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OBJECTIVE Optimizing the water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules. METHODS The orthogonal test of 3 factors and 3 levels was designed， and comprehensive scoring was conducted for the above indexes by using G1-entropy weight to obtain the optimized water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules with water addition ratio， extraction time and extraction times as factors， using the contents of forsythoside A， baicalin， phillyrin， oroxylin A-7-O-β-D-glycoside， wogonoside， baicalein and wogonin， and extraction rate as evaluation indexes. BP neural network modeling was used to optimize the network model and water extraction process using the results of 9 groups of orthogonal tests as test and training data， the water addition multiple， decocting time and extraction times as input nodes， and the comprehensive score as output nodes. Then the two analysis methods were compared by verification test to find the best water extraction process parameters. RESULTS The water extraction technology optimized by the orthogonal test was 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， extracting for 1 h each time. Comprehensive score was 96.84 （RSD＝0.90%）. The optimal water extraction technology obtained by BP neural network modeling included 12-fold water， extracting 4 times， extracting for 0.5 h each time. The comprehensive score was 92.72 （RSD＝0.77%）， which was slightly lower than that of the orthogonal test. CONCLUSIONS The water extraction technology of Xiangqin jiere granules is optimized successfully in the study， which includes adding 8-fold water， extracting 3 times， and extracting for 1 hour each time.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction technology for the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste. METHODS SD rats were divided into blank group， model group， traditional technology group， water extraction group and ethanol extraction group， with 5 rats in each group. Anterior cruciate ligament transection was used to construct knee osteoarthritis model， and the pharmacodynamic effects of different extraction methods on arthritic rats were investigated. Analgesic experiments were conducted using cold and hot pain thresholds and pain mediators calcitonin gene-related peptide （CGRP）， cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2）， substance P （SP）， and prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） contents as indicators. HE staining was performed on the synovial membrane of rats to observe the degree of synovial cell proliferation， inflammatory infiltration and vascular invasion， and anti-inflammatory experiments were conducted using protein and mRNA expressions of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） and IL-6 as indicators. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were compared among those groups. In the orthogonal test， ethanol dosage， extraction time and extraction times were used as evaluation factors， and the contents of casticin， strychnine and toxiferine were taken as evaluation indicators； comprehensive score was calculated. The validation experiments were carried out after optimizing the extraction technology of the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste. RESULTS Compared with the model group， the cold and heat pain thresholds of drug administration groups （except for the traditional technology group） were all increased significantly （P＜0.05）， while the contents of pain （No.Y2021rc02） mediators CGRP， COX-2， SP and PGE2 were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. HE staining showed that inflammatory cell infiltration， fibrosis and collagen deposition were 炎。E-mail：liuzixiu3221@126.com decreased in the administration groups； a small amount of capillary proliferation could be found； the protein and mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β， IL-6 and TNF-α were decreased significantly in synovial tissue of rats in administration groups （P＜0.05）. Compared with the traditional technology group， most indicators of the ethanol extraction group were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）， and only heat pain threshold and mRNA expression of IL-6 in rats were decreased significantly in the water extraction group （P＜0.05）. The optimal extraction technology of the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste included suitable dose of Sanse powder， 8-fold 55% ethanol， heating reflux extraction for 90 minutes， extracting twice. The results of 3 times of verification experiments showed that the average contents of casticin， strychnine and toxiferine were 0.007%， 0.092%， and 0.214%， respectively； RSD were all less than 5%. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction technology for the raw drugs of Sanse powder gel paste is stable and feasible， which can improve the efficacy of the preparation.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale， and preliminarily study its effect on acute lung injury （ALI） in mice. METHODS Using D. officinale as raw material， the polysaccharides were extracted from D. officinale by ultrasonic-assisted hot water immersion. Using the extraction rate of D. officinale polysaccharides as response value， the single-factor experiments and Box-Behnken response surface method were used to optimize the ratio of material to liquid， extraction time and extraction temperature. ALI mice were induced by lipopolysaccharide. Using prednisone acetate （5 mg/kg） as the positive control， the effects on the mass ratio of wet and dry lung and pathological changes of lung tissue （HE staining and Masson staining） of low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose D. officinale polysaccharides （50，100，200 mg/kg） were investigated. RESULTS The optimal extraction technology of D. officinale polysaccharides was as follows： the ratio of material to liquid was 1∶25 （g/mL）， the extracting time was 1 h， and the extracting temperature was 58 ℃ . Under these conditions， the average extraction rate of D. officinale polysaccharides was 37.75% （RSD＝1.12%，n＝3）， the relative error of which with predicted value （38.63%） was 2.28%. Compared with the model group， the ratios of wet and dry lung in the positive control group and D. officinale polysaccharides groups were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）， and the pathological changes in lung tissue （severe destruction of alveolar structure， significant widening of alveolar septa， extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells and proliferation of fibroblasts） were alleviated to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS The optimal extraction process of D. officinale polysaccharides is feasible； the obtained polysaccharide extract has a certain improvement effect on ALI in mice.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize extraction technology of couplet medicinals of Astragalus membranaceus-Puerariae lobatae. METHODS With contents of puerarin，daidzin，calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，daidzein，calycosin and formononetin and the yield of dry extract as index，the analytic hierarchy method was used to determine the weight coefficient of each index and calculate the comprehensive score. The effects of solid-liquid ratio， extraction times and extraction time on the comprehensive score were investigated by single factor test. The level of each factor was determined. By multi-index comprehensive scoring method， using comprehensive scores of above 7 indexes as indexes，the extraction technology of couplet medicinals of A. membranaceus-P. lobata was optimized by orthogonal experiment，and the validation tests were conducted. RESULTS The weight coefficient for the contents of puerarin，daidzin，calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，daidzein，calycosin and formononetin and the yield of dry extract were respectively 0.304 7，0.065 2，0.185 8，0.185 8，0.107 8，0.107 8 and 0.042 7. The optimal extraction technology was determined as follows： solid-liquid of 1∶8（g/mL），extracting 3 times and for 1 h each time. RSD of each evaluation index in the validation test results was lower than 3.00% （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction technology for A. membranaceus-P. lobata is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the e xtraction technology of Guizhi shaoyao zhimu decoction （GSZD）. METHODS The contents of 9 components in GSZD were determined by HPLC ，such as ephedrine hydrochloride ，pseudoephedrine hydrochloride ， mangiferin，paeoniflorin，liquiritin，5-O-methylvisammioside，glycyrrhizic acid ，cinnamic acid ，6-gingerol. On the basis of single factor experiment ，taking material-liquid ratio ，extraction times and extraction time as inspection factors ，taking the contents of above 9 components and the yield of dry extract as evaluation indicators ，the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method were used to determine the composite weight of each index and calculate the comprehensive score ；the extraction technology parameters of GSZD were optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method ，and the validation tests were conducted. RESULTS The composite weight of the contents of ephedrine hydrochloride ，pseudoephedrine hydrochloride ，mangiferin，paeoniflorin， glycyrrhizin，5-O-methylvisa- midol ，glycyrrhizinate，cinnamic acid ，6-gingerol and the yield of dry extract were respectively 0.12，0.10，0.05，0.12，0.14，0.06，0.13，0.15，0.10，0.03. The optimal extraction technology of GSZD is that the ratio of material to liquid is 1 ∶ 14（g/mL），extraction is 2 times，and the extraction time is 3.0 h；average comprehensive score of the 3 verification tests was 95.879，and RSD was 0.50％（n＝3），the deviation from the predicted comprehensive score （94.328）was 1.64％. CONCLUSIONS In this study ，the optimal extraction technology of GSZD is determined.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction technology of modified Tabusen- 2（MT-2），and to investigate inhibitory effects of the extract obtained by the optimal technology on osteoclast differentiation. METHODS The index components of MT- 2 process optimization were selected by using network pharmacology. Based on single factor tests ，the extraction technology of MT- 2 was optimized by Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology according to the comprehensive score of contents of above index components ，and then validated. RAW 264.7 cells were induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand（100 ng/mL） to prepare osteoclast differentiation model. Inhibitory effects of MT- 2 extract（18.6，37.2，74.4 ng/mL）obtained by the optimal technology on osteoclast differentiation were investigated. RESULTS The index components screened by network pharmacology included chlorogenic acid ，terpineol diglucoside ，isochlorogenic acid A ，1，5-dicaffeoylquinic acid ，hydroxysafflower yellow A ， ginsenoside Rg 1 and ginsenoside Rb 1. The optimal extraction technology of MT- 2 was ethanol volume fraction of 60％ ，the solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 14（g/mL），extraction time of 94 min and extraction times of twice. The average comprehensive score obtained by the three validation experiments was 95.50，and the relative error with the predicted value （95.75）was －0.26％. Compared with osteoclastic differentiation model cells ，the cells treated with MT- 2 extract prepared by the optimal technology were mostly mononuclear round cells ，and the number of osteoclasts decreased significantly （P＜0.05），its inhibitory effects tended to strengthen with the increase of drug concentration. CONCLUSIONS The optimal extraction technology of MT- 2 is stable and feasible. Obtained extract can inhibit osteoclast differentiation.
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OBJECTIVE To optimize the extraction technology of volatile components from Wuyao decoction. METHODS On the basis of single factor investigation ，the extraction technology of volatile components from Wuyao decoction was optimized and validated by Box-Behnken design-response surface technology using the contents of bomyl acetate ，cyperotundone，α-cyperone， ligustilide and dehydrocostuslactone ， extraction rate of volatile oil as indexes ， with extraction time ， soaking time and liquid-material ratio as factors. On this basis ，the extraction state of the decoction was quantified. RESULTS The optimal extraction technology was as followed ：the ratio of liquid -material was 13∶1（mL/g），soaking time was 0.5 h，and the extraction time was 6 h in the boiling state. The comprehensive scores of the three validation experiments were 0.948 7，0.948 4 and 0.948 6 respectively （RSD＝0.02％，n＝3），and the deviation from the predicted value （0.947 9）was no more than 1％. The boiling state of the decoction in 180 ℃ oil bath was taken as the sudden boiling state. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction technology is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE：To opt imize the extraction technology of phenolic acid from Amomum tsaoko . METHODS ：The extraction technology of phenolic acid from A. tsaoko was optimized by using Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology with ethanol volume fraction ，liquid-solid ratio and extraction time as factors ，using the total contents of protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid as response value. The optimizd extraction technology was vlidated. RESULTS ：The optimal extraction technology was as follows ：ethanol volume fraction 65％，liquid-solid ratio 4∶1（mL/g），extraction time 2.5 h. After 3 times of validation tests ， average total content of protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid were 12.32 mg/g（RSD＝0.26 ％，n＝3），average relative error of which with predicted value （12.63 mg/g）was 2.45％. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimal technology is stable and feasible .
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OBJECTIVE：To optimize the extraction technology of Zhideke granules. ME THODS：The extraction technology （water extraction ，alcohol extraction ，water extraction and ethanol precipitation ）of Zhideke granules was initially screened by ammonia-induced cough experiment and xylene-induced ear swelling experiment in mice. Based on its preparation route ，the immersion time of medicinal materials containing volatile oil was investigated with water absorption as index firstly. The single factor test was adopted to investigate the amount of water added and the extraction time taking the volatile oil yield as index to optimize the extraction technology of medicinal materials containing volatile oil. Taking the contents of irisflorentin and total flavonoids as indicators ，on the basis of single factor investigation ，orthogonal test was adopted to examine the influence of three factors including the amount of water added ，extraction time and extraction frequency ，so as to optimize the water extraction technology of Zhideke granules and the validation tests were conducted. RESULTS ：The results of pharmacodynamics experiment showed that the cough latency of mice in water extract low-dose and high-dose groups （6.34，12.68 g/kg，by crude drug ）and water-extraction alcohol-precipitation extract high-dose group （12.68 g/kg，by crude drug ）were significantly longer than those inmodel group ，and the number of cough within 2 minutes was significantly reduced （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group ， the ear swelling of mice in water extract low-dose and high-dose groups （6.34，12.68 g/kg，by crude drug），ethanol extract high-dose group （12.68 g/kg，by crude drug） and water-extraction alcohol-precipitation extract hig dose group （12.68 g/kg，by crude drug ） were decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The swelling inhibition rates were 42.26％，55.08％，33.49％，51.56％，39.57％ and 44.36％ in low-dose and high-dose groups of water extract ，alcohol extract ， water-extraction and alcohol-precipitation extract respectively ，indicating that the water extract had better antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects. The optimal extraction technology of volatile oil was adding 5-fold water ，soaking for 30 minutes，and extracting for 3 hours. The optimal water extraction technology was adding 12-fold water ，extracting for 3 times after soaked for 50 min，lasting for 1 h each time. Results of 3 times of validation tests showed that average content of irisflorentin in the extract obtained by optimal technology was 76.47 μg/g（RSD＝ 2.15％，n＝3）and the average content of total flavonoids was 92.45 mg/g（RSD＝0.48％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimal extraction technology of Zhideke granules is stable and feasible.
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To optimize the ethanol extraction technology parameters of Fengyin Decoction by orthogonal experiment combined with beetle antennae search(BAS)-genetic algorithm(GA)-back propagation neural network(BPNN). Based on single factor investigation, the extraction temperature, ethanol volume, extraction time, and ethanol concentration were used as orthogonal experiment factors, and entropy weight method was used to calculate the comprehensive scores of aloe-emodin, glycyrrhizic acid ammonium salt, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, cinnamaldehyde, 6-gingerol, extraction ratio and fingerprint similarity. BAS-BPNN model was established, and then, GA was used to predict the optimal extraction process. The results showed that BAS-BPNN was optimized to obtain the optimal ethanol extraction process of Fengyin Decoction as follows: extraction temperature of 87 ℃, adding 9 times of 75 % ethanol, and extracting for 47 minutes, with a comprehensive score of 1.052 9. Meanwhile, the optimal process parameters obtained by orthogonal design were as follows: the extraction temperature of 80 ℃, adding 10 times of 75% ethanol, extracting for 30 minutes, with a comprehensive score of 1.003 7. The comprehensive score of the process obtained from the BAS-BPNN model was slightly better than that from the orthogonal test, indicating that the optimized process from BAS-BPNN model was more ideal, so it was finally determined as the best extraction process for Fengyin Decoction. The process of Fengyin Decoction obtained from BAS-GA-BPNN has high extraction efficiency and good stability, which provides reference for the subsequent development and quality control.
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Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas , Entropia , Etanol , Redes Neurais de Computação , Controle de QualidadeRESUMO
Objective: The extraction process optimization method of chemometrics combined with information entropy weight was established and applied to the water extraction process optimization of Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction (BBTD), in order to fully ensure the effectiveness and quality consistency of classical prescription. Methods: Taking BBTD as the model drug, the fingerprint was established by HPLC method. The common peak area was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), the total factor score of PCA, the similarity of fingerprint and the yield of dry paste were used as evaluation indexes. L9(34) orthogonal design was used to investigate the effects of adding water, soaking time and boiling time on the extraction effect, and the Objective: weight of each index was determined by information entropy weighting method. The technological parameters of water extraction were optimized. Results: Twenty-six common peaks and seven compounds were identified by the similarity evaluation system of chromatographic fingerprints of traditional Chinese medicine. According to the results of comprehensive score, the optimum extraction process of the preparation was determined to be 12 times the amount of water, decoction twice, 1 hour each time. The average comprehensive score of the three batches of verification was 0.418 0 with RSD of 3.32%. Conclusion: The optimized process has high extraction rate, good stability and repeatability, and is suitable for the industrial production of BBTD.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for content determination of total flavonoids from Combretum alfrdii， and to optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. METHODS： Using aluminium trichloride as， chromogenic agent， UV spectrum was adopted to determine the content of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. Based on single factor test， ethanol volume fraction， material-liquid ratio， extraction time， extraction temperature and times were selected as investigation factors， and the content of total flavonoids was selected as response value， Plackett-Burman design was used to screen the factors that had significant influence on the content of total flavonoidsfrom C. alfrdii. Then steepest climbing test was adopted to confirm the optimum valuing range； the extraction technology of total flavonoids was optimized by Box-Behnken response methodology. RESULTS： The linear range of total flavonoids were 0.012-0.036 mg/mL （r＝0.999 9）； RSDs of precision， stability and repeatability tests were less than 3％； the recovery ranged from 92.98％ to 99.86％ （RSD＝2.71％， n＝6）. The optimal extraction technology included that 60％ ethanol， material-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 34 （g/mL）， extracting for 3 times， lasting for 60 min， extraction temperature of 80 ℃. Under this technology， average content of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii was 2.71％ （RSD＝1.69％， n＝6）， and the relative error was 2.65％ compared with predicted value of the model （2.64％）. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is stable and reproducible， and can be used for content determination of total flavonoids from C. alfrdii. The optimized extraction method is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules， and to provide basis for the follow-up research and development of it. METHODS： The contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B in water extract of Bupi yangshen granules， were determined by HPLC-ELSD and HPLC-DAD. Using the comprehensive score of contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B and extract yield as index， weight coefficient of indicators were determined by AHP， CRITIC and AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method. L9（34） orthogonal test was used to optimize decoction time， water volume and decoction times in water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules. Validation test was also performed. RESULTS： The weight coefficient determined by AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method was the most reasonable. The optimal extraction technology was decocting twice， adding 12-fold water， 1 h each time. The results of 3 times of validation test showed that the average contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B were 8.79， 609.50 mg （total amount of 121 g medicinal herbs extracted from whole prescription）， respectively. The average extract yield was 31.24％. Average comprehensive score was 96.59（RSD＝1.01％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized water extraction technology is reproducible， stable and feasible. It can provide a scientific basis for the follow-up development and industrial production of Bupi yangshen granules.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish the method for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d in Bupleurum chinense water extract， and to optimize its water extraction technology for electromagnetic cracking. METHODS： HPLC method was used. The determination was performed on SB-C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was 40 ℃. The detection wavelength was set at 210 nm， and the sample size was 10 μL. Based on single factor experiment， using extraction time， particle size， solide-liquid ratio as factors， total extraction rate of saikosaponin a to saikosaponin d as indexes， the extraction technology was optimized by using Box-Behnken response surface methdology， and compared with the results of ultrasound method and decoction method. RESULTS： The linear range of saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d were 50.70-202.80 μg/mL （r＝0.999 9） and 50.50-202.00 μg/mL （r＝0.999 9）， respectively. The quantitation limits were 0.16 and 0.13 μg/mL， respectively. The detection limits were 0.05 and 0.04 μg/mL，respectively. RSDs of precision， stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2％. The average recoveries were 98.23-102.47％ （RSD＝1.80％， n＝6） and 98.84％-102.06％ （RSD＝1.60％， n＝6）. The optimal extraction technology was as follows： the extraction time of 2.50 min； the particle size of 80 mesh， solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 28 （g/mL）. Results of 3 times of validation tests showed that the optimal technology included the average total extraction rates of saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d were 8.42 mg/g， which was higher than that of ultrasonic method （8.34 mg/g） and decoction method （8.06 mg/g）， and the extration time was shorter. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple and accurate， and can be used for simultaneous determination of saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d in B. chinense water extract. The optimized water extraction technology for electromagnetic cracking is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish a determination method for content of polysaccharide in Acanthopanax senticosus， and to conduct cluster analysis and ultrasonic extraction technology optimization. METHODS： The content of polysaccharide in A. senticosus was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method. Cluster analysis was conducted by using SPSS 23.0 software of the polysaccharide in A. senticosus from 17 habitats. The ultrasonic extraction technology was optimized with L9（34）orthogonal test using extraction temperature， the ratio of material to liquid， extraction time as factors， the content of polysaccharides as index， and then validated. RESULTS： The linear range of glucose ranged from 0.007 75 to 0.151 mg/mL （r＝0.999 1）； the limits of quantification and detection were 2.854， 0.856 μg/mL； RSDs of precision， stability， and repeatability tests were less than 2％； recovery rates of the sample were 98.41％-101.58％（RSD＝1.23％，n＝6）. Cluster analysis results showed that 17 batches of samples could be clustered into three classes； S1， S6， S10， S12 and S13 were clustered into one class； S3-S5 and S7 were clustered into one class； and the rest samples were clustered into one class. The optimal ultrasonic extraction technology was extraction temperature 55 ℃， ratio of material to liquid 1 ∶ 10 （g/mL）， extraction time 35 min. Results of validation tests showed the content of the polysaccharide under the best process condition was 4.36％（RSD＝0.920％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple，reproducible and suitable for determination of polysaccharide in A. senticosus； the optimized ultrasonic extraction technology is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the extraction technology of verbascoside from Cistanche tubulosa， and to provide reference for further development and comprehensive utilization of C. tubulosa. METHODS： The content of verbascoside in C. tubulosa was determined by HPLC. The determination was performed on Inertsil-ODS-3V column with mobile phase consisted of methanol-0.2％ formic acid aqueous solution （40 ∶ 60， V/V） at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃， the detection wavelength was 330 nm， and the sample size was 10 μL. Using extraction rate of verbascoside as index， soaking time， ethanol concentration， liquid-solid ratio， extraction time and extraction times were investigated by single factor tests. According to the results of above tests， ethanol concentration， liquid-solid ratio and extraction time were optimized by Box-Behnken response surface methodology. The verification tests were carried out on the optimized extraction technology. RESULTS： The linear range of verbascoside was 18.65-932.4 μg/mL. The optimal extraction technology included that ethanol concentration 63％， liquid-solid ratio 8 ∶ 1 （mL/g）， soaking for 2 h， extraction time 1.5 h， extracting for 2 times. The extraction rates of verbascoside in the three parallel verification tests were 78.21％， 76.95％， 79.34％， respectively. The relative errors of those to predicted value 76.76％ were 1.89％， 0.25％， 3.36％. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized extraction technology of verbascoside from C. tubulosa is stable and feasible， and is suitable for the extraction of verbascoside.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for the content determination of total flavonoids from Typhonium divaricatum， and to optimize its extraction technology. METHODS： The content of total flavonoids in T. divaricatum was determined by UV spectrophotometry. Using the extraction amount of total flavonoids from T. divaricatum as index， the volume fraction of ethanol， the ratio of material to liquid， the extraction time and times as factors， the extraction technology of total flavonoids from T. divaricatum was optimized by L9（34） orthogonal design， based on the single factor test. RESULTS： The linear range of rutin were 8-48 μg/mL （r＝0.999 7）； the quantification limit was 0.54 μg/mL， and the detection limit was 0.18 μg/mL； RSDs of precision， stability and repeatability tests were all lower than 2％. The recoveries were 99.61％-102.38％（RSD＝1.15％， n＝6）. The optimal extraction technology was as follows： ethanol concentration of 70％， solid-liquid ratio of 1 ∶ 20 （g/mL）， extraction time of 45 min， extracting for 2 times. Under this condition， the average content of total flavonoids from T. divaricatum was 2.74 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS： Established method is simple and accurate； the extraction process is stable and feasible.
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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of classic formula Taohe chengqi decoction. METHODS： Based on single factor test， combined with response surface methodology and information entropy theory， the soaking time， solid-liquid ratio and extraction time were investigated. Using the contents of rhein， amygdalin， cinnamaldehyde and glycyrrhizic acid in Taohe chengqi decoction as indexes， information entropy theory was used to assign weight coefficients to each evaluation index and calculate the comprehensive score. Through Design-Expert 10 software， the interactions of each factor were analyzed. Water extraction technology was optimized， and validation test was also performed. RESULTS： According to information entropy theory， the weight coefficients of rhein， amygdalin， glycyrrhizic acid and cinnamaldehyde were located at 0.097 6， 0.363 2， 0.173 5 and 0.365 7. The results of interaction analysis showed that the material-liquid ratio had a greater impact on the comprehensive score. The optimal water extraction technology of Taohe chengqi decoction were determined as that soaking time was 60 min； the ratio of material to liquid was 1 ∶ 10 （g/mL）； total extraction time was 130 min （extracting for 3 times， lasting for 65， 33， 32 min each time）. The results of verification test showed that RSD of content of each index component and the comprehensive score was less than 3％. CONCLUSIONS： The optimal water extraction technology is proved to be stable and feasible， which can provide the basis for the further development and utilization of Taohe chengqi decoction.
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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the extraction technology of Shengmaiyin polysaccharide， and to investigate the regulation effects of Shengmaiyin and its polysaccharide on intestinal function of spleen deficiency model rats. METHODS： The contents of polysaccharide were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method， and the extraction rate of polysaccharide was calculated. Using extraction rate of Shengmaiyin polysaccharide as investigation index， singel factor and orthogonal tests were used to optimize material-liquid ratio， extraction time， extraction temperature and extraction times of Shengmaiyin polysaccharide. Validation test was also conducted. Totally 80 male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， Shengmaiyin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （350， 700， 1 400 g/L， by crude drug）， Shengmaiyin polysaccharide low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （24.5， 49， 98 g/L， by crude drug）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for blank group， other groups were given Rheum palmatum water decoction 10 mL/kg to induce spleen deficiency model， once a day， for consecutive 15 d. Since the 16th day， blank group and model group were given isovolumic water intragastrically， while other groups were given corresponding drugs， once a day， for consecutive 10 d. The general status of rats and body weights were recorded in each group. The serum contents of D-xylose， gastrin （GAS） and vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） were detected by phloroglucinol method or ELISA. RESULTS： The optimal extraction technology of Shengmaiyin polysaccharide was material-liquid ratio 1 ∶ 10（g/mL）， extraction time 45 min， extraction temperature 80 ℃， extracting for 1 time. Results of validation test showed that extraction rates of the polysaccharide in 3 times were 7.43％， 7.64％， 7.80％ （RSD＝1.01％， n＝3）. After modeling， except for blank group， other groups suffered from loose stools， thin body and reduced food intake， and the body weight and serum level of D-xylose were decreased significantly compared with blank group （P＜0.01）. After last medication， above symptoms of administration groups were improved to different extents. Except for model group， body weight and serum contents of D-xylose in other groups were increased significantly than those before modeling or before medication （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with blank group， body weight and serum content of GAS were decreased significantly in model group， while serum content of VIP was increased significantly （P＜0.01）. Compared with model group， body weight of Shengmaiyin medium-dose group and Shengmaiyin polysaccharide low-dose and high-dose groups， serum contents of D-xylose and GAS in Shengmaiyin medium-dose and high-dose groups and Shengmaiyin polysaccharide low-dose and medium-dose groups were increased significantly， while serum contents of VIP in Shengmaiyin groups and Shengmaiyin polysaccharide low-dose and medium-dose groups were all decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized extraction technology of Shengmaiyin polysaccharide is stable and feasible. Shengmaiyin and its polysaccharide contribute to the recovery of intestinal function of spleen deficiency model rat， the effects of which may be associated with the secretion regulation of GAS and VIP.
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OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of Chaihu anxin capsules. METHODS： Taking comprehensive scoring value of the contents of gallic acid，chlorogenic acid，puerarin，glycoside，rutin，cinnamic acid， quercetin and the yield of extract as investigation index， using multiple of adding liquid， soaking time， reflux time and extraction times as factors， water extraction technology of Chaihu anxin capsule was optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method based on single factor test. Validation test was conducted. RESULTS： The optimal extraction technology of Chaihu anxin capsules was adding 11 times of water， soaking for 10 h， extracting for 2 times， refluxing for 1.5 h each time. In validation test， the relative deviation of comprehensive scoring value to predicted value was 1.87％ for 3 batches of samples （RSD＜2％， n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimal extraction technology is simple， stable and suitable for further production of Chaihu anxin capsules.