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Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most lifestyle risk factor for cognition. Regular treatment and managementof Type 2 DM could prevent the onset and progression of cognitive impairment. Cognitive decline associated with DM mayinfluence one’s ability to perform self-care and affect glycemic control.Aim: Our prospective observational study aimed to analyze the cognitive impairment using a mini-mental status examination(MMSE) in patients with Type 2 DM.Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted to analyze the cognitive impairment using MMSEin patients with Type 2 DM. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes were included in the study. All the demographicand laboratory investigation data so obtained was tabulated and was analyzed statistically, and results were discussed.Results: Of 50 patients, 26 patients were male and 24 patients were female. Based on the age group, 11 patients were in theage group below 40 years, 21 patients between 40 and 50 years, 16 patients between 51 and 60 years, and 2 patients >60years. Based on the duration of Type 2 diabetes, 16 patients had <5 years and MMSE score of 24.28 and 34 patients had >5years and MMSE score of 22.14. Based on cognitive impairment, 44 patients had mild cognitive impairment and 6 patientshad moderate cognitive impairment.Conclusion: From this study, we concluded that the duration of Type 2 DM and level of HbA1c affect the cognitive status ofthe individuals. A greater understanding of the mechanisms linking Type 2 DM and cognitive impairment may facilitate thedevelopment of new ways for the treatment of cognitive impairment.
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Background: This study aims to evaluate the reliability of the Diabetic Neuropathy Examination Score (DNE), 10-g Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament Examination and Quantitative Sensory Testing by Vibration Perception Threshold (VPT) in the diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy and seek a cost effective and reliable screening method in diabetic OPD and IPD against the gold standard of NCV.Methods: This study was carried out in 50 confirmed type 2 diabetic patients matched for age, sex, duration and ABI >0.9 irrespective of the presenting complaints. Patients with either limb amputation, other reasons for peripheral neuropathy, ABI <0.9, critical and comatose were excluded. A complete neurological assessment using a symptom questionnaire, Semmes Weinstein monofilament, vibration and thermal threshold perception analyzer was done and recorded. A score was given out of 20. The patients were retrograde subjected to NCV by a blinded technician and the readings were then compared to the scores.Results: The level of significance between the total neuropathy score and the presence of neuropathy (by NCV) was very significant (p<0.0001) with an association of 0.932. In patients with a mean total neuropathy score of 3.28,10.80 and 15.37, there was no, mild and severe levels of neuropathy in NCV respectively.Conclusions: There is correlation between the total neurological scores and NCV. Therefore, it can be used to screen all diabetic patients for earliest signs of diabetic neuropathy with sustainable results.
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Background & Objectives : Dementia is a serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal ageing. This cross sectional study was undertaken to study clinical profile of dementia and its association with plasma homocysteine levels. Methods : 30 patients (indoor or outdoor) > 55 years with dementia were screened on Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale. A clinical dementia rating questionnaire was asked and plasma homocysteine levels measured by ELISA using Bio-rad reagents. Data was collected and statistically analyzed. Results : There was a statistically significant correlation between loss of memory (p = 0.047), orientation (p = 0.038), judgement/problem solving (p = 0.048), outer (p = 0.042), household (p = 0.048) and personal care activity (p = 0.0099) with hyperhomocysteinemia. A statistically significant correlation was found between CDR (p = 0.0081) and MMSE (p = 0.0095) score with hyperhomocysteinemia. Interpretation & Conclusion : A significant correlation was seen between memory loss, worsening of cognitive dementia, limitation of household activity, worsening of personal care, impairment of judgment and problem solving with hyperhomocysteinemia. As hyperhomocysteinemia can be effectively treated with a low cost therapy of B vitamin supplements, it is important to recognize these problems and treat them early.
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To demonstrate the quality assurance of the comprehensive examination of sixth-year students at Nippon Medical School, 4 undergraduate examinations were compared with the national examination for medical practitioners (NEMP) using scatter graphs and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Of the 93 sixth-year students at Nippon Medical School, 57%(n=53) reported their scores on the NEMP in response to a request from the Academic Quality and Development Office. Correlation coefficients of the grade point average (years 1 to 5), average scores on graduation examinations of 24 subjects, scores on the trial examination of NEMP, and scores on the sixth-year comprehensive examination with overall scores on the NEMP were 0.62, 0.46, 0.68, and 0.63, respectively. These results suggest that the sixth-year comprehensive examination is more suitable than are graduation examinations for predicting the NEMP score.
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Objective To study contributing factors for multimedia teaching so as to increase teaching level. Materials and Methods The undergraduate classes of 2000, 2001 and 2002 from imaging medicine department of Nanfang Medical University were followed up and examined on "Medical Imaging Technology". Statistical software SPSS10.0 was used for one-factor analysis of variance. Results LSD method and Dunnett method were applied to multiple comparisons of equalizing values. The result by LSD method showed that significant difference didn't get involved in between classes of 2000 and 2001 but did between classes of 2000 and 2002 or between classes of 2001 and 2002. The result by Dunnett method was the same as that by LSD method. Interviewed students thought that there was no significant difference between classes of 2000, 2001 and 2002, so did teachers. Conclusion Multimedia teaching of "Medical Imaging Technology" gives birth to heavy demands for teachers, which shows their ability, spirit, knowledge and so on.