Prácticas de cuidado y promoción de salud mental en una cooperativa de trabajo de la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté

En el presente trabajo se analizarán los resultados parciales de una investigación en curso "Proceso de construcción de una cooperativa en la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán: contexto, actores, facilitadores y obstáculos. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté" en el marco de la Especialización en Gestión de la Economía Social y Solidaria de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. La experiencia de la Cooperativa Liberté permite dar cuenta de la relación existente entre el cooperativismo y la promoción de salud/salud mental. Identificaremos a lo largo del trabajo, el modo en que las asociaciones solidarias - mediante la construcción de ciudadanía e identidades con sentido de comunidad -, posibilitan escenarios creativos para el cuestionamiento de contextos opresores y la construcción de posibilidades de acciones colectivas, aspectos centrales para la promoción de la salud mental. Metodológicamente se trabajó con análisis de documentos y registros, observación participante con triangulación de fuentes. Se realizó un análisis de fuentes secundarias (materiales escritos y audiovisuales elaborados por la propia cooperativa), observación participante y registros de diferentes actividades llevadas adelante por la cooperativa, y entrevistas a informantes claves.

No presente trabalho serão analisados os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa em andamento no âmbito da Especialização em Gestão da Economia Social e Solidária da Universidade Nacional de Quilmes. A experiência da Cooperativa Liberté permite compreender a relação entre o cooperativismo e a promoção da saúde/saúde mental. Ao longo do trabalho, identificaremos a forma como as associações solidárias - através da construção de cidadania e de identidades com sentido de comunidade - possibilitam cenários criativos para o questionamento de contextos opressivos e a construção de possibilidades de ações coletivas, aspectos centrais para a promoção de saúde mental. Metodologicamente, trabalhamos com análise de documentos e registros, observação participante com triangulação de fontes. Foi realizada análise de fontes secundárias (materiais escritos e audiovisuais elaborados pela própria cooperativa), observação participante e registros de diversas atividades realizadas pela cooperativa e entrevistas com informantes-chave.

This paper will analyze the partial results of an ongoing research within the framework of the Specialization in Management of the Social and Solidarity Economy of the National University of Quilmes. The experience of the Liberté Cooperative allows us to understand the relationship between cooperativism and health promotion/mental health. Throughout the articule, we will identify the way in which solidarity associations - through the construction of citizenship and identities with a sense of community - enable creative scenarios for the questioning of oppressive contexts and the construction of possibilities for collective actions, central aspects for mental health promotion. Methodologically, we worked with analysis of documents and records, participant observation with triangulation of sources. An analysis of secondary sources was carried out (written and audiovisual materials prepared by the cooperative itself), participant observation and records of different activities carried out by the cooperative, and interviews with key informants.

Estrategias de regulación emocional de niños/as en el aprendizaje de la escritura en situación de clase y de entrevista / Strategies for emotional regulation of children in learning to write in class and interview situations

Resumen El presente estudio se propone contribuir al campo de la autorregulación temprana desde un enfoque ecológico y situado y, al mismo tiempo, al campo del aprendizaje de la escritura. Sus objetivos son: (1) identificar eventos emocionalmente desafiantes en el aprendizaje de la escritura de niños/as; (2) indagar el despliegue de sus estrategias de regulación emocional; y (3) analizar la variación de dichas estrategias en situación de clase y de entrevista. Participaron 10 niños/as de primer grado de 6 y 7 años de la ciudad de San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina). Se realizaron observaciones de clases de Lengua focalizadas en escritura y entrevistas individuales. Las entrevistas se originaron en videos-elicitación cortos de niños/as actuando en eventos emocionalmente desafiantes en momentos de aprendizaje de la escritura: la percatación de una brecha entre el saber/poder y las demandas de una tarea, la exposición social y el entorno distractor. Se identificaron siete eventos emocionalmente desafiantes en total, sumándose cuatro a los propuestos en los videos-elicitación: la adecuación a normas externas, la corrección, la dificultad con el material y la equivocación. Asimismo, se documentó un amplio repertorio de estrategias de regulación emocional. Las más frecuentes fueron la modificación de la situación social, la comunicación y la expresión. Las observaciones permitieron hallar la modificación de la situación física, el control y el habla privada. En las entrevistas se pudo registrar la actividad alternativa, la respiración, la comunicación y la revaluación cognitiva. Se concluyó que la complementación de técnicas resulta promisoria para el estudio de la regulación emocional en el aprendizaje de la escritura.

Abstract Learning to write involves the challenge to understand and regulate one's own emotions in situation, such as frustration, anxiety and different moods. In recent years, the study of emotion regulation in children through different methodological tools, such as interviews, questionnaires or observations, has increased. However, to date there are few studies that complement these techniques. The present study seeks to contribute to early emotion regulation in learning to write from a sociocultural, ecological and situated approach, through the combination of interviews and class observations. The aims are to: (1) identify emotionally challenging events in children's learning to write; (2) describe the deployment of their strategies of emotion regulation; and (3) analyze the variation of these strategies in class and interview situations. Participants were 10 first graders from a school located in the urban area at San Carlos de Bariloche (Argentina). The school was selected because communication and regulation of emotions is part of the educational project. Observations of language classes and individual interviews were conducted over Zoom in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Ten observations focused on the class interaction between the teacher and children in learning to write situations were analyzed. The individual interview is based on video-elicitation technique. Three videos were designated ad hoc. Each video elicited emotionally challenging events in learning to write: (1) the awareness of a gap between knowledge/power and the demands of a task (child represented difficulties in writing and erasing, showing emotional affectation); (2) social exposure (child was reading alone and an adult asked her about what she was reading, after which the girl looked down and pursed her lips); and (3) the distracting environment (two girls were chatting and making noise as two boys were writing in their notebooks). Beyond the three emotionally challenging events presented in the video-elicitation, another four were found: the adaptation to external norms, the revision of the own text, the difficulty with the material, and the acknowledge the own mistakes. Additionally, children deployed a wide repertoire of strategies according to the emotion regulation model of Gross (2015) and the specific literature. Overall, the most frequent strategies were the modification of the situation in a social way, communication and expression. In the observations, modification of the situation in physical form, control and private speech were found. In the interviews, the alternative activity, breathing, communication and cognitive reappraisal were observed. Finally, it was concluded that the complementation of research methods, class observations and interviews, is promising for the study of children's emotion regulation in learning to write.

Una aproximación a las prácticas y contextos alimentarios de estudiantes de escuelas secundarias de General Roca: reflexiones en torno al desayuno / An approach to the food practices and contexts of students of secondary schools in general roca: reflections on breakfast

Entendiendo a la alimentación humana como un hecho complejo, que une lo biológico y nutricional con lo social y cultural de manera indisoluble, este estudio tiene por objetivo describir prácticas y contextos alimentarios de adolescentes de la ciudad de General Roca, Río Negro, mostrando la potencialidad del paisaje alimentario como instrumento para caracterizar los desayunos. Participaron 31 estudiantes pertenecientes al ciclo básico de tres escuelas secundarias de la ciudad, dos del sector público y una de gestión privada, quienes registraron con imágenes todos los episodios alimentarios de un día de semana y un día de fin de semana. Las socializaron utilizando la red social Instagram, acompañadas cada una de un posteo aclaratorio. Se constituyó un banco de imágenes que luego permitió la aproximación de un paisaje alimentario y al análisis de prácticas alimentarias. El encuadre se hizo desde un punto de vista micro: a nivel doméstico, sobre la comida, los platos y la mesa, incluyendo episodios dentro de la escuela. Se analizaron aspectos implicados en las dimensiones biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. De manera preliminar, se conformó un paisaje de los desayunos. Se infirió un desayuno caracterizado por la escasa variedad de alimentos y nutrientes, a base de alimentos ultraprocesados, de baja densidad nutricional, pobre en proteína, fibra y micronutrientes. Los contextos en que se realizó el desayuno muestran que en general fue en el hogar, preparado por ellos mismos y sin compañía. Concluimos que a través de las imágenes de los perfiles fue posible describir el desayuno desde la dimensión biológica/nutricional y sociocultural. La idea de paisaje alimentario permite incorporar para su estudio otros aspectos vinculados a la alimentación, ampliando las posibilidades de intervención en el desarrollo de educación alimentaria, situando a los estudiantes en un lugar más activo para pensar su propia alimentación, que luego pueda traducirse en elecciones alimentarias más beneficiosas.

Understanding human nutrition as a complex fact, joining the biological/nutritional with the social/cultural aspects in an indissoluble way, this study aims at describing practices and food contexts of students of secondary schools in General Roca city showing the potential of foodscape as an instrument to characterize breakfasts. Thirty-one students belonging to the basic cycle of three secondary schools in the city participated, two state ones and one private, that registered with images all the eating episodes of one day of the week and one of the weekend. They were socialized using Instagram, each accompanied by an explanatory post. An image bank was created that later allowed the approximation to a foodscape and the analysis of food practices. The framing was done from a micro point of view: at a domestic level, about food, dishes and the table, including episodes inside the school. Aspects involved in biological/nutritional and sociocultural dimensions were analyzed. In a preliminary way, a foodscape of breakfasts was formed. What was inferred was a breakfast characterized by a limited variety of foods and nutrients, processed foods of low nutritional density, poor in protein, fiber and micronutrients. The contexts were generally their own homes, and breakfasts were prepared by themselves and without company. We concluded that through the images of the profiles it was possible to describe breakfast from biological/nutritional and socialcultural dimensions. The idea of a foodscape allows the incorporation of other aspects related to food for study, expanding the possibilities of intervention in the development of food education, putting students in a more active place to think about their own food, which can then be translated into more beneficial food choices.

Tomar alcohol antes de salir: la previa en adolescentes argentinos y su relación con normas sociales y motivos de previa / Drinking before going out: prepartying in Argentinean adolescents and its association with drinking norms and prepartying motives

Resumen La previa (i.e., el consumo de alcohol antes de asistir al evento de la salida en el que puede, o no, consumirse más alcohol) incrementa marcadamente el riesgo de experimentar consecuencias negativas asociadas al consumo de alcohol. Aunque el consumo de alcohol es muy prevalente entre los adolescentes argentinos, son escasos los trabajos centrados en la previa. Este trabajo describe el consumo de alcohol y la conducta de previa en adolescentes argentinos (13 a 18 años), identifica el efecto de las normas descriptivas y los motivos de previa sobre la frecuencia de previa y la cantidad de alcohol consumido durante esta práctica, y examina variaciones en el consumo general de alcohol y en la cantidad de consecuencias negativas derivadas, en función de realizar, o no, la previa. Participaron 402 adolescentes (52.7 % mujeres) que completaron una encuesta sobre consumo de alcohol, consecuencias negativas asociadas, conducta y motivos de previa, y normas descriptivas sobre estos encuentros. El 60 % de los adolescentes reportó conducta de previa en el último año en la que consumieron, en promedio, 70 gramos de alcohol. El 85 % continuó tomando alcohol después de la previa. Quienes exhiben conducta de previa, comparados con quienes beben pero no hacen previa, consumen significativamente más alcohol y experimentan más consecuencias negativas derivadas de este consumo. A nivel multivariado, las normas descriptivas fueron el mejor predictor de los indicadores de previa. Los hallazgos sugieren que la previa sería un factor de riesgo para tener trayectorias de consumo problemático y sería beneficioso prevenir este tipo de prácticas.

Abstract In Argentina, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance among adolescents and, similar to other western countries, rates of alcohol use markedly increase during this developmental stage. Arguably more concerning, heavy episodic drinking (HED, a.k.a. binge drinking) is also highly prevalent. Heavy episodic drinking can be defined as the consumption of a large quantity of alcohol (i.e., ≥ 42/70 g of pure alcohol, depending on sex and age) in one, rather brief, single setting. HED is associated with greater occurrence of a myriad of negative consequences such as alcohol-induced increments in impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, blackouts, drunk driving, sleep and eating impairments, and the development of tolerance. Prepartying (i.e., the consumption of alcohol before attending a social event where more alcohol might, or might not, be available) is a high-risk drinking practice due to its robust association with alcohol-related negative consequences. Different factors influence alcohol use and preparty behavior. Many adolescents overestimate the drinking behaviors of their peers (descriptive norms) which, in turn, is associated with heavier alcohol use. Additionally, previous work found that one of the main reasons or motives for engaging in preparty behavior is the desire of getting intoxicated. Although alcohol use is highly prevalent among Argentinean adolescents, studies focused on prepartying are very scarce. The present study (i) describes alcohol consumption and prepartying behaviors in Argentinean adolescents (13 to 18 years old), (ii) examines the effect of descriptive norms and prepartying motives on prepartying outcomes (i.e., frequency of prepartying and drinking quantity when prepartying) and (iii) examines variations in alcohol drinking outcomes as a function of prepartying. Participants were 402 adolescents (52.7 % women) that completed a pencil and paper survey that measured alcohol consumption, prepartying outcomes, descriptive norms for prepartying, prepartying motives and alcohol-related negative consequences. Most of the sample (83 %) reported lifetime alcohol use and 64 % reported last-month alcohol use. More than half of the sample (57 %) reported engaging in prepartying behavior within the last year where they consumed an average of 70 grams of alcohol. Most of the adolescents who prepartied (85 %) continued drinking alcohol at the event. Adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior, compared to their drinking peers who did not, consumed significantly more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related negative consequences. Specifically, 90 % of the adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior reported to engaged in heavy drinking episodes within the previous month while 68 % of drinkers who did not preparty reported to engage in that drinking pattern. At the multivariate level, descriptive norms, but not prepartying motives, were significantly associated with preparty behavior. The present results suggest that prepartying could be a risk factor for the involvement in problematic trajectories of alcohol use and, therefore, it would be beneficial to prevent adolescents from engaging in this type of drinking practice. Additionally, the present findings suggest promising avenues for intervention, such as those aimed at targeting descriptive norms. Adolescents tend to overestimate drinking behaviors among their peers, a bias that is associated with heavier alcohol use. Interventions aimed at correcting these biases have shown promising results at reducing drinking behaviors.

A psicologia chega ao campo: revisão sistemática de contextos rurais latino-americanos / Psychology in the countryside: a systematic review of latin american rural contexts / La psicología llega al campo: revisión sistemática sobre contextos rurales latinoamericanos

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre a inserção da psicologia em contextos rurais na América Latina, considerando seu caráter de ciência e profissão e o fato de ter sido desenvolvida eminentemente em torno de fenômenos verificados em contextos urbanos. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO, Redalyc, Scielo, PePSic e LILACS, com os descritores: "Psicologia", "Zona rural" e "População Rural", nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português. A revisão sistemática foi conduzida de acordo com os passos indicados pelo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A amostra final conteve 93 estudos empíricos publicados entre 1996 e 2017. A análise considerou as categorias: Temas Centrais das Pesquisas, População Estudada e Enfoque Teórico Predominante. Quanto às áreas de conhecimento principais, houve uma maior concentração de pesquisas com referencial predominante da Psicologia Social (43,0%), seguido da Psicologia Escolar/Educacional (12,9%) e da Psicologia da Saúde (9,7%). Os resultados apontam que a inserção e o estudo da Psicologia em contextos rurais são recentes e se encontram em desenvolvimento, com relativa heterogeneidade de temas e referenciais teóricos, o que a caracteriza como um campo em construção, visto o movimento de consolidação de produções mais recentes no campo da Psicologia Social Comunitária. As perspectivas de avanço na área dependem da construção de uma psicologia mais historicizada e comprometida com um projeto ético-político.(AU)

Abstract This paper aims to present the results of a systematic literature review on the work of psychology in Latin American rural contexts, considering its traditional scientific and professional focus on urban contexts. Based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), a search was conducted in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, Redalyc, Scielo, PePSic, and LILACS for the keywords "Psychology," Rural Zones," and "Rural Population" in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The final sample consisted of 93 empirical papers published between 1996 and 2017, analyzed based on the main research domains, studied population, and predominant theoretical approach. Most studies referred to Social Psychology (43,0%), followed by Educational Psychology (12,9%) and Health Psychology (9,7%). The results suggest that psychology insertion within rural contexts is recent and in progress. Studies on the field exhibit certain heterogeneity as to themes and theoretical frameworks, with more recent publications in Social Communitarian Psychology. The perspectives of advance in this field depends on the construction of a more historicized psychology, committed to an ethical-political project.(AU)

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la inserción de la psicología en contextos rurales en Latinoamérica, considerando su carácter de ciencia y profesión y el hecho de que se desarrolla principalmente sobre los fenómenos producidos en contextos urbanos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO, Redalyc, SciELO, PePSic y LILACS, utilizando los descriptores "Psicología", "Zona Rural" y "Población Rural" en los idiomas inglés, español y portugués. La revisión sistemática siguió los pasos sugeridos por el Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). La muestra final se compuso de 93 estudios empíricos publicados entre los años de 1996 y de 2017. El análisis consideró las categorías: Temas Centrales de Investigación, Población Estudiada y Enfoque Teórico. Respecto de las principales áreas de conocimiento, hubo una mayor concentración con referenciales sobre la Psicología Social (43,0%), seguido de la Psicología Escolar/Educacional (12,9%) y la Psicología de la Salud (9,7%). Los resultados demuestran que la inserción y el estudio de la psicología en contextos rurales son recientes y están aún en constante desarrollo, con heterogeneidad de temas y referenciales teóricos, lo que caracteriza un movimiento de consolidación más reciente en el campo de la Psicología Social Comunitaria. Las perspectivas de avances en el área dependen de la construcción de una psicología más historicizada y comprometida con un proyecto ético-político de enfrentamiento de las desigualdades sociales.(AU)

Comunidades. Estudios y experiencias sobre contextos y comunidades de aprendizaje / Communities. Studies and experiences on contexts and learning communities / Comunidades. Estudos e experiências em contextos e comunidades de aprendizagem

Resumen: Este trabajo, resume los contenidos del libro titulado Comunidades. Estudios y experiencias sobre contextos y comunidades de aprendizaje (Martín, Rinaudo, & Paoloni, 2019). Ofrece reflexiones personales acerca de una obra que, fundamentada en investigación científica, considera diferentes voces sobre comunidades de aprendizaje y práctica en diversos contextos educativos. El libro reseñado, presenta estudios enmarcados en enfoques o perspectivas socio-culturales que entienden al aprendizaje como un proceso eminentemente social, que tiene lugar en las interacciones entre aprendices y las propiedades de ambientes específicos, independientemente del nivel de formalidad que se les haya adjudicado.

Abstract: This work summarizes the contents of the book entitled Communities. Studies and experiences on contexts and learning communities (Martín et al., 2019). It offers personal reflections about a work that, based on scientific research, considers different voices about learning and practice communities in different educational contexts. The book reviewed presents studies framed in socio-cultural approaches or perspectives that understand learning as an eminently social process, which takes place in the interactions between learners and the properties of specific environments, regardless of the level of formality assigned to them.

Resumo: Este trabalho resume o conteúdo do livro intitulado Comunidades. Estudos e experiências sobre contextos de aprendizagem e comunidades (Martín et al., 2019). Oferece reflexões pessoais sobre um trabalho que, a partir de pesquisas científicas, considera diferentes vozes sobre a aprendizagem e a prática das comunidades em diversos contextos educacionais. O livro, revisado, apresenta estudos enquadrados em abordagens socioculturais ou perspectivas que entendam a aprendizagem como um processo eminentemente social, que se dá nas interações entre aprendizes e nas propriedades de ambientes específicos, independentemente do nível de formalidade que lhes foi concedido.

Variaciones de las vocalizaciones del bebé y del habla materna en función de la depresión posparto: Modulaciones según edad y sexo infantil / Variations of Babies Vocalizations and Maternal Speech Depending on Postpartum Depression: Modulations According to Infant's Age and Sex

Resumen El presente trabajo indaga sobre la influencia de la depresión posparto (DPP) materna en las características prosódicas del Habla Dirigida al Bebé (HDB) y las emisiones preverbales infantiles en diversos contextos de interacción madre-hijo/a. Participaron 40 madres y sus bebés entre 3 y 6 meses de edad. Las madres fueron evaluadas con la Escala de DPP de Edimburgo (Cox, Holden y Sagoysky, 1987) y las díadas madre-hijo fueron filmadas en sesiones de juego no estructurado; 27 madres no presentaron indicadores de DPP y 13, sí. Las madres con DPP emitieron menor cantidad de vocalizaciones que las del grupo control y presentaron menor intensidad media y máxima al hablarle a sus bebés de 5-6 meses y esto fue particularmente observable en bebés varones (p < .07). Además, estas madres usaron menos curvas descendentes al dirigirse a bebés más pequeños (3-4 meses) y curvas ascendentes y descendentes al dirigirse a sus hijos varones (p < .01). En los bebés -tanto en los de 5-6 meses como en varones- (con madres con DPP se observó menor producción de emisiones preverbales, aunque sin ser significativa. La DPP materna impactó en los bebés más pequeños observándose una disminución de la frecuencia fundamental (p < .01) y de las intensidades media y máxima, pero solo en bebés varones (p < .05). También se halló una ausencia de curvas con forma de U en los varones e hijos de madres con DPP (p < .05). Aparentemente, la DPP afecta el HDB materno, el que varía a nivel acústico y prosódico en función de la edad del bebé afectando las emisiones preverbales, siendo mayor el impacto en los varones.

Abstract The present work aims to study the influence of postpartum depression (PPD) on the acoustic and melodic characteristics present in the vocal interaction between the mother and her baby. We analyze acoustic qualities of the mother's voice when she is talking to her baby (Infant-Directed Speech) such as fundamental frequency (F0 maximum, medium and minimum values) and intensity (maximum, medium and minimum values). The changes of F0 during a vocalization (intonation contours such as rising, falling, bell-shape, U-shape and sinusoidal and flat contours) were also examined. The same prosodic parameters were investigated in regard to prelinguistic vocalizations. The mothers were healthy, primiparous and native speakers of argentinian spanish. The babies were 3 to 6 month old, and those with congenital diseases or diseases that could affect the assessment of the variables under consideration were excluded. We evaluated 40 dyads of mother and child who attend the University Hospital of Maternity and Neonatology of Córdoba, Argentina. The presence of indicators for PPD was examined through the Edinburgh postpartum depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagoysky, 1987). The mother-infant interactions were filmed in unstructured play sessions. The categorization of different contexts in which those interactions occur were taken into account for the acoustic and melodic analysis. The types of interactional contexts were distinguished according the classification made in Papousek, Papousek & Symmes (1991). The results showed that 27 mothers did not present indicators of PPD and 13 did. Acoustically, the infant-directed speech of mothers who exhibit the presence of postpartum depression indicators featured lower values of medium and maximum intensity (p < .07, in both measures) in babies between 5 and 6 months old, and in male babies in particular (F0 medium p < .04 and F0 maximum p < .03). According to the melodic characteristics of IDS, less use of falling contours (p < .01) was found in mothers with PPD when addressing smaller babies -3 and 4 month old- and the same happened with the rising (p < .02) and falling (p < .01) contours when their children were males. In preverbal vocalizations, children whose mothers had indicators of postpartum psychopathology showed a lower number of emissions at a later age (p < .1) and in males (p < .1). Also, lower values of F0 were found in smaller babies (F0 minimum p < .01 and F0 medium p < .002). Male infants of mothers with PPD also presented a decrease in intensity (medium p < .05 and maximum p < .03). Finally, at the melodic analysis, the rising contours were not used at all for the oldest babies (p < .01) nor the U-shaped contours in males (p < .02). In conclusion, the findings of the present study not only confirm -through physiological measures- the effect of the interaction of mothers with their babies as a function of the presence of signs of postpartum depression, already from the first months of childhood life, but also that these alterations are modulated by the age and the gender of the infant. It is essential, therefore, to continue investigating whether these difficulties related to the primary bond that each mom and her child share are perpetuated over time. It is also necessary to adopt a gender perspective of maternal and child relationships and the importance of therapeutic approach and intervention of the dyad as early as the first months after birth. At the same time, the exhaustive and immediate diagnosis of PPD cases is a matter of primary healthcare and the multidisciplinary intervention is urgent from the beginning in order to ensure maternal-infant metal health and harmonic social, cognitive and emotional development in children.

Contextos de interacción educativa y desarrollo de niños preescolares / Educational interaction and development contexts in pre-school children

Este artículo establece relaciones entre el desarrollo cognitivo de 405 niños1 de 3, 4 y 5 años y sus contextos educativos en la modalidad Hogares Comunitarios del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (HC-ICBF). Desde el enfoque sistémico de U. Bronfenbrenner se establecen relaciones entre indicadores de desarrollo de los niños y los descriptores de los contextos educativos denominados HC - ICBF. Los indicadores se establecen a partir de niveles diferenciados de estrategias de inferencia en la resolución de un problema, anclado a prácticas culturales específicas. Estadísticas no paramétricas y análisis de correspondencia múltiples (ACM) permitieron establecer que el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños preescolares tiene relaciones significativas con las expectativas que el cuidador tiene respecto de la educación de los niños. Estos datos dialogan con perspectivas de la psicología del desarrollo que vinculan los procesos de construcción de conocimiento a contextos culturales específicos

This article links the cognitive development of 405 children between 3 and 5 years old and their educational contexts under the modality of Community Homes of the Colombian Institute of Family Wellbeing (HC-ICBF). The systemic approach of Bronfenbrenner University establishes relations between development indicators of children and the descriptors of educational contexts called HC-ICBF. Indicators are established based on differentiated levels of inference strategies for problem resolutions concerning specific cultural practices. Non-parametric statistics and multiple correspondence analysis helped to determine that cognitive development of pre-school children have significant relationships with the expectation the caregiver has about children's education. These data relate to the approaches to developmental psychology that associate the knowledge construction processes with specific cultural contexts

Validação da Escala de Contextos de Aprendizagem para Treinadores Esportivos - Versão Tênis

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi apresentar evidências de validade da Escala de Contextos de Aprendizagem para Treinadores Esportivos (Ecate). Quatro juízes avaliaram o conteúdo dos itens e 104 treinadores de tênis responderam à Ecate. Os itens apresentaram índices satisfatórios para clareza de linguagem e pertinência prática, e índices "substanciais"/"quase perfeitos" de concordância entre juízes para dimensionalidade teórica. O modelo mais adequado foi o tridimensional de segunda ordem com 17 itens, apresentou índices de ajustamento "razoáveis"/"bons". Sua consistência interna foi "boa" e a de suas dimensões "fraca"/"boa". Assim, a versão final da Ecate-17 demonstrou qualidades psicométricas satisfatórias na avaliação de contextos de aprendizagem quando aplicada a treinadores de tênis.

ABSTRACT The study's objective was to present evidences of validity of the Scale of Learning Contexts for Sports Coaches (Ecate). Four judges evaluated the items' content and 104 tennis coaches answered the Ecate. The items presented satisfactory indices for clarity of language and practical relevance, and "substantial"/"almost perfect" indices of agreement between judges for theoretical dimensionality. The most suitable model was a second-order three-dimensional model with 17 items, presenting "reasonable"/"good" indices of adjustment. Thus the final version of Ecate-17 demonstrated satisfactory psychometric qualities in assessing learning contexts when applied to tennis coaches.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue presentar evidencias de validez de la Escala de Contextos de Aprendizaje para Entrenadores Deportivos (Ecate). Cuatro peritos evaluaron el contenido de los ítems y 104 entrenadores de tenis respondieron a la Ecate. Los ítems presentaron índices satisfactorios de claridad de lenguaje y pertinencia práctica, e índices "sustanciales"/"casi perfectos" de concordancia para la dimensionalidad teórica. El modelo más adecuado fue el tridimensional de segundo orden con 17 ítems, que presentaba índices de ajuste "razonables"/"Buenos". Su coherencia interna fue "buena" y por sus dimensiones, "débil"/"buena". La versión final de la Ecate-17 demostró cualidades psicométricas satisfactorias en la evaluación de contextos de aprendizaje que se aplicaban a entrenadores de tenis.

How do we live with chronic disease? A rights-based approach promoting the wellbeing of children with chronic disease / Como é que vivemos com doenças crônicas? Uma abordagem baseada em direitos para promover o bem-estar de crianças com doenças crônicas

Abstract This paper focuses on the life experiences of children with chronic disease, a group whose invisibility involves particular challenges in their relationship with professionals in important life contexts, such as family, school and hospital. The study includes two complementary phases: i) Phase 1, composed of 15 interviews with parents, education and health professionals and two focus group discussions with children, and children and their mothers; and ii) Phase 2, which included self-report questionnaires administered to parents (n = 152) and children with chronic disease (n = 176). Based on a mixed methodology, this study combines quantitative and qualitative methods assuming that plural approaches allow for a deeper understanding of the life conditions of children with chronic disease and their families. The results reinforce the reproduction of social stereotypes and the tendency to focus on the individual ability to solve problems, which still remain to be circumscribed to the people's chronic disease sphere. Moreover, this paper reveals the central role that inclusive contexts have on children's wellbeing.

Resumo Este artigo foca-se nas experiências de vida de crianças com doenças crônica, cuja invisibilidade envolve desafios particulares no que respeita à sua relação com profissionais, em importantes contextos de vida, como sejam a família, a escola e o hospital. Este estudo inclui duas fases complementares: i) Fase 1, composta por 15 entrevistas com pais, profissionais de educação e de saúde, e dois grupos de discussão focalizada com crianças e com crianças e suas mães; e ii) Fase 2, a qual inclui questionários autoadministrados a pais (n = 152) e a crianças com doença crônica (n = 176). Baseado numa metodologia mista, este estudo combina métodos qualitativos e quantitativos, assumindo que abordagens plurais permitem um conhecimento mais aprofundado das condições de vida das crianças com doença crônica e suas famílias. Os resultados reforçam a reprodução de estereótipos sociais e a tendência para enfatizar a capacidade individual para resolver problemas, a qual parece estar ainda circunscrita à esfera das pessoas com doença crônica. Para além disso, este artigo revela o papel central que os contextos inclusivos têm no bem-estar das crianças.

Estágio básico em contextos comunitários: momento práxico na formação em psicologia social comunitária / Basic Internship in community environments: real practice to building knowledge in social community psychology studies / Práctica básica en contextos comunitarios: oportunidad de ejercicio real en la formación de estudiantes en psicología social comunitaria

Este artigo tem como o objetivo central discorrer sobre o estágio básico de Psicologia em contextos comunitários, tendo o Centro de Referência Especializado de Assistência Social (Cras) como espaço e via de acesso às comunidades. As discussões e reflexões apresentadas foram desenvolvidas a partir da perspectiva da Psicologia Social Comunitária latino-americana. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, cujas informações obtidas advêm de 47 relatórios finais de estágios elaborados pelos estudantes estagiários de uma universidade federal que foram entregues aos professores supervisores no fim de cada semestre letivo. Os dados coletados, após sistematizados e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, geraram as seguintes categorias: dimensão educativo-pedagógica do estágio; práticas de intervenção realizadas durante o estágio; e tensão na relação teoria e prática. Observou-se que as práticas de estágio, embora coloquem os estagiários em situações concretas de intervenção, ainda não são suficientes para a formação em Psicologia Comunitária, apresentando-se como desafio a ser superado pelo curso de graduação.

This text intends to discuss the basic internship in psychology studies within community environments, taking Specialized Reference Center for Social Assistance (Cras) as the ideal space and the pathway to accessing communities. The discussions and considerations addressed here came from the perspective of Latin American Community Social Psychology. This is a documental research, whose information comes from the forty seven final reports of internships developed by student-trainees of a Federal University and delivered to supervisors at the end of each semester. After collecting and systematizing data, performing content analysis, there were two categories as the result: educational-pedagogical outreach of the internship; practices during the internship; and tension in the relationship theory and practice. Although the trainees´ practices revealed insert them in concrete situations of intervention, but this is not enough for training in Community Psychology. Therefore, this is a challenge the graduation courses are supposed to overcome.

El objetivo central de este articulo es discurrir sobre la práctica básica de estudiantes de psicología en contextos comunitarios, teniendo Centro de Referencia Especializado para Asistencia Social (Cras) como el espacio y vía de acceso a las comunidades. Las discusiones y reflexiones presentadas fueron desarrolladas por la perspectiva de la Psicología Social Comunitaria latinoamericana. Se trata de una investigación documental, cuyas informaciones obtenidas provienen del cuarenta y siete informes finales de prácticas elaborados por los estudiantes-pasantes de una Universidad Federal y entregados a los profesores supervisores al final de cada semestre lectivo. Los datos recolectados fueron sistematizados y sometidos al análisis de contenido, generando las siguientes categorías: dimensión educativa y pedagógica de la etapa; prácticas de intervención realizadas durante la etapa; y tensión en la relación teoría y práctica. Se observó que los participantes de la práctica obtuvieron situaciones concretas de intervención, pero eso todavía no es suficiente a la formación en Psicología Comunitaria, siendo, por lo tanto, un desafío a ser superado por los programas de graduación.

Desarrollo de la inhibición perceptual en contextos emocionales y neutrales población infantil / Development of perceptual inhibition in emotional and neutral contexts in children

La inhibición perceptual es el proceso encargado de suprimir la interferencia de distractores externos. A pesar del rol central que juega la inhibición en dominios heterogéneos (como la salud mental, las habilidades académicas, o el desarrollo), la investigación en la temática muestra una comprensión limitada del desarrollo de este proceso, que además ha focalizado su estudio en contextos neutrales. Por ello, el objetivo del estudio fue analizar el desarrollo de la inhibición perceptual en contextos emocionales y neutrales en población infantil. Participaron del estudio 407 niños/as de 8 a 12 años, que fueron evaluados con una tarea informatizada basada en el paradigma de flancos y del distractor enteramente irrelevante. Los resultados mostraron que este proceso se desarrolla de manera progresiva y gradual, sin diferencias en función del contexto o dominio de aplicación. De este modo, permiten extender los resultados hallados principalmente en contextos neutrales, al contexto emocional. Este estudio constituye un aporte a la comprensión del desarrollo de este proceso inhibitorio, en ambos contextos (emocionales y neutrales)

Perceptual inhibition is the process responsible for suppressing the interference generated by external distractors. Despite the fact that inhibition plays a central role in heterogeneous domains (such as mental health, well-being, academic skills, and even development), research shows a limited understanding of the development of this process and has also focused mostly on neutral contexts. For this reason, this work aims to analyze the development of perceptual inhibition in emotional and neutral contexts in children. To this end, 407 children aged 8 to 12 years participated in the study. They were evaluated with a computerized task based on the flanker paradigm and the entirely irrelevant distractor paradigm. The results showed that perceptual inhibition develops gradually, and shows no differences depending on the context or domain. These findings allow the extension of previous results found in neutral contexts to the emotional context. This study constitutes a contribution to the understanding of development of this inhibitory process in both contexts (emotional and neutral)

La salud, la enfermedad, los contextos y los cambios en nuestra práctica / Health, illness, contexts and changes in our practice

El autor plantea los cambios en su práctica del psicoanálisis desde que comenzó a ejercerlo hasta la actualidad. Lo relaciona con los cambios contextuales y con los cambios en el tipo de pacientes que hoy encontramos en nuestras consultas. Se replantea las técnicas de abordaje que a la vez generan nuevas hipótesis teóricas.

The author raises the changes in his practice of psychoanalysis since he began to exercise it to this day. It relates to contextual changes and changes in the type of patients that we find in our consultations today. It reconsiders the techniques of approach that generate new theoretical hypotheses.

Del desplazamiento del pensar a la interrogación por el hacernos humanos / From the displacement of thinking to the interrogation for making us human beings

Resumen Se intenta establecer un pensamiento filosófico que permita la recuperación de la reflexión por el saber -del ser, actualizar la pregunta por la técnica que para este caso estaría en la interrogación por la gerencia educativa y sus servicios en el contexto ideológico e histórico de las sociedades del gerenciamiento y desnaturalizar los influjos alienantes de la configuración de sujetos y subjetividades gerenciales.

Abstract It tries to establish a philosophical thought that allows the recovery of the reflection by the knowledge-of-being, to update the question by the technique, which for this case, would be the question by the educational management and its services in the ideological and historic context of management societies, and to denature the alienating influences of the configuration of subjects and management subjectivities.

A pesquisa em contextos rurais: desafios éticos e metodológicos para a psicologia / Investigación en contextos rurales: desafíos éticos y metodológicos para la psicología / Research in rural contexts: ethical and methodological challenges for psychology

RESUMO O contexto rural brasileiro revela um cenário preocupante e desafiador para a psicologia em termos de formação profissional e do seu arsenal teórico-metodológico. Este artigo objetiva discutir as estratégias metodológicas adotadas em uma pesquisa em assentamentos rurais do Rio Grande do Norte e Piauí, além de compartilhar as dificuldades vividas na tomada de decisões e os desafios enfrentados quando se refere às investigações realizadas nesses contextos. Pretende-se contribuir para fomentar produções que, além de denunciar as condições de vulnerabilidade dessas populações, possam gerar conhecimento que amplie o acesso às políticas públicas e subsidie ações profissionais condizentes com as necessidades e características dos territórios, como também qualificar as discussões para que as populações rurais não sejam investigadas apenas sob a ótica de uma psicologia urbano-centrada.

RESUMEN El contexto rural brasileño revela un escenario preocupante y desafiador para la Psicología en lo que concierne a la formación profesional, y, asimismo, de su arsenal teórico-metodológico. Este artículo pretende discutir las estrategias metodológicas adoptadas en una investigación hecha en los asentamientos rurales de Rio Grande do Norte y Piauí, además de compartir las dificultades vividas en la toma de decisiones, yal mismo tiempo, presentar los desafíos enfrentados cuando se refiere a las investigaciones realizadas en esos contextos. Se pretende contribuir para fomentar producciones que, además de denunciar las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de esas poblaciones, puedan generar conocimiento que amplíen el acceso a las políticas públicas y subsidien acciones profesionales que tengan que ver con las necesidades y características de los territorios, como también calificar las discusiones para que las poblaciones rurales no sean investigadas apenas bajo una óptica de una psicología urbano-centrada.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian rural context reveals a disturbing and challenging scenario for psychology in terms of vocational training and its theoretical and methodological arsenal. This article discusses the methodological strategies adopted in a survey in rural settlements of the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Piauí, and shares the difficulties experienced in making decisions and facing challenges when it comes to investigating these contexts. It is intended to help in new works that, in addition to denouncing these population's vulnerable conditions, will also generate knowledge that increases access public policies and subsidize professional actions consistent with the needs and characteristics of territories, as well as qualify the discussions for the rural populations are not investigated just under an optical-centered urban psychology.

Assessing The Relationship Between Perceived Restorativeness And Psychological Wellbeing Among Students

@#The purpose of this paper was to identify theories that underpin the relationship between perceived restorativeness and psychological wellbeing. This study also aimed to identify the types of activities that the respondent preferred to use as psychological resources when dealing with threatening situation. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Restorativeness for Activities Scale (PRAS) and Psychological Wellbeing Scale. The questionnaires were administered to a sample of 192 Master of Education students. The findings demonstrated that Master of Education students possess a high level of psychological well-being (Mean = 4.39, SD = 0.611) and high level of perceived restorativeness for their preferred activities (Mean = 4.57, SD = 0.76). The most preferred activities for restorativeness approach included participation in social context, followed by engaging in outdoor activities and lastly observing nature. The fascination property of perceived restorativeness obtained the highest score. Thus, the findings of the study illustrate the students’ preferred activities of restorativeness for maintaining their level of psychological wellbeing.

Desenvolvimento profissional docente: a trajetória de uma professora supervisora no pibid / Teacher professional development: the trajectory of a teacher supervisor in pibid

RESUMO: Neste trabalho apresentamos a análise da trajetória de uma professora enquanto supervisora do Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID). Por meio de uma análise narrativa, reconstruímos a história da professora no projeto, explicitando os principais aspectos de desenvolvimento profissional. Para tanto, nos apoiamos nas teorizações de Bernard Lahire sobre o conceito de disposições e sua articulação com as condições contextuais. Na análise da trajetória da professora inferimos disposições (participativa, reflexiva e à atualização) que foram mobilizadas ou atualizadas em determinadas características contextuais proporcionadas pelo PIBID. A mobilização dessas disposições, atravessadas por um contexto favorável, nos indicou aspectos de desenvolvimento profissional, como satisfação pessoal, reflexão sobre a própria prática, atualização teórica, entre outros. Os resultados evidenciam que é na confluência das condições contextuais com as maneiras pelas quais os sujeitos vivenciam essas condições, por meio de suas disposições, que o desenvolvimento profissional pode se dar de maneira efetiva.

ABSTRACT: In this work we present the analysis of the trajectory of a teacher as supervisor of the "Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência" (PIBID). Through a narrative analysis, we reconstructed the teacher story in the project, highlighting the main aspects of professional development. To this end, we rely on the theories of Bernard Lahire on the concept of dispositions and its articulation with the contextual conditions. In the analysis of the trajectory of the teacher we infer dispositions (participatory, reflective and to training) that were deployed or updated in certain contextual characteristics provided by PIBID. The mobilization of these dispositions, crossed by a favorable context, indicated aspects of professional development, such as personal satisfaction, reflect on their own practice, theoretical updates, among others. The results show that it is at the confluence of the contextual conditions with the ways in which individuals experience these conditions through its dispositions, that professional development can take place effectively.

Propuesta del modelo espacial para la evaluación y gestión del territorio, para la incorporación de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial UPGT) al pos-conflicto colombiano / Proposal of Space Model for Land Assessment and Management for the Incorporation of Units of Territorial Planning and Management (UPGT) to the Colombian Post-Conflict

Resumen Para aportar en la construcción de una paz duradera se necesita darle continuidad a los procesos gubernamentales representados por los propios actores que han de conformar los nuevos territorios y democráticamente establecer desde el gobierno nacional las reglas claras en la ocupación de los mismos. Es así que, se proyectan posibles actuaciones como escenarios desde la incorporación de los entre otros, lo que supone un reto en la articulación urbano - rural que se realiza a través de las Unidades de Planificación y Gestión Territorial (UPGT)

Abstract In order to contribute to the construction of a lasting peace, it is necessary to give continuity to governmental processes represented by the real players themselves, who have to constitute the new territories, and democratically, from the national government, to establish clear rules in their occupation. So that possible actions as scenarios are projected as the result of the incorporation of Instruments and Tools for Land Planning and Management, among others, which becomes a challenge in the urban-rural articulation, which takes place through the Units of Planning and Territorial Management (UPGT)

Sistemas de creencias parentales y orientación cultural en niños y niñas en cuidado transitorio: estudio de caso en una aldea gubernamental en Costa Rica

En este artículo se presentan y discuten los hallazgos del estudio "Caracterización del estilo de crianza de los niños y las niñas en cuidado permanente en una Aldea Gubernamental: sistemas de creencias parentales y orientación cultural" (Durán-Delgado, 2012). La especificidad cultural del parentaje, en un contexto de cuidado en una institución de protección transitoria gubernamental, se analiza desde estudios precedentes sobre particularidad cultural del parentaje en Costa Rica. Se discute cómo el contexto y la cultura tienen una función homogenizante en lo que a trayectorias del desarrollo se refiere. A partir de una aproximación metodológica sensible al contexto y un diseño mixto, se trabajó en una institución de protección transitoria gubernamental. Se aplicaron entrevistas, escalas y observación etnográfica a niños, niñas y cuidadoras. A partir del estudio, se concluye que a pesar de la discontinuidad que el contexto institucional de cuidado ofrece, las trayectorias del desarrollo orientadas a la relacionalidad autónoma, propias de la cultura, son exitosamente estimuladas y concretadas. Las creencias y las prácticas de las cuidadoras muestran evidencia de una particularidad de un contexto institucional de cuidado, así como también no dejan de inscribirse en las trayectorias de la cultura local predominante. El estímulo a formas más autónomas del desarrollo en medio de un contexto de la relacionalidad refleja la necesidad de estimular formas resilientes para esta población en particular.

This paper discusses the findings of the study "Characterization of Parenting Style among Children in a Permanent- Care State-Run Village: Parental Belief Systems and Cultural Orientation" (Duran-Delgado, 2012). The cultural specificity of parenting, in a context of institutional care in a semi -permanent publicly-run establishment is analyzed from the perspective of prior studies on the cultural peculiarities of parenting in Costa Rica. We discuss how the context and the culture have a homogenizing function with regards to trajectories for development. Based on a mixed-design context-sensitive methodological approach, we worked in a publicly-run institution for transitory care. Interviews, scales and ethnographic observation were carried out on the children and their care-takers. Based on the study, we conclude that in spite of the discontinuity offered by the institutional context, developmental trajectories oriented to the autonomous relationships typical of the culture are successfully stimulated and formed. The care-takers' beliefs and practices show evidence of a peculiarity of the institutional context of care, as well as not allowing them to enlist in the trajectories of the predominant local culture. The stimulus towards more autonomous forms of development in the midst of the context of the relationships reflects the need for stimulating more resilient forms for this population in particular.

Gestión del conocimiento y capital social: su relación en contextos universitarios / Knowledge management and social capital: their relationship in university contexts

El objetivo de este estudio es sistematizar los elementos teóricos que evidencian el enlace entre la gestión del conocimiento y el capital social en contextos universitarios. Se abordan aspectos teóricos del capital social y la gestión del conocimiento, y específicamente su presencia en contextos universitarios. Se estudian los criterios de importantes exponentes del tema capital social, así como sus elementos identificativos y dimensiones. En el caso de la gestión del conocimiento se hace alusión a estudiosos del tema y sus procesos estratégicos. Se examina la estrecha relación entre capital social, gestión del conocimiento y capital intelectual como una triada que impulsa el desarrollo del conocimiento en las organizaciones. Como resultado se propone una relación entre aquellos aspectos que evidencian el estrecho vínculo entre el capital social y la gestión del conocimiento en las universidades(AU)

The purpose of this study is to systematize the theoretical elements that evidence the link between the management of the knowledge and the social capital in university contexts. Theoretical aspects of social capital and knowledge management are addressed, particularly their presence in university contexts. An analysis was made of criteria of outstanding specialists from the field of social capital, as well as its identifying elements and dimensions. In the case of knowledge management, reference is made to professionals dealing with the topic and its strategic processes. A discussion is provided about the close relationship between social capital, knowledge management and intellectual capital as a triad fostering the development of knowledge in organizations. As a result, a relationship is proposed between aspects which closely link social capital and knowledge management in universities(AU)