Morpho-physiological and phytohormonal changes during the induction of adventitious root development stimulated by exogenous IBA application in Magnolia biondii Pamp / Alterações morfofisiológicas e fito-hormonais durante a indução do desenvolvimento radicular adventício estimulado pela aplicação exógena do AIB em Magnolia biondii Pamp

Magnolia biondii Pamp is an important ornamental tree species widely grown and used as a rootstock in the propagation of different Magnolia varieties. In the current studies, anatomical, physiological and endogenous hormones were studied to check the effect of IBA 750 mg/L on the adventitious rooting and to provide theoretical and technical support for the propagation of Magnolia biondii Pamp through stem cuttings. Two thousand stem cuttings were prepared and divided into two groups i.e., IBA treated cuttings and water control. For the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones levels, samples were collected on the day of planting and each 5th day and further steps were carried out in the laboratory according to the protocols and proper precautions. For the anatomical observations, samples were collected on the 13th, 15th, and 17th day for IBA treated cuttings while 21st, 23rd, and 25th day for control. Collected samples were preserved in the FAA solution and further observations were carried out in the laboratory. Anatomical observations showed that it took 13 days for the differentiation of root primordia to the appearance of young adventitious roots in IBA treated cuttings, while it took 21 days to develop primordia in the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities involved in ROS were significantly higher in the IBA treated cuttings compared to control. POD showed a peak on the 13th day before the emergence of roots in IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 21st day in the control. PPO showed a peak on the 21st day in the IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 29th day in the control. SOD showed a peak on the 17th day in IBA treated cuttings, while it showed a peak on the 25th day in the control. Exogenous application of IBA enhanced the endogenous IAA and GA3 levels compared to CK, while it reduced the levels of ABA continuously at the time of rooting and then increased gradually. Inclusively, our study suggests that IBA 750 mg/L is efficient for the rooting of Magnolia biondii Pamp cuttings, as it enhanced the process of antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous hormones levels and reduced the time of root formation which is evident from the anatomical observations.

Magnolia biondii Pamp é uma importante espécie de árvore ornamental muito cultivada e utilizada como porta-enxerto na propagação de diferentes variedades de Magnolia. Nos estudos atuais, hormônios anatômicos, fisiológicos e endógenos foram estudados para verificar o efeito do AIB na dose de 750 mg / L no enraizamento adventício e fornecer suporte teórico e técnico para a propagação de M. biondii Pamp por meio de estacas. Duas mil estacas foram preparadas e divididas em dois grupos, ou seja, tratadas com AIB e controle de água. Para a avaliação das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e dos níveis de hormônios endógenos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia do plantio e a cada 5 dias, enquanto as demais etapas foram realizadas em laboratório de acordo com os protocolos e os devidos cuidados. Para as observações anatômicas, as amostras foram coletadas no 13º, 15º e 17º dias para estacas tratadas com AIB e no 21º, 23º e 25º dias para o controle. As amostras coletadas foram preservadas em solução FAA, e outras observações foram realizadas em laboratório. Observações anatômicas mostraram a necessidade de 13 dias para a diferenciação dos primórdios radiculares até o aparecimento de raízes adventícias jovens em estacas tratadas com AIB e de 21 dias para o desenvolvimento dos primórdios no controle. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes envolvidas nas ROS foram significativamente maiores nas estacas tratadas com AIB em comparação com o controle. A POD apresentou pico no 13º dia antes da emergência das raízes nas estacas tratadas com AIB, enquanto no 21º dia apresentou pico no controle. A PPO teve pico no 21º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 29º dia no controle. A SOD apresentou pico no 17º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 25º dia no controle. A aplicação exógena de AIB aumentou os níveis endógenos de IAA e GA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto reduziu os níveis de ABA continuamente no momento do enraizamento e, em seguida, aumentou gradativamente. Inclusive, nosso estudo sugere que o AIB na dose de 750 mg / L é eficiente para o enraizamento de estacas de M. biondii Pamp, visto que potencializou o processo de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e os níveis de hormônios endógenos, além de reduzir o tempo de formação de raízes, o que fica evidente nas observações anatômicas.

Morpho-physiological and phytohormonal changes during the induction of adventitious root development stimulated by exogenous IBA application in Magnolia biondii Pamp

Abstract Magnolia biondii Pamp is an important ornamental tree species widely grown and used as a rootstock in the propagation of different Magnolia varieties. In the current studies, anatomical, physiological and endogenous hormones were studied to check the effect of IBA 750 mg/L on the adventitious rooting and to provide theoretical and technical support for the propagation of Magnolia biondii Pamp through stem cuttings. Two thousand stem cuttings were prepared and divided into two groups i.e., IBA treated cuttings and water control. For the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones levels, samples were collected on the day of planting and each 5th day and further steps were carried out in the laboratory according to the protocols and proper precautions. For the anatomical observations, samples were collected on the 13th, 15th, and 17th day for IBA treated cuttings while 21st, 23rd, and 25th day for control. Collected samples were preserved in the FAA solution and further observations were carried out in the laboratory. Anatomical observations showed that it took 13 days for the differentiation of root primordia to the appearance of young adventitious roots in IBA treated cuttings, while it took 21 days to develop primordia in the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities involved in ROS were significantly higher in the IBA treated cuttings compared to control. POD showed a peak on the 13th day before the emergence of roots in IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 21st day in the control. PPO showed a peak on the 21st day in the IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 29th day in the control. SOD showed a peak on the 17th day in IBA treated cuttings, while it showed a peak on the 25th day in the control. Exogenous application of IBA enhanced the endogenous IAA and GA3 levels compared to CK, while it reduced the levels of ABA continuously at the time of rooting and then increased gradually. Inclusively, our study suggests that IBA 750 mg/L is efficient for the rooting of Magnolia biondii Pamp cuttings, as it enhanced the process of antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous hormones levels and reduced the time of root formation which is evident from the anatomical observations.

Resumo Magnolia biondii Pamp é uma importante espécie de árvore ornamental muito cultivada e utilizada como porta-enxerto na propagação de diferentes variedades de Magnolia. Nos estudos atuais, hormônios anatômicos, fisiológicos e endógenos foram estudados para verificar o efeito do AIB na dose de 750 mg / L no enraizamento adventício e fornecer suporte teórico e técnico para a propagação de M. biondii Pamp por meio de estacas. Duas mil estacas foram preparadas e divididas em dois grupos, ou seja, tratadas com AIB e controle de água. Para a avaliação das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e dos níveis de hormônios endógenos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia do plantio e a cada 5 dias, enquanto as demais etapas foram realizadas em laboratório de acordo com os protocolos e os devidos cuidados. Para as observações anatômicas, as amostras foram coletadas no 13º, 15º e 17º dias para estacas tratadas com AIB e no 21º, 23º e 25º dias para o controle. As amostras coletadas foram preservadas em solução FAA, e outras observações foram realizadas em laboratório. Observações anatômicas mostraram a necessidade de 13 dias para a diferenciação dos primórdios radiculares até o aparecimento de raízes adventícias jovens em estacas tratadas com AIB e de 21 dias para o desenvolvimento dos primórdios no controle. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes envolvidas nas ROS foram significativamente maiores nas estacas tratadas com AIB em comparação com o controle. A POD apresentou pico no 13º dia antes da emergência das raízes nas estacas tratadas com AIB, enquanto no 21º dia apresentou pico no controle. A PPO teve pico no 21º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 29º dia no controle. A SOD apresentou pico no 17º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 25º dia no controle. A aplicação exógena de AIB aumentou os níveis endógenos de IAA e GA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto reduziu os níveis de ABA continuamente no momento do enraizamento e, em seguida, aumentou gradativamente. Inclusive, nosso estudo sugere que o AIB na dose de 750 mg / L é eficiente para o enraizamento de estacas de M. biondii Pamp, visto que potencializou o processo de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e os níveis de hormônios endógenos, além de reduzir o tempo de formação de raízes, o que fica evidente nas observações anatômicas.

Conservación ex situ y propagación in vitro de germoplasma de Neltuma alba Griseb / Germoplasm ex situ conservation and in vitro propagation of Neltuma alba Griseb

RESUMEN Neltuma alba Griseb es una especie emblemática de la Ecorregión Chaqueña, por el valor de su madera y frutos. Los resultados de la presente investigación, dan cuenta de que las semillas de algarrobo blanco pueden ser críoconservadas sin afectar el poder y la energía para germinar. Las semillas fueron conservadas por tres meses a Temperatura ambiente (24° y 30°C, Congelamiento (-18°C) y Nitrógeno líquido (-196°C). Posteriormente, fueron escarificadas mecánicamente y sembradas en tierra negra y aserrín (3:1). Los resultados fueron sometidos a pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskal-Wallis, analizándose poder, energía y vigor germinativo, y no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Para la regeneración in vitro en medio de cultivo MS suplementados con 3 mg L-1 IBA y 0,05 mg L-1 CIN, se utilizaron segmentos nodales de 2 cm de longitud obtenidos de plántulas provenientes de semillas. Los porcentajes de enraizamiento obtenidos fueron elevados (87-90%). No existiendo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos ensayados. El almacenamiento de semillas a 24°-30°C resulta ser el más apropiado para alcanzar altos porcentajes de germinación

ABSTRACT Neltuma alba Gris is an emblematic specie of Chaco Ecoregion for its wood and fruits value. This research show that algarrobo blanco's seeds can cryopreserve without affecting germination power and energy. The seeds were kept for three months at 24°-30°C, (-18°C) and (-196°C). Later, they were mechanically scarified and sown in black soil and sawdust (3: 1). The results were subjected to non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, analyzing germination power, energy and vigor. The test did not detect significant differences between treatments. The nodal segments (2 cm long) obtained from plants of seeds were used for in vitro regeneration in MS culture medium supplemented with 3 mg L-1 IBA and 0.05 mg L-1 CIN, The rooting percentages obtained were high (87-90%). There are no significant differences between treatments tested. The storage of seeds at 24°-30°C is the most approppiate to rich high percentages of germination.

Microbial biostimulants as alternatives for the rooting of olive tree cuttings

Currently, southern Minas Gerais (MG) state is an important producer of different olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivars because, in this region, the plants can differentiate the buds to produce flowers and fruit. To stimulate the rooting of cuttings, the synthetic hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 3 g L−1 is used commercially. However, few studies have investigated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), isolated or combined with rhizobacteria, as a biotechnological tool to produce hormones that function in the rooting of olive tree cuttings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of different AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora rosea, or Acaulospora scrobiculata), combined or not with IBA or rhizobacteria, to promote the rooting of three olive tree cuttings (Arbequina, Grappolo 541, and Maria da Fé) with potential for cultivation in this region. For this, three experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG in Maria da Fé (MG), and the rooting potential of the olive tree cuttings inoculated with I) AMF, II) AMF combined with increasing doses of IBA, and III) AMF combined with three isolates of rhizobacteria was evaluated. The inoculation of olive tree cuttings of cultivars Arbequina, Grappolo 541, and Maria da Fé with Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora rosea, or Acaulospora scrobiculata combined or not with IBA or rhizobacteria did not significantly promote rooting. Alternative forms of rooting olive tree cuttings are still a challenge, and further studies for standardizing methodologies and experimental conditions are required.

Factores que afectan el enraizamiento adventicio y brotación en estacas de Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) / Factors affecting adventitious rooting and sprouting in Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) cuttings

Resumen Hyptis australis es una especie de la familia Lamiaceae, endémica del Bosque Atlántico, cuyo estado de conservación es crítico y se desconoce aún sus beneficios potenciales para el ecosistema y la sociedad. Con fines de rescate y conservación (ex situ/in situ), se plantea como necesidad, generar un protocolo de propagación vegetativa para facilitar y aumentar la disponibilidad de plantas. Con este objetivo, se estudiaron factores como el tipo de sustrato, tipo de estaca y hormona. Se utilizaron plantas de un año de edad, obtenidas de semillas cosechadas de las plantas ubicadas en la región sur de la provincia de Misiones (Argentina). Estacas apicales y subapicales fueron utilizadas en dos ensayos, en el primero se estudió la factibilidad de inducir raíces adventicias en los sustratos corteza de pino, arena y perlita. En el segundo ensayo, se evaluó la inducción de rizogénesis en estacas tratadas durante 30 minutos con una solución de 100 mg.kg -1 de ácido naftalenacetico (ANA) o ácido indolbutirico (AIB) en corteza de pino. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el sustrato arena y en las estacas terminales. El ANA fue la hormona que generó mayor porcentaje de estacas apicales (80.00±14.14 %) y subapicales (84.00±16.73 %) con raíces. En las estacas subapicales el porcentaje de brotación fue mayor en ambos experimentos. La probabilidad de que una estaca de H. australis desarrolle raíces adventicia depende del tipo de sustrato, pero la adicción de ANA mejora notablemente el porcentaje de enraizamiento.

Abstract Hyptis australis is a species of the Lamiaceae family, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, whose conservation status is critical and its potential benefits for the ecosystem and society are still unknown. For rescue and conservation purposes (ex situ/in situ), the need arises to generate a vegetative propagation protocol to facilitate and increase the availability of plants. With this objective, factors such as the type of substrate, type of stake and hormone were studied. One-year-old plants were used, obtained from seeds harvested from plants located in the southern region of the province of Misiones (Argentina). Apical and subapical cuttings were used in two trials, the first studied the feasibility of inducing adventitious roots in pine bark, sand and perlite substrates. In the second test, the induction of rhizogenesis was evaluated in cuttings treated for 30 minutes with a solution of 100 mg.kg-1 of naphthalenacetic acid (ANA) or indole butyric acid (IBA) in pine bark. The best results were obtained in the sand substrate and in the terminal stakes. ANA was the hormone that generated the highest percentage of apical cuttings (80.00±14.14%) and subapical (84.00±16.73%) with roots. In the subapical cuttings the sprouting percentage was higher in both experiments. The probability that an H. australis cuttings will develop adventitious roots depends on the type of substrate, but the addition of ANA notably improves the rooting percentage.

Vegetative propagation of hops (Humulus lupulus L. ): Historical approach and perspectives / Propagação vegetativa do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L. ): Abordagem histórica e perspectivas

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) female inflorescences are important raw materials used to produce beers, cosmetics, and medicines. Vegetative propagation is the preferred way of obtaining seedlings for commercial cultivations as female plants produce more lupulin than male plants, a component of commercial interest. It can be carried out by macropropagation (stem cuttings or rhizomes) or micropropagation. This review aimed to systematize different techniques of hop vegetative propagation, with no time frame, from searches in the main academic research bases: Capes Journal Portal, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Most studies are related to micropropagation, mainly addressing different plant regulators and concentrations, as well as types of explants and culture media, strategies to produce virus-free plants, artificial lighting, and cryopreservation. Experiments with stem cuttings are more common regarding macropropagation, but factors such as size and origin of cuttings, rooting period, and the response of different cultivars need to be better evaluated. Cultivation by cuttings allows the production of clones of female plants and micropropagation the production of virus-free clones in a short time and less physical space. Currently, micropropagation has been widely applied to cryopreservation.(AU)

As inflorescências femininas do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) são matérias-primas importantes utilizadas na produção de cervejas, cosméticos e medicamentos. Como as plantas femininas produzem mais lupulina que as masculinas, componente de interesse comercial, a propagação vegetativa é a forma preferencial de obtenção de mudas para os cultivos comerciais. Esta pode ser realizada por macropropagação (estaquia caulinar ou rizomas) ou micropropagação. O objetivo desta revisão foi sistematizar as diferentes técnicas de propagação vegetativa do lúpulo, sem recorte temporal, a partir de buscas nas principais bases de pesquisa acadêmica: Portal de Periódicos Capes, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Acadêmico e Research Gate. A maioria dos trabalhos são relacionados à micropropagação, abordando principalmente diferentes reguladores vegetais e concentrações, além de tipos de explantes e meios de cultura, estratégias para produzir plantas livres de vírus, iluminação artificial e criopreservação. Quanto à macropropagação, experimentos com estaquia caulinar são mais comuns, porém fatores precisam ser melhor avaliados tais como tamanho e origem das estacas, período de enraizamento e resposta de diferentes cultivares. O cultivo por estacas permite a produção de clones de plantas femininas e a micropropagação a produção de clones isentos de vírus, em pouco tempo e em menor espaço físico. Atualmente, a micropropagação tem sido muito aplicada à criopreservação.(AU)

Sexual and vegetative propagation of the medicinal Mexican species Phyllonoma laticuspis (Phyllonomaceae) / Propagación sexual y vegetativa de la especie medicinal mexicana Phyllonoma laticuspis (Phyllonomaceae)

Abstract:Phyllonoma laticuspis leaves are used in Carrizal de Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico, to heal skin lesions such as injuries and smallpox sequelae and to treat diabetes mellitus type 2, and organic extracts of these leaves have been reported to exert antibacterial effects. High demand of P. laticuspis as a medicinal plant has decreased its natural populations, and propagation of the species has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the vegetative propagation of the species through cutting and air layering, as well as its sexual propagation in a preserved population. For this, concentrations of 1 000, 4 000 and 6 000 ppm of a commercial root enhancer, with indole butyric acid (IBA), and a control treatment without IBA, were applied to the cuttings and air layers. Germination was evaluated under light and dark conditions using lots of freshly collected seeds and lots of seeds that had been stored for three months at 4 °C or 24 ± 2 °C. All experiments were performed in a completely randomized design. The cuttings did not develop roots in any concentration, whereas 100 % of the air layers rooted, displaying vigorous roots in the presence of 4 000 ppm IBA, after four month of treatment application. Regarding germination, more than 60 % of the freshly collected seeds germinated, whereas less than 20 % of the seeds stored at 4 °C, and close to 50 % of the seeds stored at 24 ± 2 °C germinated under light and dark conditions. No significant differences were observed between light and dark conditions, so they were categorized as indifferent photoblastic seeds. The observed moisture content of 13.5 % and germination behaviour as the response to cold storage, suggest that the resultant seed quality was intermediate. P. laticuspis propagation for short-term foliage production can be carried out in air layers, in populations with a high density of adult plants as a source of plant material and for the restoration of disturbed areas, in the same locality. On the other hand, large-scale seedling production, medium-term foliage production and preservation of species variability can be achieved using seeds. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 9-19. Epub 2017 March 01.

ResumenLas hojas de Phyllonoma laticuspis se utilizan en Carrizal de Bravo, Gro. México, para curar lesiones de la piel como heridas, secuelas de viruela y afecciones de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Los extractos orgánicos de hojas, mostraron efectos antibacterianos. La gran demanda de P. laticuspis como planta medicinal, ha disminuido sus poblaciones naturales, y no existen reportes de la propagación de la especie. Por lo tanto, el propósito del presente trabajo fue evaluar la propagación vegetativa de la especie a través de estacas y acodos, y su propagación sexual en una población conservada. En la propagación por estacas y acodos se aplicaron concentraciones de 1 000, 4 000 y 6 000 ppm de un enraizador comercial con ácido indolbutírico (AIB), y un tratamiento control sin AIB. La germinación se evaluó en luz y oscuridad mediante el uso de lotes de semillas recién recolectadas y lotes de semillas almacenadas por tres meses a 4 °C y a 24 ± 2 ºC. Todos los experimentos se realizaron en un diseño completamente al azar. Las estacas no desarrollaron raíces en ninguna de las concentraciones, mientras que el 100 % de los acodos enraizaron, produciendo raíces vigorosas con la concentración de 4 000 ppm de AIB, a los cuatro meses de la aplicación. Con respecto a la germinación bajo condiciones de luz y oscuridad, las semillas recién recolectadas germinaron más del 60 %, mientras que las semillas almacenadas a 4 ºC menos del 20 % y las almacenadas a 24 ± 2 ºC cerca del 50 %. No hubieron diferencias significativas entre la germinación en luz y oscuridad, por lo que se consideraron como semillas fotoblásticas indiferentes. El contenido de humedad de 13.5 % y el comportamiento de la germinación en respuesta al almacenamiento en frío, sugieren la cualidad de semillas de tipo intermedias. La propagación de P. laticuspis para la producción de follaje a corto tiempo, puede hacerse por acodos en poblaciones con alta densidad de plantas adultas como fuente de material vegetal y para la restauración de áreas alteradas en la misma localidad. Mientras que la producción de follaje a mediano plazo y la conservación de la variabilidad de la especie, se puede lograr con la obtención masiva de plántulas a través de semillas.

Rooting of semi-hardwood stem cuttings from current year shoots of Drymis brasiliensis / Enraizamento de estacas caulinares semilenhosas de Drimys brasiliensis oriundas de brotação do ano

ABSTRACT: Drimys brasiliensis Miers is an Angiosperm native to the Atlantic Rainforest, commonly known as cataia. Because of dormancy of its seeds, due to embryonic immaturity, production of cataia seedlings presents challenges regarding propagation of the species. Thus, cuttings emerged as a possible technique to be applied, diminishing plants production time and ensuring uniformity of rooting. Stem cuttings from current year shoots were collected in autumn/2012, prepared with 10-12cm in length, a bevel cut on base and straight on top, keeping two leaves, one leaf or no leaves in the apical portion. After disinfestation, bases of cuttings were submitted to the following treatments with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in 50% hydro-alcoholic solution: 100% water, 0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 and 6000mg L-1 IBA. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with 3 types of cutting x 7 IBA concentrations, with four replicates of 10 cuttings per experimental unit. After 120 days, the variables percentage of rooted cuttings, number of roots per cutting, length of the three longest roots per cutting, percentage of cuttings with callus, alive and dead, with new shoots and the cuttings maintaining the original leaves were assessed. The application of IBA had no influence on any of the assessed variables. Cuttings with two leaves presented the best rooting percentage (51.1%) and the lowest mortality (5.4%), when compared to cuttings with one leaf (35.0%) or without leaves (0.4%). Cuttings without leaves are to be avoided, since they present the highest mortality percentage (93.6%).

RESUMO: Drimys brasiliensis Miers é uma Angiosperma nativa da Mata Atlântica conhecida popularmente como cataia. Por apresentar dormência em suas sementes devido à imaturidade embrionária, a produção de mudas de cataia apresenta uma problemática a ser desvendada no que se refere à propagação da espécie. Assim, a estaquia foi utilizada como uma possível técnica a ser utilizada, diminuindo o tempo de obtenção das mudas e possibilitando a uniformidade de enraizamento. Estacas caulinares provenientes de brotações do ano foram coletadas no outono/2012, confeccionadas com 10-12cm de comprimento, corte em bisel na base e reto no ápice, mantendo-as com duas, uma e sem folhas na porção apical. Após desinfestação, as bases das estacas foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos com ácido indol butírico (IBA) em solução hidroalcoólica 50%: 100% água, 0, 500, 1500, 3000, 4500 e 6000mg L-1 IBA. Foi utilizado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 3 tipos de estacas x 7 concentrações de IBA, com quatro repetições contendo 10 estacas por unidade experimental. Após 120 dias, avaliou-se a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número de raízes por estaca, comprimento das três maiores raízes por estaca, porcentagem de estacas com calos, vivas, mortas, com novas brotações e que mantiveram suas folhas originais. A aplicação de IBA não influenciou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Estacas com duas folhas apresentaram melhor enraizamento (51,1%) e menor porcentagem de mortalidade (5,4%), quando comparadas com estacas com uma folha (35,0%) ou sem folhas (0,4%). A estaquia sem a presença de folhas não é recomendada, por causar a maior porcentagem de mortalidade (93,6%).

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., “subabul” stem lignin: Isolation, structural characterization and thermal properties.

Lignin is the second most abundant renewable biopolymer on earth after cellulose. It is being used in many industrial applications due to its abundance. In the present study, lignin was isolated from the stems of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit., a high biomass yielding plant using acidic dioxane under N2 atmosphere. Structural characterization of isolated dioxane lignin (DL) was performed by analytical techniques: UV, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Their monolignol content was determined by nitrobenzene oxidation followed by HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The data was compared with commercial alkali lignin (AL). The results showed that DL is of hardwood guaiacyl-syringyl (GS) type, whereas AL is softwood type with more guaiacyl units and trace amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units (H). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of DL showed two stage thermal degradation profile similar to AL. The DTGmax for DL and AL were found in the second major loss event of second stage of TGA at 424°C and 404°C, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study exhibited the glass transition temperatures (Tg) at 132°C and 122°C for DL and AL, respectively. The results from thermal stability studies suggest that dioxane lignin isolated from the "miracle tree" (subabul) can be exploited in various thermoplastic industrial applications.

Tipo de estaca e substrato na propagação vegetativa de Lippia gracilis Schauer / Cutting type and substrate on vegetative propagation of Lippia gracilis Schauer

Lippia gracilis é uma planta nativa da Caatinga, rica em óleo essencial com atividade antimicrobiana. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes tipos de estacas e substratos na propagação vegetativa de L. gracilis . O experimento foi montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo 3 tipos de estacas (apical, mediana e basal) e 3 tipos de substratos (areia + húmus, argila + húmus e areia + argila + húmus), com 5 repetições cada. Aos 40 dias foram avaliadas: porcentagem de estacas brotadas e enraizadas, número médio de brotos, comprimento da maior raiz e biomassa seca dos brotos e raízes. Em todas as variáveis as estacas medianas e basais apresentaram melhores resultados do que as apicais. O substrato influenciou apenas na biomassa seca dos brotos, sendo o composto de argila + húmus superior ao areia + argila + húmus e igual, em significância, ao areia+ húmus.(AU)

Lippia gracilis is a native plant of the Caatinga, it is rich in essential oil with antimicrobial activity. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different types of cuttings and substrates on vegetative propagation of L. gracilis. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial scheme 3 x 3, with 3 types of cuttings (apical, median and basal) and 3 substrates (sand + humus, clay + humus and sand + clay + humus), with 5 replications each. After 40 days were evaluated: percentage of sprouted cuttings and rooted, average number of shoots, length of roots and dry biomass of shoots and roots. In all variables the middle and basal cuttings showed better results than the apical. The substrate influenced only in the dry biomass of shoots. The substrate composed of clay + humus was better than the sand + clay + humus and equal in significance to the sand + humus.(AU)

Shoot growth restriction in dry matter partitioning andminituber production of potato plants / Restrição do crescimento da parte aérea na partição de assimilados e produtividade de minitubérculos de batata

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of shoot growth restriction in the dry matter partitioning and minituber production of potato plants grown in a closed soilless system. Minitubers of the cultivars 'Macaca' and 'Asterix' were planted in the greenhouse in the density of 100 hills m-2, during autumn and spring growing seasons. Growth restriction levels were gotten by pruning shoots at 10, 20 and 30cm height or without pruning. The growth restriction levels were identified by their respective leaf area index. The experiment was a factorial (cultivars x growth restriction x growing season) in a random design, with four replications. Growth restriction affected the dry matter production of potato plants in both growing seasons and cultivars. Pruning potato plants at 30cm is a feasible technique to control leaf area index and it has lower effect on harvest index and number than in dry matter production of minitubers. Growth restriction does not change dry matter partitioning of potato plants grown in soilless system.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da restrição do crescimento da parte aérea pela poda verde, na partição de matéria seca das plantas e na produtividade de minitubérculos de batata em sistema fechado de cultivo sem solo. Minitubérculos das cultivares 'Macaca' e 'Asterix' foram plantados em telado na densidade de 100 covas m-2 nos cultivos de outono e primavera. As restrições do crescimento da parte aérea foram obtidas pela poda verde aos 10, 20 e 30cm de altura e uma testemunha sem restrição. Os níveis de restrição do crescimento foram identificados pelos respectivos índices de área foliar. O experimento foi conduzido em um fatorial (cultivares x restrição do crescimento x épocas de cultivo) no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. A restrição do crescimento da parte aérea afetou a produção de matéria seca das plantas de batata de ambas cultivares e épocas de cultivo. A poda verde a 30cm de altura é uma técnica eficaz para controlar o índice de área foliar e tem menor efeito no índice de colheita e no número do que na produção de matéria seca de minitubérculos. A restrição do crescimento da parte aérea não altera a partição de matéria seca das plantas de batata no cultivo sem solo.

pH, sódio, potássio, cálcio, magnésio e alumínio em solos contaminados com fluido de perfuração de poços de petróleo após ensaios de lixiviação / pH, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum in soils contaminated with petroleum drilling fluid after leaching tests

Na exploração do petróleo, o uso de fluidos de perfuração é essencial para o equilíbrio da pressão entre as formações e o interior do poço, além de impedir o refluxo do reservatório de petróleo ao poço. Os fluidos também são responsáveis pela elevação dos cascalhos de perfuração à superfície. Entretanto, estes podem ser potenciais contaminantes do ambiente, uma vez que chegam à superfície impregnados de fluidos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o pH e os teores de Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+e Al3+em um Latossolo e um Planossolo submetidos a doses de fluido de perfuração, após sofrerem dois ensaios de lixiviação. Os resultados mostraram que a adição dos fluidos ao Planossolo e Latossolo nas concentrações de 4%, 8% e 16% (m/m) reduziu o alumínio tóxico a zero e promoveu aumento do pH do solo, Na+, K+e Ca2+em comparação ao controle.

In petroleum exploration, the use of drilling fluids is critical to the balance of pressure between the formations and the interior of the shaft, and preventing the backflow of oil from the reservoir to the oill well. Fluids are also responsible for raising the drill cuttings to the surface. However, these may potentially contaminate the environment once they arrive at the fluid-impregnated surface. This study aimed to check the pH and Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ in an Oxisol and Planosol subjected to doses of drilling fluid, after suffering two leaching tests. The results showed that the addition of fluids to Planosoland Oxisol at concentrations of 4%, 8% and 16% (w / w) reduced toxic aluminum to zero and promoted an increase of the soil pH, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ compared to control.

Propagación vegetativa por estacas de dasyphyllum diacanthoidesmediante recursos endogenos. una aproximación agroecológica / Cutting vegetative propagation of dasyphyllum diacanthoides, with endogenous resources: an agroecological approach

La evidencia empírica obtenida por los agricultores del sector de Huechelepún (comuna de Melipeuco, Región de La Araucanía, Chile) indica que la especie Dasyphyllum diacanthoides, además de presentar propiedades medicinales, es una alternativa forrajera invernal. Esta propiedad junto con su condición de especie endémica de los bosques de Chile obliga a compatibilizar el uso y la conservación de esta especie. El objetivo de este estudio fue propagar D. diacanthoides mediante esquejes semilignificados y determinar el efecto de la presencia de espinas en los esquejes y la exposición Norte o Sur de las plantas madres en el enraizamiento. El estudio se realizó utilizando recursos endógenos, por lo que las variables evaluadas se determinaron sobre la base del conocimiento de los agricultores. El diseño experimental incluyó cuatro tratamientos: T1: estacas de plantas con exposición sur y espinas, T2: estacas de plantas con exposición sur sin espinas, T3: estacas de plantas con exposición norte sin espinas y T4: estacas de plantas con exposición norte con espinas. Cada tratamiento constó de 25 réplicas y se utilizó un diseño completo aleatorio para la ubicación de las estacas en el invernadero. Las estacas de plantas en laderas Norte tuvieron porcentajes mayores de sobrevivencia, enraizamiento y formación de callos que las de plantas en laderas S. La prueba U de Mann- Whitney evidenció diferencias significativas entre estacas con y sin espinas con exposición norte sólo para la longitud de raíces (p ≤ 0,05). La propagación vegetativa de D. diacanthoides mediante esquejes semilignificados es factible. Los mejores resultados se obtienen con estacas sin espinas de plantas madres con exposición Norte.

The empirical evidence obtained by farmers of Huechelepún area (commune of Melipeuco, La Araucania, Chile) indicates that the specie Dasyphyllum diacanthoides, besides presenting medicinal properties, is a winter forage alternative. This property along with its status as endemic forests of Chile requires reconciling the use and conservation of this species. The aim of this study was to propagate D. diacanthoides by semi lignified cuttings and determine the effect of the presence of thorns in the cuttings and North or South exposure mother plants in rooting. The study was performed using endogenous resources, so the evaluated variables were determined on the basis of knowledge of farmers. The experimental design included four treatments: T1: cuttings of plants with southern exposure and thorns, T2: Stakes southern exposure plants without thorns, T3: cuttings of plants with northern exposure spineless and T4: cuttings of plants with northern exposure with thorns. Each treatment consisted of 25 replicates and a complete randomized design for location of the cuttings in the greenhouse was used. Cuttings from plants in North slopes had higher percentages of survival, rooting and callus formation the plant on hillsides South. Mann-Whitney U test showed significant differences between stakes with and without spines north only exposure length roots (p ≤ 0.05). The vegetative propagation of cuttings D. diacanthoides by semi lignified is feasible. The best results are obtained with stakes thornless plants mothers with Northern exposure.

Reguladores vegetais e substratos no enraizamento de estacas de erva-baleeira (Varronia curassavica Jacq. ) / Growth regulators and substrates on rooting of Varronia curassavica Jacq

A erva-baleeira, espécie medicinal anti-inflamatória, pode ser propagada por sementes, no entanto, o desenvolvimento de métodos eficientes para a propagação vegetativa possibilitará a uniformidade nas populações e a clonagem de plantas de interesse quanto aos aspectos agronômico e de composição química. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos do ácido naftaleno acético (NAA) e do ácido indolbutírico (IBA) e de diferentes substratos no enraizamento de estacas semi-lenhosas de erva-baleeira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação em Montes Claros em delineamento inteiramente casualizados. Para o experimento teste da influência das auxinas, as estacas foram submetidas a tratamentos com NAA e IBA nas concentrações de 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 e 4000 mg L-1, e para o experimento dos substratos, cinco substratos foram avaliados (vermiculita expandida + casca de arroz parcialmente carbonizada (proporção de 1:1); vermiculita expandida; substrato orgânico comercial para hortaliça (Tropstrato HT ®); areia; solo + compostagem (proporção de 1:1)). Após 90 dias, para ambos os experimentos, foram avaliadas porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, de estacas mortas, de estacas vivas com calos, de estacas mortas com calos, número de raízes formadas por estaca e comprimento das três maiores raízes (cm). O regulador vegetal ideal para o enraizamento da espécie é o IBA, na concentração de 2.000 mg L-1, sendo que o NAA não é recomendado para a indução radicial em estacas erva-baleeira. O substrato vermiculita com casca de arroz carbonizada na proporção de 1:1 proporcionou maior porcentagem de enraizamento nas estacas da erva-baleira que o substrato solo + compostagem (1:1), os demais substratos não diferenciaram entre si.

The Varronia curassavica Jacq., black sage, is an anti-inflammatory medicinal species that can be propagated by seed; however, the development of efficient methods for vegetative propagation will enable uniformity in the populations and cloning of plants of interest regarding the agronomic aspects and chemical composition. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) and different substrates on the rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings of black sage. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at Montes Claros, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as a randomized complete design. For the experiment to test the influence of auxin, the cuttings were subjected to treatments with NAA and IBA at the concentrations of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 mg L-1, and for the experiment with substrates, five substrates were evaluated (expanded vermiculite + carbonized rice husk (1:1); expanded vermiculite; commercial organic substrate for vegetable (Tropstrato ® HT); sand; soil + compost (1:1)). After 90 days, in both experiments, we evaluated the rooting percentage of cuttings, dead cuttings, live cuttings with callus, dead cuttings with callus, number of roots per cutting and length of the three longest roots (cm). The best plant growth regulator for the rooting of the species is the IBA at a concentration of 2.000 mg L-1, and the NAA is not recommended for the induction of roots in cuttings of black sage. Vermiculite with carbonized rice husk in the ratio of 1:1 showed greater percentage of rooting in cuttings of black sage than soil + composting (1:1); other substrates did not differ among themselves.

Bacillus subtilis: enraizamento e crescimento de miniestacas de eucalipto em Sinop, norte de Mato Grosso / Bacillus subtilis: rooting and growth of eucalyptus mini-cuttings in Sinop, northern Mato Grosso

A crescente demanda pela implantação de florestas plantadas tem exigido diversos estudos para inovações no processo de produção e melhor aproveitamento econômico da floresta. O uso de rizobactérias promotoras de crescimento em plantas vem despontando como uma alternativa viável para otimizar o desenvolvimento e produção dessas florestas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o enraizamento e crescimento de miniestacas em cinco clones de eucalipto, H13, 1004, GG100, 1277 e I144, mediado por rizobactérias, através de um inoculante biológico que possui em sua formulação como princípio ativo a rizobactéria Bacillus subtilis. A inoculação foi realizada de três maneiras distintas: diretamente no substrato, por imersão das miniestacas em suspensão de inóculo e pela combinação dos referidos métodos, sendo comparado com o tratamento testemunha que seguiu o padrão do viveiro. Foram avaliados, número de raízes emitidas abaixo do tubete, comprimento de raízes (cm), massa fresca e seca do sistema radicular e da parte aérea (g) e altura (cm) das mudas. Os resultados variaram de acordo com o clone, parâmetros avaliados e método de inoculação. Com base nos resultados houve ganho significativo em todos os parâmetros analisados, com aumento na emissão de raízes de até 53,2%. Na biomassa do sistema radicular e da parte aérea, houve incrementos que variaram entre 45,9 e 45,1%, respectivamente. Para o crescimento das mudas observou-se aumento, variando entre 20,3 a 37,2%. Estes resultados indicam o potencial de uso da rizobactéria Bacillus subtilis para incrementar a produção de mudas de eucalipto em viveiro.

The increasing demand for planted forests has required several studies about innovations in the production process and better economic use of the forest. The use of growth promoting rhizobacteria in plants is emerging as a viable alternative, to optimize the development and production of these forests. This study evaluated rooting and growth of mini-cuttings in five clones of eucalyptus, H13, 1004, GG100, 1277 and I144, mediated by rhizobacteria of the biological inoculant that has in its formulation as the active ingredient Bacillus subtilis rhizobacterium. Inoculation was done in three ways: directly on the substrate, by immersion of mini-cuttings in inoculum suspension and the combination of these methods, in comparison with standard nursery treatment. The parameters evaluated were number of roots below the container, root length (cm), fresh and dry weight of the root system and aboveground part (g) and height (cm) of the seedlings. The results varied according to the clone, the evaluated parameters and method of inoculation. Based on the results, there was significant gain in all parameters analyzed, with an increase in the emission of roots up to 53.2%. Biomass in the root system and aboveground part increased ranging between 45.9 and 45.1%. Seedling height showed an increase ranging from 20.3 to 37.2%. These results indicate the great potential of using Bacillus subtilis to increase the production of eucalyptus seedlings in nurseries.

Growth response of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. rooted stem cuttings to Frankia in nursery and field conditions.

Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. is a tree crop that provides fuel wood, land reclamation, dune stabilization, and scaffolding for construction, shelter belts, and pulp and paper production. C. equisetifolia fixes atmospheric nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with Frankia, a soil bacterium of the actinobacteria group. The roots of C. equisetifolia produce root nodules where the bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen, which is an essential nutrient for all plant metabolic activities. However, rooted stem cuttings of elite clones of C. equisetifolia by vegetative propagation is being planted by the farmers of Pondicherry as costeffective method. As the vegetative propagation method uses inert material (vermiculite) for rooting there is no chance for Frankia association. Therefore after planting of these stocks the farmers are applying 150 kg of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)/acre/year. To overcome this fertilizer usage, the Frankia-inoculated rooted stem cuttings were propagated under nursery conditions and transplanted in the nutrient-deficient soils of Karaikal, Pondicherry (India), in this study. Under nursery experiments the growth and biomass of C. equisetifolia rooted stem cuttings inoculated with Frankia showed 3 times higher growth and biomass than uninoculated control. These stocks were transplanted and monitored for their growth and survival for 1 year in the nutrient-deficient farm land. The results showed that the rooted stem cuttings of C. equisetifolia significantly improved growth in height (8.8 m), stem girth (9.6 cm) and tissue nitrogen content (3.3 mg g−1) than uninoculated controls. The soil nutrient status was also improved due to inoculation of Frankia.

Effects of Different Auxin (IBA) Concentrations and Planting-Beds on Rooting Grape Cuttings (Vitis vinifera).

Aims: Vitis vinifera is a grape species and native to the Mediterranean region and east to northern Iran. The present research was carried out in greenhouse conditions to study the effects of four concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0; 2000; 4000; and 6000 mg/l) and three planting beds (agricultural soils, sandy, and mixture of agricultural soils and sand) on rooting grape cuttings in institute of agriculture at Zabol University, (Iran). Methodology: The experimental design was a factorial design in randomized complete block with three replicates. Results: Results showed that different auxin and planting bed treatments had a significant influence on grape rooting. The maximum number of roots, root length, and root fresh and dry weight was obtained by applying 4000 mg/l IBA. The significant effect of planting bed treatments was found in studying traits, so that maximum number of roots, root length, and root fresh and dry weight was obtained in mixture of agricultural soils and sand planting beds. Studied traits significantly affected by an interaction effect of IBA and cuttings beds, so that maximum number of roots, root length, and root dry weight was obtained by using 2000 mg/l IBA + sandy planting bed, and maximum root fresh weight was obtained by using 4000 mg/l IBA + sandy planting bed.

Effects of MAPKK Inhibitor PD98059 on Growth of Maize Seedling.

Aims: Preliminary observations showed that 75 ìM PD98059 had a long-term effect on growth of maize seedlings. To verify and systemically analyze the effects of 75 ìM PD98059 on growth of maize seedlings, we designed and conducted this experiment. Methodology: We recorded and analyzed the effects of 75 ìM PD98059 on growth of maize seedling during the first fourteen days. The growth traits were observed. The length, fresh weight, and dry weight of shoots or roots, and the root/shoot ratio of fourteen-day old seedlings were measured. Cutting analysis was conducted to analyze the effects of PD98059 on shoot growth. Results: The shoot and root length of control showed about 1.38- and 1.5-fold longer than that of PD98059-treated seedlings, respectively. The shoot and root fresh weight of PD98059-treated seedlings declined to 80% and 79.4% of the control, respectively. The shoot and root dry weight of PD98059-treated seedlings declined to 68.3% and 69.8% of the control, respectively. PD98059 also decreased the length, fresh weight, and dry weight of cuttings. Conclusion: PD98059 had a negative effect on the growth of maize seedlings and this effect was overall on both shoots and roots. The effect of PD98059 on shoot growth seemed to be not due to detrimental effects of PD98059 on roots.

Alternativas de propagação na produção de óleo essencial de Mentha canadensis L. no Litoral Norte Catarinense / Propagation alternatives for the production of Mentha canadensis L. essential oil at the Santa Catarina State northern coast

O gênero Mentha é cultivado mundialmente para a produção de óleo essencial, com ênfase no constituinte mentol, amplamente utilizado nas indústrias farmacêutica, cosmética, alimentícia e de higiene pessoal. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da utilização de diferentes estruturas de propagação e épocas de colheita de Mentha canadensis L. no Litoral Norte Catarinense. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 4x2, comparando quatro estruturas de propagação (estolões com 10, 15 e 20 cm de comprimento e estacas com 5 cm de comprimento) e duas épocas de colheita (95 dias após o plantio e 60 dias após a rebrota). Em cada colheita foi avaliado o crescimento vegetativo e produtividade de óleo essencial e de mentol. Na primeira colheita, houve maior acúmulo de massa seca de folhas, caules e total; produtividade de óleo essencial e de mentol quando o plantio foi realizado com mudas obtidas por estaquia. Na segunda colheita, no entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para todas as variáveis analisadas. A primeira colheita resultou em médias superiores em relação à segunda colheita à exceção do plantio por estolão com 10 cm em todas as variáveis e estolão com 20 cm para a massa seca de caules. Os constituintes majoritários do óleo essencial foram mentol, mentona e neomentol. Os teores de mentol foram significativamente superiores na segunda colheita e de mentona na primeira colheita, sendo que o neomentol não apresentou diferença significativa em ambas as colheitas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a colheita antecipada da rebrota proporciona maior concentração de mentol no óleo essencial. O uso de estolões como estrutura de propagação pode ser considerada uma alternativa viável para menta, pois além de apresentar níveis similares de produção de óleo essencial e de mentol a partir da segunda colheita ao de áreas implantadas com mudas, diminui o custo de produção.

The genus Mentha is cultivated worldwide for essential oil production, with emphasis on its major constituent, menthol, which is used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries and for personal care. This work investigates the use of different propagation structures and harvesting times of Mentha canadensis L., in the Santa Catarina State north coast. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 4X2 factorial, comparing four propagation structures (stolon with 10, 15 and 20 cm and stem cuttings with 5 cm) and two harvesting times (95 days after planting and 60 days after the regrowth). In each harvesting time, the vegetative growth, essential oil and menthol productivities were evaluated. The first harvest showed greater leaf, branch and total dry mass accumulation, and essential oil and menthol productivities when stem cuttings were used. In the second harvest, no differences were observed for all evaluated variables. The first harvest resulted in higher averages than the second harvest, with exception in all variables for the use of stolon with 10 cm and in stem dry mass for stolon with 20 cm. The major constituents of the essential oil were menthol, menthone, neomenthol. The levels of menthol were significantly higher in the second harvest and of menthone in the first harvest, while neomenthol showed no significant difference. The results suggest that early harvest of the regrowth results in great menthol concentrations in the essential oil. The use of stolons as a propagation structure can be considered a viable alternative for mint, as it provides similar levels of essential oil and menthol productions after the second harvest, when compared to stem cuttings and also reduces the production cost.