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BACKGROUND:Cell derivative is cell-derived bioactive components,including decellularized extracellular matrix,exosome,apoptotic extracellular vesicle,and conditioned medium,has the effects on immune regulation,promoting angiogenesis,bone regeneration,ligament remodeling,and is capable of promoting stem cell chemotherapy,migration,proliferation,and adhesion.Its excellent characteristics make it a promising biomaterial for application and clinical translation in the field of periodontal tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE:To review the characteristics of cell derivatives(decellularized extracellular matrix,exosome,apoptotic extracellular vesicle,and conditioned medium)and its effect and the latest progress in the field of regenerative restoration of periodontal complex tissue structures. METHODS:We searched the articles on CNKI and PubMed databases with the search terms"regeneration,periodontal tissue,tissue engineering,decellularized matrix,exosome,apoptotic extracellular vesicle,condition medium"in Chinese and English,respectively.Finally,76 articles were included for analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Among those four cell derivatives,the decellularized extracellular matrix has the best mechanical properties and fibrous structure,serving as a biomimetic scaffold to provide physiochemical signals and participate in mechanical signaling in periodontal tissue engineering,providing supporting effect suitable for periodontal regeneration.Recently,the development of soluble decellularized extracellular matrix bioinks has enabled the fabrication of regenerative scaffolds for personalized periodontal defects.(2)Exosomes are the simplest cell derivatives that have immunomodulatory capacity,promoting cell migration and differentiation.As a carrier,they can be used to carry target molecules to regulate periodontal regeneration,promote ligament remodeling and bone regeneration,and are suitable for periodontal tissue engineering.(3)Apoptotic vesicles generated from apoptotic cells have a strong immunomodulatory effect and can recruit stem cells and macrophages,which determine the fate of stem cells through signal transduction and can enhance immunomodulation to promote periodontal regeneration.Engineered extracellular vesicle is considered to have the potential to initiate targeted internal immunomodulation.(4)The extraction of conditioned medium is simple and completely noninvasive,which provides essential nutrients and growth factors for tissue regeneration.These components are crucial for successful periodontal regeneration.Therefore,the conditioned medium is especially suitable for studying the interactions between cells in vitro and has an important role in high-throughput detection in the future.
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Background : Cardiovascular surgery involves the use of several artificial materials as graft vessels. Although artificial blood vessels of medium and large diameters currently present a satisfactory patency and durability, those of small diameter remain inferior to one's own vessels to prevent issues such as early thrombosis and vascular stenosis. The present study aimed to investigate the functionality of decellularized tissues that hold structures and growth factors derived from a living body. Methods : Mini pigs were used for the study. The bovine-derived decellularized blood vessels were transplanted into the pigs' carotid artery, and no anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs were used after the surgery. The blood vessels were dissected and evaluated for patency and tissue staining. Result : The patency of the blood vessels was confirmed in all cases ; however, a thrombus was confirmed in one transplanted vessel. Pathological findings showed maintenance of the blood vessel structure, presenting no issues with collagen or elastin. Conclusion : This study demonstrated that biologically derived decellularized blood vessels are highly functional and present an intact luminal basement membrane, even without antiplatelet therapy. This study suggested that decellularized blood vessels can potentially help in the development of medical devices with higher functionality than that of the existing materials.