RESUMO
Background: Dental procedures, especially local anesthetic administration, are a source of great anxiety to children. Diaphragmatic breathing is defined as an efficient integrative body–mind training for dealing with stress and psychosomatic conditions. Pinwheel exercise is also a highly effective technique of “play therapy.” Aim: This study aimed to compare dental anxiety using pinwheel breathing exercise and diaphragmatic breathing exercise during buccal infiltration anesthesia. Methodology: Sixty children in the age group of 6–12 years with Frankel's behavior rating score of 3 who required buccal infiltration local anesthesia were selected. Subjects were divided randomly into two groups, i.e., Group A: children who performed pinwheel breathing exercise and Group B: children who performed diaphragmatic breathing exercise. The level of anxiety of the patients was recorded using an animated emoji scale. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20 software with paired t-test and Chi-square test. Results: There was a significant reduction in dental anxiety score from score 1 (before the anesthetic procedure) to score 2 (after the anesthetic procedure) in both the groups. On intergroup analysis, children who performed pinwheel breathing exercise (Group A) showed higher values than children who performed deep breathing exercise without pinwheel (Group B) with a t value of 1.42 but was not statistically significant with a P value of 0.161. Conclusion: Pinwheel breathing exercise as well as diaphragmatic breathing exercise proved to be significantly effective in reducing dental anxiety during local anesthesia.
RESUMO
Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome that leads to hyperglycemia and complications in many organ systems. There are many ways to control hyperglycemia including diet, exercise, drugs, and insulin. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of diaphragmatic breathing exercises on blood sugar levels and to identify the effects of regular diaphragmatic breathing exercise on HbA1c. Subjects and Methods: The study design used was a randomized controlled trial. Random sampling technique was used. Data was collected from working female nurses of Services Hospital Lahore and Jinnah Hospital Lahore who had type-2 diabetes mellitus. By using Ballot method 64 subjects were selected and equally divided into 2 groups randomly (32 subjects were in an interventional group and 32 in the control group). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Mean difference was measured by using independent sample t-test and paired t-test to see the pre and post effects of the same group. Results were summarized as mean and standard deviation. Results: The study results indicated that there was a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar level (p=0.009), post prandial blood sugar level (p=0.002) and post interventional blood sugar level (p=0.000) in the 9th week of the activity (breathing exercise). Pre and post the interventional mean difference in fasting blood sugar level was highly significant in the 12th week of intervention (p=0.000). No significant difference was found in the results of HbA1c (p=0.963). Conclusion: Diaphragmatic breathing exercise has favorable effects in controlling blood sugar levels among diabetes type-2 patients if it is combined with other exercises or therapies. Only breathing component cannot maintain the normal blood sugar level.