Association between polymorphism of optic disc related genes and susceptibility to primary open angle glaucoma in Inner Mongolia / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective To evaluate the association between polymorphism of the optic disc related genes and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in Inner Mongolia.Methods A retrospective study was adopted.Pathography on 108 POAG patients was collected from six hospitals in Hohhot,Baotou city from January,2014 to December,2016 as POAG group.At the same time,120 healthy persons were included as the control group.Fasting venous blood of 2 ml blood was collected by EDTA anticoagulant.Mass spectrometry was used to genotype the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of RFTN1 (rs690037),ATOH7 (rs7916697,rs3858145),CDC7 (rs1192415),CDKN2B (rs1063192) and SIX (rs10483727) in 108 patients with POAG and 120 normal controls.The association of gene polymorphism with POAG was analyzed by the x2 test and logistic regression analysis.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital,and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.Results The frequency of CDKN2B (rs1063192) G allele in the POAG group was significantly higher than that in the control group (27％ VS.17％,odds ratio[OR] =1.824,95％ confidence interval [CI]:1.163-2.861,P=0.008),whereas allele frequencies of the other 7 SNPs were not statistically different between the two groups (all at P＞ 0.05).Additive and dominant models of rs1063192 indicated that the individual with G allele was more likely to suffer from POAG,with a significant difference (P＜0.05),but A allele did not significantly reduce the risk of POAG (P＞0.05).There was no significant difference in the distribution of other SNPs genotypes between the POAG group and the control group (P＞0.05).Conclusions The polymorphism of CDKN2B (rs1063192) is associated with the susceptibility to POAG,and the minor G allele may increase the risk of POAG.

Evaluation of subjects with a moderate cup to disc ratio using optical coherence tomography and Heidelberg retina tomograph 3: Impact of the disc area.

Aim: The aim was to evaluate subjects with a moderate cup to disc ratio using optical coherence tomograph (OCT) and Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) 3. Settings and Design: We included 80 patients with early glaucoma and 80 nonglaucomatous subjects with moderate cup/disc ratio (range of 0.5–0.8) to this cross‑sectional study. Subjects and Methods: We compared results of color‑coded algorithms of HRT 3 (Moorfields regression analysis [MRA] and Glaucoma probability score [GPS]) and OCT. All outputs are classified into three categories: Within normal limits (WNLs), borderline and outside normal limits (ONLs). Diagnostic accuracies of algorithms were determined using the highest sensitivity criteria. Results: The sensitivities of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.75, 0.925 and 0.725, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.85, 1.0 and 0.425, respectively, in large disc area group. The specificities of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.55, 0.15 and 0.85, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.425, 0.025 and 0.80, respectively, in large disc area group. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.667, 0.617 and 0.792, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.746, 0.576 and 0.627, respectively, in large disc area group. AUROC of global MRA and OCT combination in the average and large disc area groups were 0.828 and 0.825, respectively. Conclusions: In contrast to GPS and OCT algorithms, diagnostic performance of MRA algorithm increased in large disc area group. Combining MRA and OCT algorithms produced satisfactory diagnostic performance in subjects with an average and large disc area.

Influence of disc area on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

Background: To examine the eff ect of optic disc area on peripapillary RNFLT (retinal nerve fi ber layer thickness) measurement at circle diameter of 3.4 mm around optic nerve head using spectral OCT/SLO (Optical coherence tomography/scanning laser ophthalmoscope). Materials and Methods: In this prospective, cross sectional study, one hundred and two eyes of 102 normal subjects underwent RNFLT and disc area measurement using spectral OCT/SLO. Based on disc area, subjects were divided into three groups i.e., <3 mm2 (32 eyes), 3-4 mm2 (36 eyes) and >4 mm2 (34 eyes). The eff ect of disc area on RNFLT parameters was analyzed using linear regression analysis. Results: The mean and quadrant RNFLT did not show signifi cant correlation with disc area in subjects with disc area of <4 mm2, however in eyes with disc area >4 mm2, average RNFLT, superior and temporal quadrant RNFLT showed negative correlation with disc area, which was statistically signifi cant (P = 0.004, P = 0.005 and P = 0.002, respectively) Conclusion: In healthy eyes of disc area <4 mm2, disc size does not appear to aff ect peripapillary RNFLT measurement by spectral OCT/SLO. Average, superior and temporal quadrant RNFLT measurements were inversely proportional to disc area in eyes with disc area >4 mm2. Hence, RNFLT measurement by OCT in eyes with optic disc area of >4 mm2 should be interpreted carefully.

Precisão da estimativa da massa de forragem com discos medidores em pastagem nativa / Accurate estimate of forage mass with discs meter in native pasture

Este trabalho foi realizado de outubro a abril de 2005 a fim de avaliar e comparar a precisão da estimativa da massa de forragem (MF) com o emprego de discos medidores de forragem, com diferentes áreas e pesos em pastagem nativa (PN). Os tratamentos foram três diferentes áreas de disco: 0,1; 0,2; e 0,3m², cada uma combinada com três pesos de disco: 5, 10 e 15kg m-2. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de regressão entre medidas do disco (área e peso de disco), e a MF foi determinada em cada período de avaliação. Do modelo matemático obteve-se o coeficiente de variação residual (CV). A determinação do procedimento de avaliação de modelos de regressão para os CVs obtidos, em relação às áreas e aos pesos de disco, foi definida pelo coeficiente de determinação e pela variância residual. As relações entre as combinações das três áreas dos discos associadas com os três pesos e o CV das medidas obtidas com disco foram quadráticas positivas. As relações entre os pesos adicionados sobre as áreas dos discos e o CV foram lineares positivas. O avanço dos períodos avaliados aumentou linearmente o CV na quantificação da MF da PN com disco medidor. O disco de menor área (0,1m²) e com peso de 5kg m-2 apresentou o menor CV, sendo, portanto, o mais indicado para avaliar a MF da PN.

This research was conducted between October and April of 2005, with the objective of evaluating and comparing the efficiency forage mass estimate (FM) with different areas and weights of the discs meter in native pasture (NP). The treatments were three different discs areas, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3m², each one combined with three weights of discs 5, 10 and 15kg m-2. The experimental design was block randomized in a split-plot. The obtained results were submitted to regression analysis between meter of disc (area and weight disc) and FM determined in each period of evaluation. From the mathematical model it was obtained the coefficient of residual variation (CV). The regression models were determined by coefficient of determination and residual variance. The relationship between three areas of discs associated with three weights and the CV of the measures obtained with discs were quadratic positive. The relations between the three weights and areas of discs meter and the CV were linear positive. The advance of the evaluation period increased linear the CV for determining FM in NP. The disc of smaller area, 0.1m² and weight of 5kg m-2, presented smaller CV for MF estimate in NP, therefore the most indicated to predict of MF in NP.

Optic disc area in Malaysian population / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

· AIM: To evaluate the optic disc parameters in the three main ethnic groups of Malaysia (Malay, Chinese and Indian). Possible relationships between optic disc parameters and gender, intraocular pressure and axial length of eye were also studied. · METHODS: The study included 244 eyes of 122 subjects (61 cases with open angle glaucoma and 61 non- glaucomatous individuals) with clear ocular media. Magnification corrected measurements of optic disc diameters and area were done using Zeiss FF450 Plus fundus camera. Differences between the three ethnic groups were tested by using ANOVA. The association between factors such as gender, intraocular pressure and axial length of the eye, and the optic disc size was tested through Pearson's bivariate correlation analysis. · RESULTS: The overall mean vertical optic disc diameter as (1.96 ± 0.20) mm, horizontal optic disc diameter was (1.84±0.20)mm and optic disc area was (2.84±0.56)mm2. Indians had larger optic disc area compared to Malay and Chinese. However, the difference was not statistically significant. · CONCLUSION: Optic disc size is larger in Malaysian population than Caucasians, Among the three ethnic groups, Indians have the largest optic disc size without any statistical difference.

Ocular Anatomical Features of Unilateral Anisometropic Amblyopic Eye

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the ocular anatomy of amblyopic and their fellow eyes in the anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS: We prospectively reviewed the cycloplegic refractive error and HRT value (optic disc area, optic disc vertical/horizontal diameter, optic disc dysversion) in 21 unilateral anisometropic amblyopia patients whose ages ranged from 4 to 15. RESULTS: Hyperopia was as much as 17 (81%), and myopia was as much as 4 (19%) of 21 anisometropic amblyopia. In hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia, the mean disc area of eyes presumed to be amblyopic was smaller, and the mean disc vertical diameter to horizontal diameter for amblyopic eyes was larger than that of nonamblyopic eyes (p<0.05). Nine of 17 patients (52.9%) with hyperopic amblyopia exhibited an optic disc dysversion in amblyopic eye, and two (11.8%) in nonamblyopic eyes (p<0.05). In myopic anisometropic amblyopia, there was no statistical difference in disc area, disc vertical diameter to horizontal diameter, optic disc dysversion between amblyopic eyes and nonamblyopic fellow eyes. CONCLUSIONS: ln unilateral hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia, amblyopic eyes had a small, vertically elongated shaped optic disc and frequently associated with optic disc dysversion. Congenital ocular anatomical factors may be responsible for unilateral hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia.

Correlation of the Intrapapillary Parameters to Visual Field Defects in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

The relationship between quantitative structual measurements of the optic nerve head and visual field defects was studied in 150 eyes of 150 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG). The radius and angle of the optic disc and cup were measured every 30 degrees to obtain rim area, rim area to disc area ratio, cup area, and cup to disc ratio with a computer graphic program(Adobe PhotoshopTM) and the photographic magnification was corrected according to Littmann`s method. The visual field indices including mean deviation(MD) and corrected pattern standard deviation(CPSD), using a Humphrey Field Analyzer(C 302) were obtained. Each intrapapillary parameter showed statistically significant linear correlation with MD. And those disc parameters also significantly correlated with CPSD, although this correlation was relatively lower than that of intrapapillary parameter with MD. Rim area to disc area ratio and MD were most highly correlated(r=0.712, p=0.0001), and correlation of rim are with MD followed next(r=0.670, p=0.0001). These findings suggest that intrapapillary parameters in POAG were more correlated with the overall visual field depression(MD) than the localized visual field change(CPSD). The rim area to disc area ratio rather than the rim area itself, was more related to the diffuse visual field defects.

Pattern of Glaucomatous Optic Disc Damage in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

To identify the pattern of glaucomatous changes of the optic disc, the rim area to disc area ratio (RA/DA ratio) of 149 eyes (149 cases) with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were measured and compared with that of 88 eyes (88 cases) of normal individuals. At all stages of the disease, glaucomatous rim loss was present in all sectors of the optic disc. The location of the most pronounced rim loss changed depending on the severity of the disease. In the early (RA/DA ratio > 61%; mean deviation(MD): -6.43+/-3.32dB) and medium (RA/DA ratio=41~60%; MD: -7.54+/-5.65dB) glaucoma subgroups, rim loss was found predominantly at the inferior temporal and superior temporal disc region. In the advanced glaucoma subgroup (RA/DA ratio=40~21%; MD: -18.27+/-8.40dB), the temporal horizontal disc region showed relatively marked rim loss. In the far advanced glaucoma subgroup (RA/DA ratio=20~0%; MD: -25.91+/-5.40dB), the rim remnants were located mainly in the nasal disc sector, with a larger rim portion in the upper nasal region than in the lower nasal region. These results indicate that generally in POAG, the loss of neuroretinal rim was found to start predominantly in the inferior temporal and superior temporal disc region, and then the temporal horizontal, the inferior nasal, and the superior nasal disc sectors followed.