Consideraciones didácticas acerca de la modalidad no presencial en las universidades / Didactic Considerations about the Non-Face-to-Face Modality in Universities

Introducción: La modalidad no presencial del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se incrementó como respuesta a las condiciones creadas por la COVID-19, sin la necesaria preparación y experiencia de los docentes para implementarla. Objetivo: Proponer algunas consideraciones didácticas que tributan al adecuado manejo del docente de los componentes del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la implementación de la modalidad no presencial. Posicionamiento de los autores: La exitosa implementación de cualquier variante de modalidad no presencial dependerá de la preparación del docente, particularmente en Didáctica, al asumir las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones como medios de enseñanza en la misión de hacer que sus estudiantes aprendan. Conclusiones: La no presencialidad en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje se considera una alternativa viable en circunstancias de pandemia u otras equivalentes, y debe ser una modalidad complementaria en la etapa posCOVID-19. Así que los profesores tendrán que replantear el proceso en todos sus componentes, en un contexto digital que ya no tiene vuelta atrás(AU)

Introduction: Within the teaching-learning process, the non-face-to-face modality was increased as a response to the conditions created by COVID-19, but without the necessary preparation and experience for professors to implement it. Objective: To propose some didactic considerations that contribute to the professor's adequate management of the components of the teaching-learning process in the implementation of the non-face-to-face modality. Authors' position: The successful implementation of any variant of the non-face-to-face modality will depend on the professor's preparation, particularly in didactics, when assuming information and communication technologies as teaching means in the mission of making their students learn. Conclusions: Within the teaching-learning process, the non-face-to-face condition is considered a viable alternative in pandemic, or other equivalent, circumstances; it should be a complementary modality in the post-COVID-19 stage. Thus, professors will have to rethink the process focusing on all its components, within a digital context that has no turning back(AU)

The Role of E-learning in Medical Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study of Student Perception

Background: In march 2020, with the declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, the schools, colleges, and universities of the highly contagious areas of the world were instantaneously closed to mitigate the deleterious effects of COVID-19. Moreover, as a result of social distancing, the most effective preventative strategy since the emergence of COVID-19, medical education has been profoundly disturbed. In light of the prevailing pandemic, an abrupt shifting of the educational system was made from face-to-face learning to online methodologies to provide uninterrupted education to the students of the affected countries. By and large, traditional education was replaced by various forms of e-learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of e-learning in undergraduate medical students at Medical Colleges during covid pandemic. Material & Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study and was conducted from December, 2020 to February, 2021 in the CARe Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the present study we included 270 undergraduate medical students as our participants and students who were not willing to participate were excluded from our study. Results: In our study we found the mean age of the respondents was 23.05 ± 1.28 years and majority of our students were female (68%) compared to male (32%). Most of the students (67%) had moderate grade of IT skills. We found major advantage of e-learning was the ability to record classes 67% and the disadvantage was poor internet speed (68.9%). Among all students, 51.1% & 6.7% students were able to increase knowledge, 62.6% & 3% were able to increase clinical skill and 37.8% & 7.4% were able to increase social skill via conventional & e-learning methods respectively. Majority (88.1%) students preferred face-to face learning method and 11.9% preferred e-learning method. Conclusion: In our study, we evaluated the student’s perception of e-learning and its associated advantages and disadvantages in terms of learning outcomes. While comparing e-learning and face-to-face learning among undergraduate medical students,we found face-to-face learning was considered the most effective way of learning to increase knowledge, practical skills and social skills. Therefore, most of our students preferred the face-to-face learning method compared to e-learning.

Evaluation of distance and face-to-face anatomy education from the perspective of students during the COVID-19 pandemic period / Evaluación de la educación anatomía a distancia y presencial desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes durante el período de pandemia del COVID-19

SUMMARY: During the COVID-19 pandemic, a questionnaire was administered to the students who took anatomy courses through distance education in the Faculties of Medicine and Dentistry. Through the questionnaire, the aim was to figure out whether the infrastructure of Firat University was ready and adequate for distance education, how efficient the distance theoretical and practical anatomy classes were, and in what proportions the students would prefer to take face-to-face and distance anatomy classes when the pandemic is over. A questionnaire of 35 questions was applied to 555 students studying at the Medicine and Dentistry Faculties of Firat University. The students widely accepted the opinion that Firat University successfully implemented the distance education system, and distance education offered the opportunity to receive the lessons repeatedly regardless of time and place. In addition, it has been determined as a common opinion that anatomy classes given via distance education were equally beneficial as face-to-face education in terms of duration, content, and efficiency. Despite these advantages, the lack of face-to-face interaction and weak information permanence were reported as the negative aspects of distance education. The students emphasized that applied anatomy classes and especially cadaver studies should be conducted face to face. Anatomy education is quite substantial in the acquisition and development of professional skills. It is considered that distance anatomy education will be inadequate to provide this gain. The high demand for face-to-face practical classes by students also backs this up.

Durante la pandemia de COVID-19, se administró un cuestionario a los estudiantes que cursaban asignaturas de anatomía a distancia en las Facultades de Medicina y Odontología. A través del cuestionario, se pretendía conocer si la infraestructura de la Universidad de Firat estaba preparada y era adecuada para la educación a distancia, ¿qué tan eficientes eran las clases teóricas y prácticas de anatomía a distancia? y ¿en qué proporciones los estudiantes preferirían tomar clases presenciales? y clases de anatomía a distancia cuando termine la pandemia. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 35 preguntas a 555 estudiantes de las Facultades de Medicina y Odontología de la Universidad de Firat. Los estudiantes aceptaron ampliamente la opinión de que la Universidad de Firat implementó con éxito el sistema de educación a distancia, y la esta manera de enseñar ofreció la oportunidad de recibir lecciones repetidamente, independientemente de la hora y el lugar. Además, se ha determinado como opinión común que las clases de anatomía impartidas a distancia fueron igualmente beneficiosas que las presenciales en términos de duración, contenido y eficiencia. A pesar de estas ventajas, la falta de interacción cara a cara y la débil permanencia de la información fueron reportadas como los aspectos negativos de la educación a distancia. Los estudiantes enfatizaron que las clases de anatomía aplicada y en especial los estudios de cadáver deben ser presenciales. La educación en anatomía es bastante sustancial en la adquisición y desarrollo de habilidades profesionales. Se considera que la educación anatómica a distancia será inadecuada para proporcionar esta ganancia. La alta demanda de clases prácticas presenciales por parte de los estudiantes también lo avala.

Readiness of clients in returning to face-to-face therapy in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic: a preliminary study

BACKGROUND@#The Clinic for the Therapy Services (CTS) has considered reverting to face-to-face service delivery due to the downward trend in COVID-19 cases in the Philippines. However, the clinic has yet to investigate the willingness of the clients to this mode as a basis for its effective implementation.@*OBJECTIVES@#The study described the readiness of CTS clients in returning to face-to-face therapy amidst the pandemic. It also discussed the factors affecting readiness based on a survey.@*METHODOLOGY@#Fifty-five screened survey responses on the readiness of clients in returning to face-to-face therapy were gathered from January 30 to February 28, 2021. These underwent retrospective data analysis. Eight prospective online key informant interviews were conducted for clarifications in May 2022. This study utilized a descriptive analysis of quantitative categorical variables and a thematic content analysis of qualitative data.@*RESULTS@#The majority of the respondents (35) stated readiness to attend face-to-face therapy followed by those who answered “No” (11), “Maybe” (5), and others (4). Factors that may have affected readiness included travel, characteristics of face-to-face therapy, health conditions, vaccine, and COVID-19 concerns. Frequently preferred health and safety strategies were the provision of hygiene products, disinfection, limited people inside the clinic, separate therapy areas, and ventilation.@*CONCLUSION@#Most of the respondents expressed willingness to receive face-to-face therapy in April or May of 2021. Feasibility of travel and decreased number of COVID-19 cases may have encouraged willingness to attend. Those who were hesitant reported concerns with traveling, characteristics of face-to-face therapy, health conditions, the COVID-19 situation, and the vaccine.

An Alternative Attempt at a Fully Online Practical Training in Physiology / 医学教育

Saitama Medical School offers practical training in physiology to second-year medical students. Due to the increase in COVID-19 infections, one of the courses, “Nerve Excitation and Conduction” was conducted as remote practical training in 2021. The remote practical training was conducted with the same content as face-to-face practical training. In this course, students watched experimental videos. then they used Zoom and Google Slides to analyze and discuss the reconstructed data which they had obtained the previous year. As a result, the remote practical training provided a uniform training opportunity unlike the face-to-face practical training. Thus, we believe that the learning effectiveness of remote practical training was sufficient, although some improvements are needed. Educational content for fully online practical training is highly useful.

Online Learning and Its Short-term Impact on Digital Engagement and Digital-related Health Symptoms Amongst University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

@#Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated a rapid shift of learning and education from traditional means to digital platforms. This paper aims to examine the impact of online learning on digital engagement and digital-related health symptoms among university students one year into the coronavirus pandemic. Methods: Data was collected through a self-administered online questionnaire after ethical approval. The questionnaire was adapted from the previously published Lifestyle Study in Youth Questionnaire. Through the questionnaire, the perception of students toward online learning was probed and recorded. Digital engagement and digital-related health symptoms were compared before and during the COVID-19 lockdown. Results: The majority (97.5%) of respondents preferred face-to-face learning. The time spent on digital devices was 1.8 times higher during COVID-19 than before the COVID-19 lockdown (t-test = -18.86, p<0.0001). The total hours of sleep were reduced during COVID-19 lockdown (0.6 hours lesser) (t-test = -3.92, p<0.0001). The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test revealed significant changes in digital-related health symptoms (15 out of 17) due to the COVID-19 lockdown. Digital eye strain, dry eye syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, and upper quadrant postural and muscle strain emerged (p<0.05). Conclusion: Most university students favoured face-to-face learning compared to online learning. There was a two-fold rise in digital engagement during the COVID-19 lockdown. As a result, it has seemed to translate into reduced sleeping hours. The short-term impact of the coronavirus pandemic on digital-related health symptoms amongst university students was apparent. The long-term effects require further investigations to facilitate fact-based decision-making.

Activity Report of the Kyoto Hospice and Palliative Care Unit Liaison Committee: Regional Palliative Care Cooperation Developed from Face-to-Face Relationships

To improve the quality of palliative care in the Kyoto region, we thought that closely connecting hospice and palliative care units (PCU) is necessary. Subsequently, we established the Kyoto PCU Liaison Committee in September 2017. This committee was created as a place to casually discuss the problems that individual PCU facilities have, deliberate on their worries together, grow and develop, and support newly launched facilities. Furthermore, discussions were held on current topics (emergency hospitalization, blood transfusion, smoking, bereaved family meetings, etc.) at the liaison meetings. While meetings were adjourned in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we continued to exchange opinions on infection control, PCU management, etc., using the email network at first. Later, these meetings resumed via web conference systems. Thus, by having face-to-face relationships on a daily basis, we were able to maintain cooperation between PCUs even during the pandemic, and collaborate with cancer treatment hospitals. Overall, by forming a team of PCUs in Kyoto Prefecture, we aim to enable patients and their families to live with peace of mind wherever they are.

Perception of Phase 1 MBBS students on E- Learning and online assessment during Covid-19 at Govt. Medical Colleges, West Bengal, India

Introduction: This study investigated medical students' perception of E-learning and online assessment during Covid- 19 and their suggestion to overcome the problems. A total of 300 1st year medical students of Calcutta NationalMethod: Medical College and Rampurhat Govt. Medical College were surveyed by a pre-validated semi-structured questionnaire that was provided to the 2021-22 batch. Among 242 respondents (169 at CNMC and 73 atResult: RPHGMC)159 were males (mean age 20.14 ±2.22yrs.) and 83 were females (mean age 19.65±.1.1yrs.). 68.8% of students of both the colleges revealed that offline traditional teaching is more preferrable than e-leaning. They reported that e- learning is not much effective in practical physiology teaching. Poor network, Technical glitches and lack of communication with teachers are outlined as major barriers in online teaching. Students did not prefer e-Conclusion: teaching over face-to-face teaching during the lock down situation.

Voces de la primera infancia durante el confinamiento español por la covid-19 / Early childhood voices during the Spanish confinement by COVID-19 / Vozes da primeira infância durante o confinamento espanhol por Covid -19

Resumen (analítico) Se analiza cómo la situación creada por la covid-19, el confinamiento y la suspensión de la docencia presencial, afectó al alumnado de educación infantil. Se presenta un estudio de caso de un aula de 16 niños y niñas de tres años. A través de asambleas virtuales que combinaron conversaciones con la elaboración de dibujos se recoge su voz, mostrando en el análisis sus preferencias en la vida cotidiana durante el confinamiento y su estado emocional, los aprendizajes que dicen haber adquirido, así como los deseos de futuro ante la vuelta a su rutina diaria. Los resultados, no solo muestran la capacidad de adaptación infantil, sino también cómo llegan a identificar aspectos positivos derivados del confinamiento que inferimos como demandas de la infancia ante la vuelta a su vida diaria.

Abstract (analytical) It analyzes how the situation created by COVID-19 the confinement and the face-to-face teaching suspension affected the Early Childhood Education pupils. A case study of a classroom of 16 three-yearold boys and girls is presented. Through virtual assemblies that combine conversations with the elaboration of drawings, their voice is collected, showing in the analysis their preferences in daily life during the confinement and their emotional state are presented, the learning that they say they have acquired during this period, as well as their wishes for the future to return to their daily routine. The results not only show the child's ability to adapt themselves.

Resumo (analítico) Analisa-se como a situação criada pelo Covid-19, o confinamento e a suspensão do ensino presencial afetaram os alunos da Educação Infantil. Um estudo de caso de uma sala de aula de 16 meninos e meninas de três anos de idade é apresentado. Por meio de montagens virtuais que combinam conversas com a elaboração de desenhos, sua voz é coletada, mostrando na análise das informações são apresentadas suas preferências no cotidiano durante o confinamento e seu estado emocional, os aprendizados que dizem ter adquirido nesse período, bem como seus desejos para o futuro antes de retornar à rotina diária. Os resultados mostram não apenas a adaptabilidade infantil, mas também como passam a identificar aspectos positivos decorrentes do confinamento que inferimos como as demandas da infância no retorno ao cotidiano.

Study of perception of online video-based practical classes and face-to-face practical classes among first-year MBBS students-innovation is the way forward

Background: Since the time lockdown was imposed due to sudden outbreak of the COVID pandemic, online classes have been conducted in all teaching institutions which were mostly theory sessions. But online practical sessions have been scarcely conducted and studied. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyze student perception about online video (OLV)-based practical sessions and face-to-face (FTF) practical sessions and to compare them and to apply the results in curriculum planning. Materials and methods: After receiving Research Committee and Institutional Ethics Committee approvals, the research work was carried out in the Department of Physiology, SVIMS, SPMC (W). FTF practical sessions were taken for first year MBBS students during practical hours before COVID outbreak. During COVID lockdown, OLV-based practical sessions were taken for the same first-year MBBS students. The students were asked to fill a questionnaire consisting of 12 questions based on Likert scale rating and 5 open-ended questions, which would capture the student perception about two forms of practical sessions. Results: Statistical analysis by Wilcoxon test showed that students preferred FTF sessions over OLV sessions (P < 0.0001) and responses to open-ended questions revealed that majority of the students preferred a combined approach (80.6%). Conclusions: This study shows that most of the students showed an inclination towards a combined approach which is known as blended learning, where the FTF session is followed by OLV session, and this underscores the need for innovation in teaching skills which would help students get the benefits of both forms of teaching and cater to a range of learning styles.

The Transition towards Virtual Teaching Learning Environment during COVID Pandemic : Medical Educator’s Perspective

Introduction : We are moving towards a technically advanced Medical Education. However, effectiveness of online Teaching, Learning (T/L) remained unknown until COVID-19 pandemic.Aim : This study was planned to assess the perception of e-educators towards online T/L, the challenges and possible solutions during pandemic. Methodology : A mixed method cross-sectional study was conducted among 126 medical educators through online google survey from July to September, 2020 in a Tertiary Heath Care Institute & 2 neighbouring medical college. Result : Non response rate was 32%, 72.2% were males, 63.9% were between 31 to 50 years of age, 58% were having 10 or more years teaching experience. 36.2% were from basic sciences, 69.5% were holding higher academic post. 61% preferred combination of face to face and e-learning Although online classes were helpful in terms of 63.8% convenience, (54%) flexibility, 77.5% felt difficulties teaching and assessing skills domain. The major challenges encountered were technical glitches, no active participation and suggested solutions were technical assistance, formative assessments and use of new T/L, assessment tools. Conclusion : Although the change was negatively perceived, it’s inevitable. Training of faculties, sensitization of students and conducive environment is needed to combat the challenges, to improve the e-education system in health profession.

PHACOSIT: A sitting phacoemulsification technique for patients unable to lie down flat during cataract surgery

Phacoemulsification is routinely performed with the patient lying supine on the surgical table with his or her head flat and facing the overhead microscope. This routine technique can be a challenge in medical conditions such as kyphosis, scoliosis, orthopnea, Meniere抯 disease, and CNS abnormality. Some cardiovascular and respiratory conditions make the patients breathless when they lie down, whereas other neurological and spinal problem patients are also equally uncomfortable. The only reasonable solution to conduct surgery on a patient who cannot lie down flat on the operating table is to position them face to face in a sitting position. We describe an innovative phacoemulsification technique in a sitting position called 損hacosit� in an 80?year?old wheelchair?bound female patient who was denied cataract surgery by other eye surgeons owing to her medical condition.

Impact of pharmacist intervention in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Abstract To assess the therapy relative to indication, effectiveness, safety and adherence in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). An interventional, prospective, non-randomized study was conducted in a single secondary care center in Brazil. The pharmacist-led medication therapy management (MTM) was conducted to detect drug-related problems (DRPs) at baseline and after six months of intervention. The health status outcomes (i.e. cognitive screening tests; levels of glucose; total cholesterol; triglycerides; thyroid stimulating hormone; serum free thyroxine and blood pressure) were measured. 66 patients with AD were included, of whom 55 patients completed the follow-up of six months. 36 patients (36/55) were non-adherent to AD drug therapy. Out of detected 166 DRPs, 116 were solved. Four patients were withdrawn from the AD protocol due to resolution of prodromal symptoms. On the conclusion of the study, the MTM improved and controlled blood pressure, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides levels (p<0.05). The pharmacist-led MTM was effective in solving 69.8% of DRPs, improving and controlling the clinical parameters evaluated

La complejidad de enseñar investigación en tiempos de pandemia COVID-19: de la realidad a la virtualidad / The complexity of teaching research in times of pandemic: from reality to virtuality

Nuestra vida cotidiana se encuentra en constantes cambios, siendo parte de esta realidad, los cambios gestados a raíz de la Pandemia, que dío orígenes a modificaciones profundas en los modelos de formación, el aislamiento produjo un cambio radical e impuso el desafío de adaptar la enseñanza a un nuevo contexto de aprendizaje. El presente estudio se basa en describir la complejidad de la enseñanza en investigación en tiempos de pandemia. Se llevó a cabo una investigación descriptiva durante los meses de mayo a octubre de 2021, para conocer las creencias y actitudes de docentes universitarios de Latinoamérica, de diferentes áreas del saber, sobre el impulso y desarrollo de la investigación científica de modalidad presencial y/o virtual. Se utilizó como técnica de recolección de datos la encuesta (cuestionario), el cual fue validado por un grupo de expertos, habiendo establecido un alfa de Cronbach de 0,89 teniendo un 89% de consistencia en los ítems del mismo y con la participación de 135 docentes. La población bajo estudio estuvo conformada por un 54,1% de mujeres y un 49,1% de hombres, con diferentes años de experiencias dedicados a la investigación desde menos de 4 años hasta más de 13 años. Más del 70% está de acuerdo o totalmente de acuerdo que la investigación puede abordarse desde la virtualidad, así mismo es importante manejar las herramientas para un buen desenvolvimiento de la enseñanza de la investigación, sin dejar de un lado la necesidad que algunos aun manifiestan sobre la presencialidad para avanzar en la investigación(AU)

Our daily life is constantly changing, being part of this reality, the changes generated because of the Pandemic, which gave rise to profound modifications in the training models, the isolation produced a radical change and imposed the challenge of adapting the teaching to a new learning context. The present study is based on describing the complexity of research teaching in times of pandemic. A descriptive research was carried out during the months of May to October 2021, to know the beliefs and attitudes of university professors in Latin America, from different areas of knowledge, about the promotion and development of scientific research in face-to-face mode and/or virtual. The survey (questionnaire) was used as a data collection technique, which was validated by a group of experts, having established a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89, having 89% consistency in its items and with the participation of 135 teachers. The population under study is made up of 54.1% women and 49.1% men, with different years of experience dedicated to research from less than 4 years to more than 13 years. More than 70% agree or totally agree that research can be approached from virtuality, likewise it is important to manage the tools for a good development of research teaching, without neglecting the need that some still express about attendance to advance the investigation(AU)

Intimidade em tempo digitais: o esquecimento da relação face a face / Intimacy in digital time: forgetting the face-to-face relationship / Intimidad en tiempo digital: el olvido de la relación cara a cara

Este trabalho pretende discutir a noção de intimidade apresentada por Peter Sloterdijk e os efeitos da tecnologia digital na relação interfacial. O objetivo é mostrar como a articulação entre psicanálise e fenomenologia apresentada pelo filósofo alemão contribui para a compreensão de fenômenos clínicos e cotidianos. Por meio de estudos anteriores e situações clínicas mostraremos a substituição da lógica conjuntiva pela conectiva, como apresentada pelo filósofo italiano Franco Berardi, a qual tem gerado vínculos pouco enraizados em vivências corporais. As descrições das experiências temporais e corporais são centrais para compreender esta mudança que está ocorrendo. Neste sentido, concluímos que as facilidades da tecnologia podem se desdobrar em um esquecimento do espaço interfacial como memória e porta de entrada para o mundo.

This paper intends to discuss the notion of intimacy presented by Peter Sloterdijk and the effects of digital technology on the interfacial relationship. The objective is to show how the articulation between psychoanalysis and phenomenology presented by the German philosopher contributes to understand clinical and everyday phenomena. Through previous studies and clinical situations, we will show how the substitution of the conjunctive logic to a connective one, as presented by the Italian philosopher Franco Berardi, has generated ties that are not deeply rooted in bodily experiences. Descriptions of temporal and bodily experiences are central to understanding this change that is occurring. In this sense, we conclude that the facilities of the technology can generate a forgetfulness of the interfacial space as a memory and a gateway for the world.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la noción de intimidad presentada por Peter Sloterdijk y los efectos de la tecnología digital en la relación interfacial. El objetivo es mostrar cómo la articulación entre psicoanálisis y fenomenología presentada por el filósofo alemán contribuye a la comprensión de los fenómenos clínicos y cotidianos. A través de estudios previos y situaciones clínicas, mostraremos la sustitución de la lógica conectiva por la lógica conectiva, tal como la presentó el filósofo italiano Franco Berardi, que ha generado vínculos poco arraigados en las experiencias corporales. Las descripciones de las experiencias temporales y corporales son fundamentales para comprender este cambio que está ocurriendo. En este sentido, concluimos que las instalaciones de la tecnología pueden convertirse en un olvido del espacio interfacial como memoria y puerta de entrada al mundo.

Entrevistas em pesquisa qualitativa em cuidados de saúde / Interviews in qualitative healthcare research

INTRODUÇÃO: Entrevista é uma conversa para obter informações em que um entrevistador realiza a ação de questionar e um entrevistado responde às perguntas feitas. Os modos amplamente usados são a abordagem 'Entrevista cara a cara', 'Entrevista telefônica' e 'Entrevista por meio eletrônico / multimídia'. Aquisições de informações por meio de entrevistas provaram sua praticidade sob uma ampla gama de considerações e aspectos nos domínios da saúde, ciências sociais, gestão, etc. A seleção adequada do método desde o planejamento e estabelecimento fornece as informações necessárias para o entrevistador da melhor maneira possível, e de forma documentada para entregar os resultados que trazem o melhor após um treino planejado de uma entrevista. OBJETIVO: No presente artigo, o autor se concentraria na categorização da entrevista na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: apenas as bases de dados PubMed e SCOPUS foram pesquisadas desde o início até setembro de 2020 para esta revisão narrativa. Apenas artigos em inglês foram pesquisados com palavras-chave, "Entrevista", "Face a Face", "Pesquisa qualitativa" e "Categoria de Entrevista" e vinculados a palavras booleanas como "E", "OU" e "NÃO". Resumos de conferências e artigos de anais foram excluídos. Esta revisão narrativa não segue a declaração PRISMA. RESULTADOS: A seleção das entrevistas a serem utilizadas na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde deve ser baseada na alocação de tempo, gênero, priorização da privacidade e exigência do conteúdo das informações. O entrevistador deve fazer uma pergunta de cada vez, apresentar normalidade na expressão facial e corporal após a resposta, mesmo após notar que as respostas são imprevisíveis e estimular a taxa de resposta ao máximo para otimizar os resultados obtidos. CONCLUSÃO: Vários aspectos importantes da entrevista na pesquisa qualitativa em saúde foram discutidos nesta revisão narrativa.

INTRODUCTION: An interview is a conversation to procure information where an interviewer performs the action of questioning and an interviewee responds to the asked questions. The widely used modes are 'Face-to-Face Interview', 'Telephonic Interview', and 'Interview via Electronic/Multimedia' approach. Information acquisitions via interviews have proved their practicality under a wide range of considerations and aspects in the domains of healthcare, social sciences, management, etc. Proper selection of the method right from planning and establishment deliver the required information to the interviewer in the best expressible, and documented form to deliver results bringing the best after a whole planned workout of an interview. OBJECTIVE: In the present article, the author would be focused on the interview categorization in qualitative health care research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Only PubMed and SCOPUS databases were searched from inception to September 2020 for this narrative review. Only English language articles were searched with keywords, "Interview", "Face-to-Face", "Qualitative research" and "Category of Interview" and linked with Boolean words such as "AND", "OR" and "NOT". Conference abstracts and proceedings articles were excluded. This narrative review did not follow the PRISMA statement. RESULTS: The selection of interviews to be used in qualitative health care research should be based on time allocation, gender, prioritization of privacy, and requirement of the content of information. The interviewer should ask one question at a time, present with normalcy in facial and body expression following response even after noting the answers to be unpredictable, and encourage the response rate to the highest for optimizing the results obtained. CONCLUSION: Various important aspects of the interview in qualitative health care research has been discussed in this narrative review.

Conversas invisíveis: assuntos falados, mas não ouvidos em consultas ginecológicas / Invisible conversations: subjects spoken but unheard in gynecological visits

Resumo Estudo qualitativo baseado nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Análise da Conversa (AC) que descreve e analisa interações face a face entre três enfermeiras e sete usuárias de serviços de atenção primária em saúde, ocorridas durante consultas para coleta do exame citopatológico. As descrições e as análises pautaram-se nos excertos das interações gravadas em áudio durante as consultas de enfermagem e transcritas com base nas convenções da AC. A análise micro dos dados realizada a partir da perspectiva êmica permitiu identificar situações interacionais de (des)alinhamento, (des)filiação, reparos e temas delicados, além da ausência de escuta de tópicos específicos por parte das enfermeiras ao conduzirem as consultas. Assim, sinalizações de situações de sofrimento, mal-estar ou violências não foram exploradas, deixando de potencializar o cuidado. O estudo demonstra que a consulta para coleta de exame CP pode ser um espaço para ouvir questões relacionadas à sexualidade e investigar a presença de violência contra a mulher. A divulgação destes achados e desta metodologia junto aos profissionais de saúde coletiva e de enfermagem pode estimular a reflexão dos mesmos sobre suas habilidades comunicativas, contribuindo para melhorar a qualidade da atenção nos serviços de saúde.

Abstract This is a qualitative study based on the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the Conversation Analysis (CA) that describes and analyzes face-to-face interactions between three nurses and seven users of primary health care services during the cytopathological test collection visits. The descriptions and analyses were based on excerpts from the audio-recorded interactions during the nursing visits and transcribed based on the CA conventions. Data microanalysis from an emic perspective allowed identifying interactional situations of (mis)alignment, (dis)affiliation, repairs, and sensitive issues, and lack of listening to specific topics by nurses while conducting visits. Thus, signs of suffering, malaise, or violence were not explored, and care was not enhanced. The study shows that the cytopathological test collection visit can be a space to listen to issues related to sexuality and investigate the presence of violence against women. The dissemination of these findings and this methodology among public health and nursing professionals may stimulate a reflection on their communicative abilities, contributing to improved quality of care in health services.

Frequency of Contact with Non-Cohabitating Grandchildren and Risk of Depression in Elderly : A Community-Based 3-Year Longitudinal Study in Korea

A influência da idade gestacional nas habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil e a qualidade da interação na díade mãe-bebê ao longo do primeiro ano de vida / The influence of gestational age on abilities of infant development and the quality of interaction in the mother-infant dyad throughout the first year of life

A idade gestacional é uma medida importante, pois quando o bebê nasce antes da 37ª semana há riscos para alterações do desenvolvimento. A relação dos bebês com pais fornece base para o desenvolvimento dos padrões de autorregulação, para o aumento da sensibilidade materna, e para o desenvolvimento do apego. Permeando a hipótese de que, a idade gestacional pode influenciar no desenvolvimento infantil, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência da idade gestacional nas habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil (motora grossa, motora fina-adaptativa, pessoal-social e de linguagem) e a qualidade da interação na díade mãe-bebê, ao longo do primeiro ano de vida (três, nove e 12 meses). Cumpriram-se os princípios éticos. Participaram do estudo 28 díades mãe-bebê, com crianças nascidas entre a 32ª a 40ª semana de gestação, recrutadas ao nascimento. Aos três meses os familiares foram contatados para a primeira avaliação, que constou da aplicação do protocolo de anamnese, aplicação do procedimento Face to Face Still-Face (FFSF) e do Teste de Screnning de Desenvolvimento Denver II (TSDD-II). Aos nove meses repetiu-se a aplicação do FFSF, TSDD-II e foi verificada a qualidade da interação por meio do Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index (CARE-Index). Aos 12 meses repetiu-se a medida do desenvolvimento TSDD-II e foi aplicada o paradigma laboratorial da Situação Estranha (SE). O tratamento estatístico constou de análise descritiva e aplicação do Teste de Correlação de Spearman, Teste exato de Fischer, Teste de Mann-Whitney e Teste Anova de Medições Repetidas. Os resultados indicaram influência da idade gestacional nas habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil (motora grossa, motora finaadaptativa, pessoal-social e de linguagem), aos três, nove e doze meses, com valor maior nível de significância aos três meses. A qualidade da interação avaliada por meio do CARE-index, indicou predomínio de mães com alto nível de sensibilidade (81,82%). Os padrões de autorregulação avaliados por meio do procedimento FFSF indicaram que 57,14% da casuística apresentaram orientação social não positiva e 42,86% orientação social positiva aos três e aos nove meses 78,57% orientação social não positiva e 21,43% orientação social positiva. O padrão de Apego, avaliado pela SE, verificou apego inseguro para 60,71% e apego seguro em 39,29% da casuística.(AU)

Gestational age is an important baseline because when the infant is born before the 37th week there are risks for developmental changes. The relationship between infants and parents provides a basis for the development of self-regulation standards, for the increase of maternal sensitivity, and for the development of attachment. Permeating the hypothesis that gestational age may influence infant development, this study aimed to verify the influence of gestational age on infants developmental skills (gross motor, fine-adaptive motor, personal-social and language), and the quality of gestational age of the mother-infant dyad interaction during the first year of life (three, nine and 12 months). Ethical principles were fulfilled. The study included 28 mother-infant dyads, with children born between the 32nd and 40th weeks of gestation, recruited at birth. At three months old the family members were contacted for the first evaluation, which included the application of the protocol of anamnesis, application of the Face to Face Still-Face (FFSF) procedure and the Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST-II). At nine months the FFSF, DDST-II was repeated and the quality of the interaction was verified through the Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index (CARE-Index). At 12 months the DDST-II development measurement was repeated and the laboratory paradigm of the Strange Situation (SE) was applied. The statistical treatment consisted of descriptive analysis and application of Spearman's Correlation Test, Fischer's Exact Test, Mann-Whitney Test and Repeated Measures Anova Tests. The results indicated the influence of gestational age on infant's developmental abilities (gross motor, fine-adaptive motor, personal-social and language) at three, nine and twelve months, with a higher level of significance at three months old. The quality of the interaction evaluated through CARE-index, indicated predominance of mothers with a high level of sensitivity (81.82%). Self-regulation standards assessed through the FFSF procedure indicated that 57.14% of the case analysis had non-positive social guidance and 42.86% had positive social guidance at three, and at nine months 78.57% non-positive social guidance and 21.43% positive social orientation. The Attachment pattern, evaluated by the SE, found unsafe attachment to 60.71% and Secure attachment in 39,29% of the cases analysis.(AU)

Comparison of Face-To-Face Interview and Telephone Methods of Administration on the Ecohis Scores

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the administration of the Brazilian version of Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) questionnaire, applied by face-to-face and telephone format. A randomized sample of 76 parents/guardians of children up to 6 years old was selected in a Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. Patients were randomly selected for 2 different groups, according to administration sequence: F-T (Face-to-face-Telephone) and T-F (Telephone-Face-to-face). Two interviewers administered the ECOHIS questionnaire with 2 week interval between the methods. The reliability between sections of the different methods of administration was assessed by Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). There were differences in means of the ECOHIS between face-to-face and telephone methods. However, the value Cronbach's alpha were between 0.94-0.96, and value ICC ranged from 0.91-0.93, proving to be acceptable values. The Bland-Altman plots confirmed the results of reliability tests, supporting the accuracy of the methods. Although there is a slight difference in the scores, the use of both mode of administration of the ECOHIS yields reliable data when single method is used from the beginning to the end of the study. The results provided evidence to use either Face-to-face or Telephone method of administration of the ECOHIS

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a administração da versão brasileira do questionário Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS), aplicado através de entrevista pessoal e por telefone. Uma amostra randomizada de 76 pais/responsáveis de crianças de até 6 anos de idade foi selecionada na Clínica de Odontopediatria da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brasil. Os pacientes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para 2 grupos diferentes, de acordo com a sequência de administração: E-T (Entrevista Pessoal-Telefone) e T-E (Telefone-Entrevista Pessoal). Dois entrevistadores aplicaram o questionário ECOHIS com um intervalo de 2 semanas entre os métodos. A confiabilidade entre as seções dos diferentes métodos de administração foi avaliada pelo Alfa de Cronbach e Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Houve diferenças nas médias do ECOHIS entre os métodos de entrevista pessoal e telefone. No entanto, os valores de Alfa de Cronbach foram entre 0,94-0,96 e ICC entre 0,91-0,93, mostrando valores aceitáveis. O gráfico de Blant-Altman confirmou os resultados dos testes de confiabilidade, suportando a acurácia dos métodos. Embora exista uma pequena diferença nos escores, o uso de ambos os métodos de administração do ECOHIS produz dados confiáveis quando um único método é utilizado do início até o final do estudo. Os resultados forneceram evidências para usar tanto entrevista pessoal quanto por telefone como métodos de administração do ECOHIS.