitários de cursos de licenciaturas, que responderam a um questionário contendo a versão adaptada da escala. Foram realizados procedimentos para adaptação transcultural do instrumento original e uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) do instrumento adaptado. A versão final da Escala de Crenças sobre Educação Sexual (ECES), composta por dez itens distribuídos em um único fator com uma capacidade de explicação de variância de 47,9%, apresentou boas evidências de validade e fidedignidade, com coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0,895 e boa conexão com um instrumento correlato. Os resultados indicam que a ECES consiste em uma boa ferramenta de medida, contextualizada com a realidade brasileira

In view of the debate on sexuality education in schools, this study aim to perform cross-cultural adaptation and produce evidence of the validity of a scale to measure beliefs about sex education in the Brazilian context. A total of 580 university students participated in the study and answered a questionnaire containing the adapted version of the scale. Procedures were performed for cross-cultural adaptation of the original instrument and an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of the adapted instrument. The final version of the Sex Education Belief Scale (ECES), consisting of ten items distributed in a single factor with an explanatory capacity of variance of 47.9%, showed good evidence of validity and reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.895 and good connection with a related instrument. The results indicate that the SSEBS consists of a good measurement tool, contextualized with the Brazilian reality

Ante el debate sobre educación sexual en las escuelas, este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una adaptación transcultural y producir evidencia de la validez de una escala para medir las creencias sobre la educación sexual en el contexto brasileño. El estudio incluyó a 580 estudiantes universitarios que respondieron un cuestionario que contenía la versión adaptada de la escala. Se realizaron procedimientos para la adaptación transcultural del instrumento original y una Análisis Factorial Exploratoria (AFE) del instrumento adaptado. La versión final de la Escala de Creencias de Educación Sexual (ECES), que consta de diez ítems distribuidos en un solo factor con una capacidad explicativa de variación del 47.9%, mostró buena evidencia de validez y confiabilidad, con un coeficiente alfa de Cronbach de 0.895 y buena conexión con un instrumento correlacionado. Los resultados indican que el ECES consiste en una buena herramienta de medición, contextualizada con la realidad brasileña

Validez de constructo de una escala de percepción de la calidad de atención en consulta externa, primer nivel de atención del sistema público, municipios de La Paz y El Alto: Enfoque intercultural / Construct Validity of a Perception Scale of the Quality of Outpatient Care, First Level of Care of the Public System, La Paz and El Alto Municipalities. Intercultural Approach

Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo de una escala de percepción de la calidad de atención en consulta externa en el primer nivel de atención del sistema público. Método: se trata de un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, diseño de validación de instrumento documental, realizado durante diciembre 2022 y enero 2023, en 2 municipio el Alto y La Paz, se contó con la participación de 205 personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos participantes por de muestro accidental, por sujetos disponibles. La aplicación del instrumento se realizó en los ambientes de los Centros de Salud. Se evaluó la consistencia interna con alfa de Cronbach y Omega. Se realizó el análisis factorial confirmatorio con un método de factorización de ejes principales, se calcularon los índices de ajuste para el modelo, medidas de ajuste absoluto, de ajuste incremental y las medidas de ajuste de Parsimonia. Se realizó todos los procedimientos estadísticos con ayuda del programa SPSSv26, AMOS v24 y JASP v16. Resultados: se evidenció que tamaño muestral pertinente y que la matriz de covariaciones soporta el análisis factorial KMO de 0,904 Bartlett 0,001, que indica un l. Se procedió, entonces, a realizarse dicho análisis con el método de extracción de factorización de ejes principales y rotación varimax logrando dos dimensiones y 10 items, 6 para el primer factor y 4 para el segundo. La fiabilidad del instrumento por dimensión fue aceptable y bueno (>0,6). Se lograron dos modelos para realizar el ajuste, las medidas de ajuste con chi2 significativo y el RMSEA mayor a 0,05. Las medidas de ajuste incremental óptimos CFI = 0,95; NFI = 0,92, y TLI (NNFI)= 0,93. las medidas de ajuste de Parsimonia aceptables. Conclusiones: las evidencias de validez del instrumento con 2 factores resultaron con un buen ajuste y parsimonia, presentando índices de confiabilidad aceptables y consistentes con los reportados por otros estudios tiene validez de contenido adecuado con una fiabilidad aceptable

Objective: to determine the construct validity of a scale of perception of the quality of outpatient care at the first level of care in the public system. Method: this is a quantitative study, documentary instrument validation design, conducted during December 2022 and January 2023, in 2 municipalities of El Alto and La Paz, with the participation of 205 people over 18 years of age of both sexes participating by accidental sampling, by available subjects. The application of the instrument was carried out in the environments of the Health Centers. The internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha and Omega. The confirmatory factor analysis was performed with a principal axis factorization method, the fit indexes for the model, measures of absolute fit, incremental fit and measures of Parsimony fit were calculated. All statistical procedures were performed using SPSSv26, AMOS v24 and JASP v16. Results: it was evidenced that the sample size was relevant and that the covariance matrix supports the KMO factor analysis of 0.904 Bartlett 0.001, which indicates a l. We proceeded, then, to perform this analysis with the extraction method of factorization of principal axes and varimax rotation, achieving two dimensions and 10 items, 6 for the first factor and 4 for the second. The reliability of the instrument per dimension was acceptable and good (>0.6). Two models were achieved to perform the adjustment, the adjustment measures with significant chi2 and RMSEA greater than 0.05. The optimal incremental fit measures CFI = 0.95; NFI = 0.92, and TLI (NNFI)= 0.93. Parsimony fit measures were acceptable. Conclusions: The evidence of validity of the instrument with 2 factors resulted in a good fit and parsimony, presenting acceptable reliability indices and consistent with those reported by other studies. It has adequate content validity with acceptable reliability

Application of asthenopia survey scale in patients with accommodative asthenopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the visual fatigue of patients with accommodative asthenopia and the difference in scores before and after treatment by using the asthenopia survey scale(ASS), and to evaluate its reliability, validity and responsiveness in this population.METHODS: A total of 112 patients with accommodative asthenopia were admitted to the department of ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and recruited online were investigated using the ASS questionnaire, and 48 subjects were randomly selected and retested 1wk later. A variety of reliability, validity and responsiveness indicators were used to evaluate the scale.RESULTS: The overall Cronbach's α coefficients of the scale entries was 0.91; The split-half reliability coefficients was 0.86; Repeated measurement correlation coefficient of the scale total score was 0.74, there was no significant difference before and after(P&#x003E;0.05); The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the absolute fit index of the three-factor structural model was χ2/df&#x003C;2.0, RMSEA=0.08; The correlation coefficients of each dimension's total score and the scale's total score were 0.92, 0.90 and 0.83 respectively; The standard association validity analysis showed statistically significant differences between groups(P&#x003C;0.01). Response analysis was statistically significant before and after treatment(P&#x003C;0.01).CONCLUSION: The ASS has high reliability, validity and responsiveness in the clinical evaluation of accommodative asthenopia, and it's an effective tool for clinical research and screening of asthenopia in this population.

Construct Validity and Reliability of Malay Language-Perception towards Smoking Questionnaire (BM-PTSQ) Among Secondary School Adolescents

Introduction@#Multitude studies have shown perception is an integral factor associated with smoking, However, no such tool was available in Malay language. In this study, we established a Bahasa Malaysia version of PTSQ (BM-PTSQ) and tested the validity and reliability among secondary school adolescents. @*Methods@#The English version of PTSQ originally consists of 12 items. It was translated into Bahasa Malaysia and back-translated again into English to check for consistency. After face validity (face-to-face query) was determined among 20 secondary school adolescents, only 10 items were included in the survey. Construct validity was established from 407 school adolescents through random selection in the same locality. More than 60% of the respondents were female, a majority (67.3%) were schooling in rural areas. Then, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined with Cronbach's alpha.@*Results@#EFA has grouped PTSQ into two components, they are associated with either knowledge or attitude towards smoking. The variance and Cronbach's alpha for the first and second component were 38.24% and 0.861 (7 items) and 21.62% and 0.661 (3 items) respectively. @*Conclusion@#The PTSQ showed good validity and reliability for measurement of perception in smoking among school adolescents in Malaysia, thus this is a viable measurement tool. More importantly this study shows an urgent need to improve the smoking education among adolescents in Malaysia.

Validez de contenido de la escala de percepción de la calidad de atención en consulta externa, primer nivel de atención del sistema público, municipios de La Paz y El Alto, enfoque intercultural / Content validity of the perception scale of the quality of outpatient care, first level of care of the public system, municipalities of La Paz and El Alto, intercultural approach

OBJETIVO Determinar la validez de contenido para determinar los elementos que constituyen la escala de percepción de la calidad de atención en consulta externa en el primer nivel de atención del sistema público. MATERIAL Y METODO Se trata de un estudio de tipo cuantitativo, diseño de validación de instrumento documental, realizado durante septiembre y noviembre de la gestión 2022, en 2 municipio el Alto y La Paz, la validez de contenido contó con la participación de 4 expertos, y la prueba piloto con una muestra de 42 participantes. Para el juicio de expertos se utilizó el Coeficiente de validez de contenido de Hernández Nieto. En la prueba piloto se estimó el porcentaje de no respuesta, abandono y tiempo de llenado. Se realizó todos los procedimientos estadísticos con ayuda del programa SPSSv26. RESULTADOS La validez de contenido por juicio de expertos obtuvo un puntaje adecuado con validez y concordancia buenas (0,81), con adecuada coherencia, claridad, escala y relevancia. Como resultado de la prueba piloto la tasa de no respuesta fue de 4,7%. La tasa de no respuesta y la tasa de abandono por ítem fueron de 0. El promedio que tardaron los encuestados en completar el instrumento fue de 9,6 min. La fiabilidad del instrumento por dimensión fue aceptable y bueno (>0,6) para 3 de las 5 de las dimensiones teóricas. Mediante el análisis factorial exploratorio se evidenció la unidimensionalidad del constructo, con un total de 17 ítems en su estructura. CONCLUSION El instrumento tiene validez de contenido adecuado con una fiabilidad preliminar aceptable

OBJECTIVE To determine the content validity to determine the items that make up the scale of perception of the quality of outpatient care at the first level of care in the public system. MATERIAL AND METHOD This is a quantitative study, a documentary instrument validation design, carried out during September and November 2022, in 2 municipalities, El Alto and La Paz cities. The content validity was assessed with the participation of 4 experts, and the pilot test was carried out with a sample of 42 participants. For the expert judgment, the content validity coefficient of Hernández Nieto was used. The pilot test estimated the percentage of non-response, abandonment and completion time. All statistical procedures were performed with the help of the SPSSv26 program. RESULTS The content validity by expert judgment obtained an adequate score with good validity and concordance (0.81), with adequate coherence, clarity, scale and relevance. As a result of the pilot test, the non-response rate was 4.7%. The nonresponse rate and dropout rate per item were 0. The average time taken by respondents to complete the instrument was 9.6 min. The reliability of the instrument per dimension was acceptable and good (>0.6) for 3 of the 5 theoretical dimensions. The exploratory factor analysis showed the unidimensionality of the construct, with a total of 17 items in its structure. CONCLUSIONS The instrument has adequate content validity with acceptable preliminary reliability.

Questionário de Condições de Trabalho para Servidores Universitários / Working Conditions Questionnaire for public workers in the university / Cuestionario de Condiciones Laborales para Servidores Universitarios

Adotamos o conceito de condições de trabalho abrangendo aspectos do conteúdo e do entorno do trabalho. Entretanto, havia a demanda de explorar as suas especificidades para servidores de universidades federais, visando uma melhor aproximação da realidade e, simultaneamente, explorar sua variabilidade histórica como esperado teoricamente. A pesquisa, então, almejou desenvolver uma versão do Questionário das Condições de Trabalho (QCT) para os servidores da UFMG e aperfeiçoá-lo. Modificamos o QCT adaptando itens e introduzindo outros; exploramos as estruturas fatoriais e avaliamos seu aperfeiçoamento psicométrico. Aplicamos questionários estruturados em 1.060 participantes. Por meio de análise fatorial exploratória, encontramos uma estrutura empírica com fatores de segunda e primeira ordem. Os de segunda ordem divergem das categorias teóricas aplicadas em pesquisas anteriores. Esses fatores e os primários (p. ex., Processo Burocrático e Participação) refletiram a percepção dos servidores acerca da realidade vivencial. A nova versão do QCT pode ser útil em diagnósticos ocupacionais. (AU)

We adopted the concept of working conditions covering the content and surrounding aspects of work. However, there is a need to explore its specificities for public workers in federal universities with the intention of constructing a better approximation to reality, and, simultaneously, exploring their historical variability as theoretical expected. Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a version of the Working Conditions Questionnaires (WCQ) for UFMG's public workers and improve it. We changed the WCQ, adapting items and creating others; we explored the factorial structures; and evaluated their psychometric properties. We applied the structured questionnaire with 1,060 participants. Through exploratory factor analysis, we found an empirical structure with first and second order factors. The second order factors differed from the theoretical categories applied in previous studies. The factors found (e.g., Bureaucratic Process and Participation) reflected the public workers perception about the reality experienced. The new version of the WCQ can be useful in occupational diagnostics. (AU)

Adoptamos el concepto de condiciones laborales abarcando aspectos del contenido y del entorno del trabajo. Sin embargo, hubo una demanda de explorar sus especificidades para empleados de universidades federales, mirando una mejor aproximación de la realidad y, simultáneamente, explorar su variabilidad histórica como teóricamente se esperaba. La investigación, entonces, tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una versión del Cuestionario de Condiciones Laborales para los servidores de la UFMG, y mejorarla. Se modificó el QCT adaptando ítems y creando otros; se exploró las estructuras factoriales; y se evaluó su perfeccionamiento psicométrico. Los cuestionarios estructurados fueron contestados por 1.060 participantes. Por intermedio del análisis factorial exploratorio, se encontró una estructura empírica con factores de primer y segundo orden. Los de según orden difieren de las categorías teóricas de investigaciones previas. Estos factores y los primarios (por ejemplo, Procesos Burocráticos y Participación) reflejaron la percepción de los servidores acerca de la realidad vivencial. La nueva versión del QCT puede ser útil en diagnósticos ocupacionales. (AU)

Geração de itens e validação de conteúdo de domínios e de itens para o indivíduo com osteoartrite do joelho: um estudo de método misto / Item generation and content validation of domains with item pool for the individual with knee osteoarthritis: a mixed-method study

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem várias escalas para avaliar as percepções subjetivas e os componentes individuais em indivíduos com osteoartrite (OA) de joelho. Até o momento, não há escalas disponíveis conhecidas para medir o equilíbrio combinado entre mobilidade, AVD e QV em OA de joelho com base na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). OBJETIVO: Gerar itens e domínios relacionados aos problemas enfrentados pelos indivíduos com OA de joelhos e validar o conteúdo por especialistas. MÉTODOS: Os domínios e itens foram gerados através de pesquisa bibliográfica extensa (ELS) para extrair itens relacionados a equilíbrio, mobilidade, ADL e QV em indivíduos com OA em joelhos baseados na CIF e através de entrevista aprofundada direta (EAD) em 13 pessoas com OA de joelhos e três especialistas. A validação de conteúdo dos domínios e itens gerados foi validada por 10 especialistas por meio da pesquisa Delphi online. O índice mínimo de validação de conteúdo em nível de item (I-CVI) de 0,80 foi considerado para validar os itens identificados e o índice de validação de conteúdo em nível de escala geral (S-CVI) de 0,90 foi fixado para validar os itens gerados para uso no processo de desenvolvimento da escala. RESULTADOS: Os 117 itens gerados por EAD na ELS foram inicialmente agrupados em 18 domínios. A validação de conteúdo pelo método Delphi resultou em uma diminuição para 56 itens agrupados em 14 domínios com SCVI de 0, 93. CONCLUSÃO: O conjunto abrangente de itens de deficiência, limitação de atividade e restrição de participação para indivíduos com OA de joelhos nos domínios propostos foi desenvolvido e o conteúdo validado. Esses itens são recomendados para uso no desenvolvimento de uma nova escala abrangente de índice de osteoartrite do joelho (CKOAI).

INTRODUCTION: There are several scales to evaluate subjective perceptions and individual components in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (IKOA). Till date, no scale is available to measure the combined balance, mobility, ADL and QoL in IKOA based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to generate items and domains related to problems faced by IKOA and to validate the content by experts. METHODS: The domains and items were generated through extensive literature search (ELS) to extract items related to symptoms, balance, mobility, ADL and QoL in IKOA based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and through in-depth direct interview (IDDI) from 13 IKOA and three experts. The content validation of domains and items generated were validated by 10 experts through online Delphi survey. Minimum itemlevel content validation index (I-CVI) of 0.80 was considered to validate the identified items and the overall scale-level content validation index (S-CVI) of 0.90 was fixed to validate the generated items to use in scale development process. RESULTS: 117 items generated by IDDI and ELS were grouped under 18 domains initially. Content validation by Delphi method resulted in reduction with 56 item pool being grouped under the 14 domains with SCVI is 0.93. CONCLUSION: The comprehensive impairment, activity limitation and participation restriction item pool for IKOA under the proposed domains, have been developed and content validated. These items are recommended for their use in development of new comprehensive knee osteoarthritis index scale (CKOAI).

Writing Articles on Continuing Medical Education for Medical Journals

@#Sharing of knowledge through Continuing Medical Education (CME) contribute immensely to professional development of skills in clinical medical practice. Thus, the writing of CME articles should adopt an approach that addresses the needs of the readers by attempting to fill gaps in their knowledge, skills, and ethics about clinical care. As such CME articles should be comprehensive and focused on specific areas. The specific learning outcomes should be well defined. In designing and development of such articles, pedagogic principles are to be borne in mind. In this article we outline a guide to writing a CME article, incorporating both the principles of instructional design and directed selflearning. The ideal CME articles will transit through multimedia-enhanced interactive online learning, with greater use of connectivity through the internet. Synchronous and asynchronous learning is in greater need, as distance and online learning are increasingly popular. Authors of CME articles will need to eventually design CME articles to be interactive, enriched with multimedia to engage their readers. Lesson plans employing instructional design principles should aim to promote both instructions for learning and formative assessment ensuring learning have taken place, and outcomes have been achieved. This article describes on how to write effective CME articles for medical journals.

Adaptación del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck en población de Buenos Aires / Adaptation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in population of Buenos Aires / Adaptation of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in population of Buenos Aires

RESUMEN Introducción : En la actualidad los trastornos de ansiedad son los de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, llegando a una tasa del 5% en Argentina en el año 2017. En ese sentido, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en investigación y clínica en la actualidad. En su construcción uno de los objetivos fue evaluar síntomas de ansiedad que no suelen evidenciarse en trastornos depresivos, motivo por el cual resulta un test relevante para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el BAI a población adulta de Buenos Aires. Método : Se realizó una traducción directa del inventario y luego un juicio de expertos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Se analizó la capacidad de discriminación de los reactivos y se evaluó la validez estructural de los diferentes modelos encontrados en la literatura. A su vez, se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento. Resultados : La adaptación presenta adecuada validez de contenido y los reactivos han demostrado discriminar de forma adecuada. A su vez, a partir de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios realizados se optó por la solución más parsimoniosa que indica la unidimensionalidad del constructo aportando evidencia de validez de constructo. A su vez, la adaptación presenta una adecuada consistencia interna. Se ofrecen valores normativos tentativos Conclusión : Se han hallado evidencias de validez y confiablidad para la adaptación argentina del BAI. Se lo considera un instrumento de gran utilidad clínica.

ABSTRACT Background : Currently, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent worldwide, reaching a rate of 5% in Argentina in 2017. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the instruments most used in research and clinic today. In its construction, one of the objectives was to evaluate anxiety symptoms that are not usually evident in depressive disorders, which is why it is a relevant test to make a differential diagnosis. The objective of this study was to adapt the BAI to the adult population of Buenos Aires. Methods : A direct translation of the inventory and then an expert judgment to assess the content validity were carried out. The discrimination capacity of the items was analyzed and the structural validity of the test was evaluated according to different models found in the literature. Also, the internal consistency of the instru-Publicación editada por el Instituto Peruano de Orientación Psicológica - IPOPSObra bajo licencia de Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) 2ment was analyzed. Results : The adaptation presents adequate content validity and the items have been shown to discriminate adequately. As for the confirmatory factor analyzes, the most parsimonious solution, which indicates the one-dimensionality of the construct, was chosen, providing evidence of construct validity. In turn, the adaptation presents adequate internal consistency. Tentative normative values are offered. Conclusion : Evidence of validity and reliability has been found for the Argentine adaptation of the BAI. It is considered an instrument of great clinical utility.

ABSTRACT Background : Currently, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent worldwide, reaching a rate of 5% in Argentina in 2017. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is one of the instruments most used in research and clinic today. In its construction, one of the objectives was to evaluate anxiety symptoms that are not usually evident in depressive disorders, which is why it is a relevant test to make a differential diagnosis. The objective of this study was to adapt the BAI to adult population of Buenos Aires. Methods : A direct translation of the inventory and then an expert judgment to assess the content validity were carried out. The discrimination capacity of the items was analyzed, and the structural validity of the test were evaluated according to different models found in the literature. Also, the internal consistency of the instrument was analyzed. Results : The adaptation presents adequate content validity and the items have been shown to discriminate adequately. As for the confirmatory factor analyzes, the most parsimonious solution, which indicates the one-dimensionality of the construct, was chosen, providing evidence of construct validity. The adaptation presents adequate internal consistency. Tentative normative values are offered. Conclusion : Evidence of validity and reliability has been found for the Argentine adaptation of the BAI. It is considered an instrument of great clinical utility.

RESUMEN. Introducción : En la actualidad los trastornos de ansiedad son los de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial, llegando a una tasa del 5% en Argentina en el año 2017. En ese sentido, el Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck (BAI) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en investigación y clínica en la actualidad. En su construcción uno de los objetivos fue evaluar síntomas de ansiedad que no suelen evidenciarse en trastornos depresivos, motivo por el cual resulta un test relevante para realizar un diagnóstico diferencial. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el BAI a población adulta de Buenos Aires. Método : Se realizó una traducción directa del inventario y luego un juicio de expertos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Se analizó la capacidad de discriminación de los reactivos y se evaluó la validez estructural de los diferentes modelos encontrados en la literatura. A su vez, se analizó la consistencia interna del instrumento. Resultados : La adaptación presenta adecuada validez de contenido y los reactivos han demostrado discriminar de forma adecuada. A su vez, a partir de los análisis factoriales confirmatorios realizados se optó por la solución más parsimoniosa que indicala unidimensionalidad del constructo aportando evidencia de validez de constructo. A su vez, la adaptación presenta una adecuada consistencia interna. Se ofrecen valores normativos tentativos. Conclusión : Se han hallado evidencias de validez y confiablidad para la adaptación argentina del BAI. Se lo considera un instrumento de gran utilidad clínica.

Construcción y validación de una escala para medir estrategias usadas en el aprendizaje autorregulado en estudiantes de bachillerato / Construction and validation of a scale for assessing strategies used in self-regulated learning in high school students

Resumen Introducción: El Aprendizaje Autorregulado (AAR) contempla el uso de secuencias de procesamientos o actividades que facilitan la adquisición, procesamiento y uso de la información, mismas que se han vinculado fuertemente como predictores del desempeño académico (Dent & Koenka, 2016; Boruchovitch & Santos, 2015 p.20). Aunque se han desarrollado instrumentos para evaluar el AAR en educación superior, es necesario diseñar cuestionarios para estudiantes de bachillerato que abarquen estos predictores. Objetivo: Realizar análisis de parámetros de un banco de ítems, así como de confiabilidad y validez para construir la Escala de Estrategias de Autorregulación (EEAR) de Ortiz-Saavedra para estudiantes de bachillerato. Método: Estudio prospectivo y de validación psicométrica de un banco de ítems con una cohorte de 734 estudiantes de bachillerato de ambos sexos entre 15 y 19 años. Se realizó validación de contenido y psicométrica a través de Modelamiento por ecuaciones estructurales y la Teoría de la Respuesta al ítem, para integrar la EEAR. Resultados: Se validó la estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas (índices de discriminación y localización) de la EEAR que aseguran la estabilidad y precisión de las mediciones para las dimensiones hipotetizadas (α= ,92; CFI=,98; IFI=,98.; RMSEA= ,048 e IC RMSEA= 0,0370,058). Conclusiones: Este estudio permitió validar el desarrollo teórico y las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Estrategias de autorregulación para estudiantes de bachillerato de la Cuidad de México. Además, permitió discutir aspectos teóricos, como la importancia de características personales y contextuales en las que el individuo desarrolla sus experiencias de aprendizaje, así como aspectos metodológicos en la evaluación del aprendizaje autorregulado, como la utilización de puntajes estandarizados, mismos que permiten identificar distintos niveles de autorregulación.

Abstract Introduction: Self-regulated Learning (SRL) consider the use of processing sequences or activities that facilItate the acquisition, processing and use of information, which have been strongly linked as predictors of academic performance (Dent & Koenka, 2016, Boruchovitch & Santos, 2015). Although several test have been developed to assess SRL in higher education, it is necessary to design questionnaires for high school students covering the predictors considered. Objective: Perform analysis of parameters of an item bank, as well as reliability and validity to build the Ortiz-Saavedra Self-regulation strategies scale (SRSS) for high school students. Method: Prospective study and psychometric validation of an item bank with a cohort of 734 high school students of both sexes between 15 and 19 years old. Content validation was performed, as well as psychometric validation through Structural Equation Modeling and Item Response Theory, to integrate the SRSS. Results: The factor structure and psychometric properties of the SRSS were validated to ensure the stability and precision of the measurements for the hypothesized dimensions (α= .92; CFI= .98; IFI= .98.; RMSEA= .048 e IC RMSEA= 0.0370.058). Conclusions: This study allowed to validate the theoretical development and psychometric properties of the Self-Regulation Strategies Scale for high school students of Mexico City. In addition, it allowed to discuss theoretical aspects, such as the importance of personal and contextual characteristics in which the individual develops his learning experiences; as well as methodological aspects in the evaluation of self-regulated learning, such as the use of standardized scores, which allow identifying different levels of self-regulation.

Construct validity of the Motor Development Scale (MDS)

Abstract Objective Construct validity for the Motor Development Scale (MDS) has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine whether the unidimensional model of MDS would be appropriate for children aged 4 to 6 years-old and provide construct validity for the items concerning this age group in Brazil. Methods A total of 938 children participated in the study (214 4-year-olds, 643 5-year-olds, and 81 6-year-olds). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate construct validity of the MDS using a unidimensional model. Results The CFA for the unidimensional model showed excellent adequacy indices for age 4: χ2(2) = 0.581, p = 0.748, comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.000, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 1.090, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.000 (90% confidence interval [90%CI] = 0.000 to 0.093, close fit [Cfit] = 0.841); age 5: χ2(2) = 2.669, p = 0.263, CFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.023 (90%CI = 0.000 to 0.085, Cfit = 0.682), weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) = 0.407; and age 6: χ2(9) = 8.275, p = 0.506, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.010, RMSEA = 0.000 (90%CI = 0.000 to 0.118, Cfit = 0.653), WRMR = 0.495. Reliability was good: ω = 0.87 (95%CI = 0.81 to 0.92). Conclusion The proposed unidimensional solution for the MDS provides a concise, parsimonious and reliable way to assess motor development in children aged 4 to 6 years.