Selection of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Cocoa and Cassava Fermentation as Potential Probiotic for Pathogenic Microorganisms Control in Poultry Farming

Aims: The overuse of antibiotics in animal farming sector is leading to an increase drug resistant bacteria rate. This situation makes it difficult to treat pathologies in both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess some probiotic profiles of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from cocoa fermentation and traditional cassava ferment for possible use as potentially probiotic strains for the monitoring of pathogenic microorganisms in poultry farming. Methodology: Thus, a total of 267 lactic acid bacteria strains were tested for analysis of the antibacterial activity against the growth capacity of Salmonella and E. coli isolates. Probiotic properties of Lactic acid bacteria were consisted of acidification capacity, resistance to acid shock and to salt bile containing in culture medium and capacity to produce proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes. Results: Among them, 25 strains have induced the high bacterial growth inhibition against these pathogenic bacteria with inhibition zone diameters ranged from 9 to 27 mm. Among these strains, 20 isolates showed high resistance to acid shock at pH ? 4 and six strains were able to grow at pH 3.5 with survival rate range from 30 % to 89 %. Moreover, six of these strains, including four isolates of Lactobacillus plantarum (T1GB8, T11AB17, LAB26, LAB 127), one strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (T0AB9) and one isolate of Enterococcus facium (LAB18), have shown capacity to growth with 1 % of bile salts in the medium. Even better, these strains exhibited capacity to produce proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes with halo around the well diameters reached 29 mm for some strains. Conclusion: This study shows the possibility of use probiotics lactic acids bacteria as antibiotics alternative in poultry sector to reduce some avian pathologies affecting the poultry sector in C魌e d'Ivoire.

Relationship between sepsis-induced immunosuppression and multi-drugs resistant bacteria / 中华危重病急救医学

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection. Immunosuppression is an important factor of secondary infection in the late state of sepsis, including multi-drugs resistant bacteria, which ultimately leads to the death of patients. The aim of this article was to help clinical staffs better manage patients with sepsis, improve long-term survival rate of the patients, and reduce their re-hospitalization rate by reviewing the relationship between sepsis-induced immunosuppression and multi-drugs resistant bacteria through three aspects: the mechanism of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, the mechanism of antibiotic resistance and the relationship between sepsis-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections.

Research progress on Chinese materia medica in overcoming EGFR-TKIs acquired drugs resistance through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway / 中草药

With in-depth study of the pathogenesis of lung cancer and its biological behaviour, molecular targeted therapy, especially the epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) made a breakthrough in non-small cell lung cancer treatment. However, the majority of patients can produce the resistance to EGFR-TKIs after 6 to 12 months treatment, which called acquired drug resistance. PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway plays an important role in the development of non-small cell lung cancer, this pathway in cancer treatment has been widely studied. Chinese materia medica (CMM) in overcoming EGFR-TKIs resistance has a bright future, In this review, we show the developments on CMM in overcoming EGFR-TKIs acquired drugs resistance through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Carboplatin: molecular mechanisms of action associated with chemoresistance

Carboplatin is a derivative of cisplatin; it has a similar mechanism of action, but differs in terms of structure and toxicity. It was approved by the FDA in the 1980s and since then it has been widely used in the treatment of several tumor types. This agent is characterized by its ability to generate lesions in DNA through the formation of adducts with platinum, thereby inhibiting replication and transcription and leading to cell death. However, its use can lead to serious inconvenience arising from the development of resistance that some patients acquire during treatment, limiting the scope of its full potential. Currently, the biochemical mechanisms related to resistance are not precisely known. Therefore, knowledge of pathways associated with resistance caused by carboplatin exposure may provide valuable clues for more efficient rational drug design in platinum-based therapy and the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this narrative review, we discuss some of the known mechanisms of resistance to platinum-based drugs, especially carboplatin.

A carboplatina é um derivado da cisplatina, possuindo mecanismo de ação similar, diferindo em estrutura e toxicidade. Este fármaco foi aprovado pelo FDA em meados de 1980 e, desde então, tem sido amplamente usado no tratamento de diversos tipos de tumores. Este agente é caracterizado por sua habilidade em gerar lesões no DNA através da formação de adutos com a platina, inibindo a replicação e a transcrição, levando à morte celular. Entretanto, seu uso pode levar a graves inconvenientes, advindos do desenvolvimento de resistência que alguns pacientes adquirem durante o tratamento, limitando o alcance de seu potencial. Até então, os mecanismos bioquímicos relacionados ao problema da resistência não são precisamente conhecidos. Dessa forma, o conhecimento das vias associadas à resistência causada pela exposição à carboplatina pode prover valiosas informações para o planejamento racional de fármacos com base em platina mais eficiente e para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas. Nesta revisão narrativa, serão discutidos alguns mecanismos de resistência a fármacos com base em platina, especialmente ao antitumoral carboplatina.

Bacteria distribution and drug sensitivity analysis of nosocomial infection cases in children′s hospital / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To understand and analysis of the pathogens distribution and drug resistance of nosocomial infection in children′s hospital,so as to provide reliable scientific basis for the prevention and control of hospital infection.Methods 396 cases of upper respiratory tract specimens were collected from pediatric patients with nosocomial infection.These specimens were detected by sputum specimens conventional methods of microorganism cultivation,and K-B method was used to determine the bacteria sensi-tivities to clinical common drug.Results There were 225 cases of specimens were pathogen positive among all the 396 specimens, and 234 strains of bacteria were isolated in all.The positive isolated rate was 56.8%(225/396).Among the 234 isolated strains, Gram negative bacteria accounted for 72.6%(170/234),and Klebsiella occupied the first place[49.4%(84/170)].Gram positive bacteria accounted for 23.5%(55/234),and Staphylococcus had the highest isolated rate in Gram positive bacteria[58.2% (32/55)].In all the 9 kinds of clinical common antimicrobial agents,imipenem had high drug sensitivity to the 234 isolated strains,and the aminoglycosides came next.Conclusion It is necessary for the pediatric patients with nosocomial infection to collect upper re-spiratory tract specimens for bacteriologic studies and drug sensitivity tests.

Análise epidemiológica de isolados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa provenientes de hospital universitário / Epidemiologic analysis of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from an university hospital

OBJETIVOS: A Pseudomonas aeruginosa é um patógeno oportunista que tem se destacado quanto à prevalência em casos de infecções hospitalares. Sua ampla resistência aos diversos grupos de antimicrobianos garante a este microrganismo um papel de destaque entre as bactérias mais prevalentes associadas à infecção nosocomial. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento epidemiológico da P. aeruginosa, bem como do seu perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo baseado no livro de registro de secreções diversas do laboratório de bacteriologia do Hospital das Clínicas no período compreendido entre janeiro a junho de 2008. Entre os registros, identificamos aqueles que foram positivos para a P. aeruginosa, analisando sua origem e perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizados na rotina daquele laboratório. RESULTADOS: As bactérias mais freqüentes, isoladas das secreções diversas, foram P. aeruginosa (26 por cento) e S. aureus (25 por cento). Quanto à origem, a P. aeruginosa foi isolada principalmente de infecções respiratórias, pois 33 por cento das amostras positivas para esta bactéria foram provinientes de secreções traqueais e 21 por cento nasais. Os antimicrobianos mais eficazes contra a P. aeruginosa foram: amicacina, imipenem, meropenem e aztreonam. CONCLUSÕES: Estes resultados mostram uma alta prevalência de P. aeruginosa, no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Apesar de apresentar grande resistência a antimicrobianos mais antigos como as cefalosporinas de primeira e segunda geração, assim como cloranfenicol, em geral, este patógeno demonstrou boa sensibilidade às drogas utilizadas na rotina deste hospital.

OBJECTIVES: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an increasingly prevalent opportunistic pathogen in hospital infection cases. Its high resistance rates to many antimicrobials has given this microorganism a relevant role among other highly prevalent bacteria involved in nosocomial infections. This study aimed to analyze epidemiologic characteristics of P. aeruginosa and to evaluate its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents at Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco METHODS: A retrospective study was performed based on the registry book of miscellaneous secretions from the bacteriology laboratory of the Hospital das Clínicas involving the period between January and June 2008. Among the secretions registered, were identified the positives samples for P. aeruginosa, whose origin was analyzed, as well as its susceptibility profile to routinely used in our laboratory antimicrobials. RESULTS: The bacteria most frequently isolated from miscellaneous secretions bacteria were P. aeruginosa (26 percent) and S. aureus (25 percent). P. aeruginosa was mainly isolated from respiratory infections, with 33 percent of positive samples for this organism from tracheal secretions and 21 percent from nasal. The most effective antimicrobials against P. aeruginosa were: amikacin, imipenem, meropenem and aztreonam. CONCLUSIONS: These results show a high prevalence of P. aeruginosa in the Hospital das Clínicas of the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Despite featuring high resistance rates to older antimicrobials, as cephalosporins first and second generations and chloramphenicol, this pathogen showed good susceptibility to agents routinely used in this hospital.

Recidivas associadas à resistência a drogas na hanseníase / Relapse related to drug resistance in leprosy

A poliquimioterapia/Organização Mundial da Saúde foi implantada efetivamente no Brasil em 1991, contribuindo drasticamente para redução da taxa de prevalência e cura da hanseníase. No entanto, a sua comprovada eficácia não tem impedido a ocorrência de recidiva da doença. Falha no tratamento, persistência bacilar ou resistência a drogas são fatores que podem ou não estarem associados a ela. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de recidiva e associá-la com a presença de cepas resistentes do Mycobacterium leprae entre 28 indivíduos que apresentaram suspeita clínica de recidiva após tratamento por monoterapia sulfônica, esquema da Divisão Nacional de Dermatologia Sanitária ou poliquimioterapia. Biópsias das lesões de pacientes multibacilares, com diagnóstico clínico de recidiva, atendidos por demanda espontânea, foram coletadas para avaliar resistência a drogas por meio da técnica de inoculação em pata de camundongo. Dentre as amostras avaliadas 42,8% apresentaram bacilos sensíveis à dapsona e rifampicina e 10,7% apresentaram resistência à dapsona; não foram isolados bacilos resistentes à rifampicina. A emergência de bacilos resistentes, especialmente à rifampicina, é um alerta para os programas de controle da hanseníase. Monitorar a disseminação destas cepas é importante, pois elas apresentam um sério obstáculo para a eliminação da doença, principalmente em países onde a hanseníase ainda é endêmica.

The multidrugtherapy proposed by the World Health Organization has been effectively implemented in Brazil in 1991. It helped reduce the prevalence and achieve the cure of leprosy. However, its proven efficacy has not prevented the occurrence of relapses in some leprosy patients. Irregular treatment, bacillary persistence or resistance of Mycobacterium leprae to drugs are factors that may be associated with relapse. The objective of this study was assess the occurrence of relapse and associate it with the presence of Mycobacterium leprae resistant strains. In order to do that, 28 individuals who were clinically diagnosed as relapse after treatment with sulphone monotherapy, the National Division of Sanitary Dermatology scheme or multidrugtherapy. Biopsies from lesions of multibacillary patients attended by spontaneous demand were collected to verify resistance to drugs through the mouse foot pad inoculation technique. Among the samples evaluated 42.8% had bacilli susceptible to dapsone and rifampicin and 10.7% showed resistance to dapsone. No rifampicin resistant bacilli were isolated. The emergence of resistant strains, especially to rifampicin, is a threat to leprosy control programs, therefore, monitoring the spread of these strains is important because resistance pose a serious obstacle to the elimination of disease, particularly in countries where the disease is endemic.

La resistencia de bacterias a antibióticos, antisépticos y desinfectantes una manifestación de los mecanismos de supervivencia y adaptación / Resistance to bacterial antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants a manifestation of the survival and adaptation mechanisms

La resistencia a múltiples sustancias es un problema de salud pública que se viene observando a nivel mundial después de la aparición de los antibióticos. El uso indiscriminado de los antibióticos y la presión selectiva ambiental realizada por antisépticos y desinfectantes ha generado una respuesta de supervivencia en los microorganismos, que los capacita para evadir con eficiencia la acción bactericida de algunos agentes. En la actualidad se intenta dilucidar si hay mecanismos compartidos entre antibióticos, antisépticos y desinfectantes que les permita a las bacterias y otros microorganismos activar genes que potencialmente expresen los cinco mecanismos propuestos hasta ahora como respuesta evolutiva a la intervención humana. La presente revisión examina el estado del arte de los mecanismos mencionados,con énfasis en los que actualmente utilizan las bacterias que causan brotes de resistencia en centros hospitalarios.

Resistance to multiple substances is a problem of public health coming to world-wide level observation since the appearance of antibiotics. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics and the environmental selective pressure made by antiseptics and disinfectants have generated a survival answer in the microorganisms, enabling them to efficiently evade the bactericidal action of some agents. Nowadays the time has come to try to explain if mechanisms shared among antibiotics, antiseptics and disinfectants allow bacteria and other germs to activate genes that potentially express the five mechanisms proposed until now as an evolutionary answer to man’s intervention. The present review examines the state-of-the-art of the mentioned mechanisms, with emphasis about the resistance mechanisms performed by nosocomial bacteria in hospitals centers.

Review on Chinese Drugs Resistance in Leukemia / 浙江中医药大学学报

The drug resistance of leukemia cell is the main point to cause failed chemical therapy,reduce relieving rate and influence the effect of chemical therapy on leukemia,which is an urgent clinical problem needing to be settled presently.The article sums up the researches on this subject from our traditional medicine.

Change of Drugs Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in Intensive Care Unit / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To get knowledge of the drugs resistance change of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care unit ICU, so as to offer the first-hand information to the clinical preventive and therapeutic countermeasures. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of Staphylococcus aureus(SAU) were performed from 2001 to 2006. RESULTS The most frequent isolates were P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter baumannii in 2001-2004. S. aureus were more than A. baumannii in 2006 and became the majore isolated bacteria in the sputum of the ICU patients. The incidence of drug resistance increased yearly(0, 25.0%, 29.4%, 74.4%, 87.7%, 92.7%, respectively) in S. aureus, and it was susceptibte to vancomycin. CONCLUSIONS It was showed that P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii and S. aureus were the major pathogens in the ICU, showing high drug resistance. Doctors should pay more attention to analyze the bacterial resistance profile in order to decrease the incidence of drug resistance and use the antibiotics properly.

Molecular Resistance Mechanisms of Candida albicans to Antifungal Agents / 微生物学通报

In recent years,with the increasing of immunocompromised patients in clinical practice,invasive candidiasis has been increased accordingly. Although several antifungal drugs,including polyenes,azoles,5-flucytosine,and echinocandins,have been used widely to treat invasive candidiasis,the treatment failure that caused by the resistance of Candida albicans to these antifungal drugs have been reported widely. Here,we reviewed the molecular mechanisms of resistance to azoles,polyenes,5-flucytosine,and echinocandins,such that to provide an update on these issues.