Application of pneumatic hand rehabilitation equipment in rehabilitation of hand function in children with spastic hemiplegia cerebral palsy / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo apply pneumatic hand rehabilitation equipment in comprehensive rehabilitation training to improve hand function in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy. MethodsFrom Januray, 2020 to September, 2021, 58 children with spastic hemiplegia cerebral palsy in Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University were randomly divided into control group (n = 29) and experimental group (n = 29). Both groups accepted comprehensive rehabilitation training, while the experimental group accepted pneumatic hand rehabilitation equipment training in addition, for six months. They were assessed with Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-Fine Motor (PDMS-FM), Fine Motor Function Measurement (FMFM) and Wee-Function Independence Measure (Wee-FIM) before and after training. ResultsThe scores of PDMS-FM, FMFM and Wee-FIM improved in both groups after training (|t| > 16.310, P < 0.001), and improved more in the experimental group than in the control group (t > 2.795, P < 0.01). ConclusionApplication of pneumatic hand rehabilitation equipment in comprehensive rehabilitation training can effectively promote the recovery of hand function for children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Sex difference of fine motor skills of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the characteristics of fine motor skills of school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in different sexes. MethodsFrom April, 2021 to April, 2023, 66 ADHD children from grades one to four in Beijing Haidian Wanquan Primary School were screened by psychiatrists, and other 69 ADHD children were recruited from hospitals and patient groups of WeChat, accounting to 135 ADHD children. Meanwhile, a total of 135 typically developed (TD) children matched with sex and age (< 0.5 year) were recruited from the same primary school as controls. They were assessed with Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2) four subtests of manual dexterit. ResultsAfter controlling age, the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor of MABC-2 were less in ADHD boys and girls than in the TD boys and girls (P < 0.05). The main effect of sex was significant on the subtest scores and the total score of fine motor for ADHD children (F > 5.133, P < 0.05), and they were less in the boy than in the girls (P < 0.05). ConclusionThe development of fine motor delays in school-aged ADHD children, especially for the boys.

Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function for Chinese / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To observe the measurement of Simple Test for Evaluating Hand Function (STEF) in Chinese, and compared to that of Japanese. Methods:From May to June, 2020, 130 healthy individuals were tested with the toolkit and instructions of STEF, and the result was compared with Japanese data with one-sample t-test, and adjusted. Results:Among the ten items performed on the right side of the STEF, nine items, except item four (middle-sized cubes), were significantly different from those of Japanese (|t| > 1.760, P < 0.05). Among the ten items performed on the left side of STEF, seven items, except item four (middle-sized cubes), item seven (vinyl sheets) and item eight (iron circular plates), were significantly different from those of the Japanese (|t| > 2.257, P < 0.001). Conclusion:There is significant difference in the test results of STEF between Chinese and Japanese samples, and need to be adjusted.

Is The Unaffected Side Of Stroke Patients Actually Normal?

Objective: The aim of the study was to find how affected is the unaffected side of stroke population. Methods: 20 participants were recruited who met the inclusion criteria of more than 3-month first time unilateral both male and female stroke patients of age group 40-60 years were assessed and evaluated for the 3 parameters using grip dynamometer, peg board and reaction time machine respectively and compared it to the normal healthy age, gender and dominance matched individuals. Results: The unaffected side of stroke patients was significantly affected in gross motor strength, fine motor dexterity, reaction time audio and visual when compared to normal population. Conclusion: There are significant motor deficits seen in the unaffected side of stroke patients.

Effectiveness of Play Activity on Fine Motor Skills among Mentally Retarded Children

Introduction: Motor development process is vital for the development of children and lasts their entire lifetime. Mentallyretarded children have some incompetency with their motor developmental process as with other developmental processes.Motor development improves with physical development and growth.Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of play activity on fine motor skills (FMS) among mentally retarded children.Materials and Methods: True experimental pre-test–post-test control group design was used. The study was conducted in theInstitute for Mentally Retarded children. 30 in each (experimental and control) group selected by simple random sampling. MadrasDevelopmental Programming System – behavioral scale used to assess the FMS. Play activity was given to the experimentalgroup, 30 min for 15 days. Post-test was conducted after 5 weeks.Results: Significant improvement noted in fine motor skills in experimental group. Association between FMS and type ofdelivery was significant at P < 0.042.Conclusion: Play activity was effective in improving the FMS among mentally retarded children.

The effect of matinal active walking on cognitive, fine motor coordination task performances and perceived difficulty in 12-13 young school boys

The current study examined the relationship between cognitive performances (executive function, selective attention and reaction time), fine motor coordination skills and perceived difficulty after active transport to school. Method: Fifteen right-handed children's underwent session, 15-min walking session at 30% (WS1) and 15-min walking session (WS2) at 50% of maximal aerobic speed. Subjects performed tests to evaluate executive function, reaction time and selective attention. After each trial, a questionnaire of perceived difficulty (PD) was completed. Results: Average time in TMT part A (F(2,22) = 4.44; p = 0.024; η2= 0.288) and TMT part B (F(2,22) = 4.54; p = 0.022; η2= 0.292), and committed errors (F(2,22) = 7.78; p = 0.003; η2= 0.414) was improved after walking sessions in comparison by CS. The mean scores were significantly higher after walking sessions for both long and short-distance throws (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between committed errors (TMT part B) and both dart throwing consistency and accuracy (r = - 0.6; r = - 0.64; p < 0.05) (respectively). Post-hoc analysis showed that PD was better after walking sessions with low intensity for both short and long throwing distance. However, it seems that walking session with sustained intensity allows speed and accuracy improvement of cognitive processing. Conclusion: Thus, active walking to school with low intensity was sufficient to produce positives changes in psychomotor performance and decrease in perceived difficulty scores. By including individual differences in gross motor coordination as well as physical activity level, the exact nature of the link between psychomotor skills and cognitive performance could be more addressed.(AU)

Correlation between Carroll Upper Extremities Functional Test and Fine Motor Domain of Gesell Developmental Scale in Children with Cerebral Palsy / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To investigate if Carroll Upper Extremities Functional Test (UEFT) is a better rating scale for evaluating fine mo-tor function in children with cerebral palsy. Methods From January, 2011 to January, 2014, 104 children with cerebral palsy were divided in-to non-hemiplegic palsy group (n=76) and hemiplegic palsy group (n=28), they were assessed by two certified valuers in one week. Their fine motor function was evaluated with UEFT and the Gesell Developmental Scale. The scores of UEFT were compared respectively with the developmental age (DA) and developmental quotient (DQ) in fine motor domain of Gesell Developmental Scale. At the same time, the UEFT score of the affected limb was compared with of the unaffected limb in children with hemiplegic palsy. Results In the non-hemiplegic palsy group, the UEFT score strongly correlated with DA (r=0.752, P0.05). The UEFT score of unaffected limb was significantly higher than that of the affected limb (Z=-4.708, P<0.001). Conclusion Both of UEFT and the Ge-sell Developmental Scale could be used clinically in assessment of fine motor function in children with cerebral palsy. The UEFT was better in evaluating children with hemiplegic palsy.

Acupuncture based on nourishing spleen and kidney and dredging the governor vessel for motor function and ADL in children with spastic cerebral palsy / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the effects of acupuncture based on nourishing spleen and kidney and dre-dging the governor vessel (GV) combined with rehabilitation and simple rehabilitation for children with spastic cere-bral palsy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty patients were randomly assigned into an observation group and a control group, 60 cases in each one. Physicotherapeutics and hand function training were used in the control group for 3 sessions with 20 d at the interval, 20 times as one session, once a day. Based on the treatment of the control group, acupuncture of nourishing spleen and kidney and dredging GV was applied in the observation group for 3 sessions with 20 d at the interval, 10 times as one session, once every other day. The acupoints were Baihui (GV 20), Fengfu (GV 16), Shenzhu (GV 12), Zhiyang (GV 9), Jinsuo (GV 8), Yaoyangguan (GV 3), Mingmen (GV 4), Pishu (BL 20), Shenshu (BL 23), Zusanli (ST 36) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6). Gross motor function measure (GMFM), Peabody developmental fine motor scale and activities of daily living (ADL) scale were observed before and after treatment in the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After treatment, the scores of GMFM and Peabody fine motor were apparently improved compared with those before treatment in the two groups (<0.01,<0.05), with better results in the observation group (both<0.05). The total effective rate in the observation group was 76.7% (46/60), which was obviously better than 65.0% (39/60) in the control group (<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Acupuncture based on nourishing spleen and kidney and dredging the governor vessel, as an assisted method for children with spastic cerebral palsy, can effectively improve gross and fine moter functions and activities of daily living.</p>

Impact of extrinsic factors on fine motor performance of children attending day care / Repercussões de fatores extrínsecos no desempenho motor fino de crianças frequentadoras de creches

Abstract Objective: To assess the impact of extrinsic factors on fine motor performance of children aged 2-years old. Methods: 73 children attending public and 21 private day care centers were assessed. Day care environment was evaluated using the Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale-Revised Edition (ITERS-R), fine motor performance was assessed through the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (BSITD-III), socioeconomic data, maternal education and time of start at the day care were collected through interviews. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the association between the studied variables. Results: The time at the day care was positively correlated with the children's performance in some fine motor tasks of the BSITD-III, showing that the activities developed in day care centers were important for the refinement of specific motor skills, while the overall fine motor performance by the scale was associated with maternal education and the ITERS-R scale sub-item “language and understanding”. Conclusions: Extrinsic factors such as higher maternal education and quality of day care centers are associated with fine motor performance in children attending day care.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar as repercussões de fatores extrínsecos no desempenho motor fino de crianças de dois anos. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 73 crianças de creches públicas e 21 de creches particulares. O ambiente da creche foi avaliado com a escala Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scale - Revised Edition (ITERS-R), o desempenho motor fino pela escala Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - III (BSITD-III), dados socioeconômicos, escolaridade materna e tempo de ingresso na creche foram colhidos por meio de entrevista. Foi calculado o coeficiente de correlação pelo teste de Spearmann para verificar a relação entre as variáveis avaliadas. Resultados: O tempo de creche apresentou correlação positiva com o desempenho das crianças em algumas tarefas de motricidade fina da BSITD-III, demonstrou que as atividades desenvolvidas nas creches foram importantes para o refinamento de habilidades motoras específicas, enquanto o desempenho motor fino geral pela escala estava relacionado com a escolaridade materna e com o subitem da escala ITERS-R “Linguagem e compreensão”. Conclusões: Fatores extrínsecos como maior escolaridade materna e qualidade de creches estão relacionados com o desempenho motor fino de crianças frequentadoras de creches.

Concept of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-Fine Motor: Based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To analyze the concept of Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-Fine Motor (PDMS-FM). Methods Concept con-tained in each item of PDMS-FM was discussed and determined by 3 rehabilitation physicians or therapists. They were linked to the catego-ries of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY) by 2 rehabilitation physi-cians according to the linking rules after discussion. Third party intervened informally if there was a disagreement. Results Ninety-eight items from the PDMS-FM linked to 21 categories of the 3rd level within 13 categories of the 2nd level, belong to b1 Mental Functions, b7 Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-related Functions, d1 Learning and Applying Knowledge, d4 Activities and d5 Self-care, a total of 5 categories of the 1st level. Eighty items linked to d4, and 40 items linked to d1. Conclusion PDMS-FM mainly focuses on the activities, es-pecially Carrying, Moving and Handling Objects and Basic Learning of Learning and Applying Knowledge.

Effects of Kinesio Taping Combining with Sling Exercise on Motor Function for Children with Spastic Hemiplegia / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To observe the effect of Kinesio taping combining with sling exercise therapy (SET) on the motor function for children with spastic hemiplegia. Methods From October, 2014 to April, 2016, 60 children with spastic hemiplegia of cerebral palsy were randomly divided into control group (n=20), SET group (n=20) and observation group (n=20), who accepted routine rehabilitation, routine rehabilitation+SET and routine rehabilitation+SET+Kinesio taping, respectively. They were assessed with Mallet Score, modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-fine motor (PDMS-2FM) and Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)-C zone before and three months after treatment. Results The Mallet Score and the scores of PDMS-2FM and GMFM-C improved in all the groups after treatment (t>2.074, P<0.05), and improved the most in the observation group (F>10.032, P<0.001). The score of MAS decreased in the observation group after treatment (t=4.767, P<0.001), and was the least among these groups (F=4.262, P<0.05). Conclusion Kinesio taping combining with SET can improve the motion in the children with spastic hemiplegia, and promote the development of both fine and gross motor function.

Análise de uma intervenção dirigida ao desenvolvimento da coordenação motora fina, global e do equilíbrio / Analysis of an intervention directed to the development of balance and gross and fine motor coordination

Introdução: As aquisições motoras das crianças evoluem de acordo com a idade e com a influência contínua de fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos, os quais provocam variações de uma criança para outra e tornam único o curso do desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Elaborar uma intervenção para uma criança com atraso na coordenação motora fina, global e no equilíbrio e analisar o impacto no desenvolvimento. Método: Design quase-experimental do tipo pré e pós-teste. O instrumento utilizado foi a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor aplicada em uma criança de 4 anos. A partir dos resultados obtidos na avaliação foi elaborado um plano de intervenção composto por atividades dirigidas que estimulassem as aquisições acima citadas. A concretização do plano de intervenção teve duração de 2 meses, sendo a criança avaliada antes e ao término da intervenção para verificar se houve ganho nas aquisições estimuladas. O Método JT foi adotado para análise dos dados e verificação de ocorrência de mudanças positivas confiáveis e clinicamente relevantes. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo demonstram que ocorreram mudanças positivas confiáveis nos itens psicomotores que passaram por estimulação. Conclusão: Infere-se que a intervenção proposta teve um efeito positivo sobre o desenvolvimento da criança. Com isso, o estudo contribui para melhoria no cuidado oferecido a crianças com atrasos no desenvolvimento psicomotor, ilustrando possibilidades de estratégias e atividades. Também possibilita o reconhecimento da ação do terapeuta ocupacional como um dos profissionais que compõe a equipe multidisciplinar voltada à intervenção precoce.

Response inhibition and fine-motor coordination in male children with Tourette syndrome comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the differences and similarities of the neuropsychological functioning defi-cits in children between Tourette syndrome (TS)and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods:Thirty boys with TS-only,36 with TS-plus-ADHD,36 with ADHD were selected from out-patient department,and 50 normal boys (NC)matched with gender,age and IQ were recruited as the controls. Patients'diagnosis was made according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,Tenth Revision (ICD-10). They were assessed with the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop)and Purdue Pegboard Test (Purdue)to evaluate the response inhibition and fine-motor coordination respectively. Results:The Stroop scores were higher in children with ADHD than in other groups (P0. 05 ). All Purdue scores were higher in children with disease than in normal children (P<0. 05 ). Conclusion:The results indicate that the response inhibition deficit may be found in children with ADHD,but not in those with TS-only and TS-plus-ADHD. The neural compensatory mechanism may be re-sponsible for the response inhibition function in children with TS whilst the fine-motor coordination deficit was as-sociated with the disease groups.

Effect of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy and Mirror Therapy for Patients With Subacute Stroke

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) and combined mirror therapy for inpatient rehabilitation of the patients with subacute stroke. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with subacute stroke were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups: CIMT combined with mirror therapy group, CIMT only group, and control group. Two weeks of CIMT for 6 hours a day with or without mirror therapy for 30 minutes a day were performed under supervision. All groups received conventional occupational therapy for 40 minutes a day for the same period. The CIMT only group and control group also received additional self-exercise to substitute for mirror therapy. The box and block test, 9-hole Pegboard test, grip strength, Brunnstrom stage, Wolf motor function test, Fugl-Meyer assessment, and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index were performed prior to and two weeks after the treatment. RESULTS: After two weeks of treatment, the CIMT groups with and without mirror therapy showed higher improvement (p<0.05) than the control group, in most of functional assessments for hemiplegic upper extremity. The CIMT combined with mirror therapy group showed higher improvement than CIMT only group in box and block test, 9-hole Pegboard test, and grip strength, which represent fine motor functions of the upper extremity. CONCLUSION: The short-term CIMT combined with mirror therapy group showed more improvement compared to CIMT only group and control group, in the fine motor functions of hemiplegic upper extremity for the patients with subacute stroke.

Effect of Finger-acupuncture Massage on Fine Motor Functions of 40 Children with Cerebral Palsy / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effects of finger-acupuncture massage on the fine motor functions of children with cerebral palsy. Methods40 children with cerebral palsy following diplegia were randomly divided into two groups: observation group(n=20) and control group(n=20). The control group was treated with rehabilitation training, while the observation group received finger-acupuncture massage and the rehabilitation training. All patients were assessed by Peabody Developmental Motor Scale before and after the treatment.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in fine motor between the two groups before the treatment (P>0.05). There was a significantly difference in fine motor quotient(FMQ), grasp capacity index, and capacity index of visual-motor integration both in the observation group and the control group between before and after the treatment (P<0.001). There was also a difference in fine motor quotient (FMQ), grasp capacity index, capacity index of visual-motor integration between the observation group and the control group after the treatment(P<0.05).ConclusionFinger-acupuncture massage combined with rehabilitation training can improve fine motor functions of children with cerebral palsy following diplegia.

A study on the use of Peabody's fine motor development scale / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To assess if evaluating with Peabody's fine motor development scale with 4 degree grading is more sensitive than with 3 degree grading, and whether or not it is feasible to evaluate by quantization with monthly averages. Methods A total of 864 normal children aged 1 month to 60 months were evaluated with the Peabody scale using 4 degree grading and 3 degree grading. The development results were averaged by month to express the development. Results Both ways, the monthly averages of children 4-9 months old were higher than the others. The values obtained with 4 degree grading were lower than those with 3 degree grading in each functional area, and the difference was more obvious with increasing age, but the differences were not statistically significant. With 3 degree grading the total score was equal to the actual score after the age of 9 months, but with 4 degree grading this was not true until at least 18 months. Conclusions Evaluating with Peabody's fine motor scale with 4 degree grading and quantization using monthly averages is reliable and more sensitive than 3 degree grading.

Effects of Wrist Hand Orthoses on Cerebral Palsy Children with Adduction of Thumb / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo observe the effects of wrist hand orthoses on cerebral palsy children with adduction of thumb. MethodsChildren with spastic hemiplegia were divided into experimental group （14 cases) and control group （15 cases）. Children in the both groups received routine rehabilitation for 3 months. Children in experimental group wore wrist hand orthoses 4～8 h/d in addition. ResultsThe passive range of motion (PROM) and scores of Fine Motor Function Measure Scale (FMFM) significantly increased in both groups after treatment. The PROM and FMFM scores in experimental groups increased more than those in the control group after treatment （P＜0.05).ConclusionWrist hand orthoses can improve the passive adduction angle of carpometacarpal joints of thumb and the fine motor function in spastic hemiplegia children after cerebral palsy.

Avalilação da função motora fina, sensorial e perceptiva em escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem / Evaluation of the fine motor, sensory and perceptive fucntion in students with learning disabilities

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o desempenho da função motora fina, sensorial e perceptiva em escolares com dificuldades de aprendizagem e comparar estes achados com o desempenho de escolares com bom desempenho escolar. Participaram deste estudo 98 escolares, de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 6 a 13 anos de idade, distribuídos em: grupo experimental (GI a GIV): 49 crianças com dificuldades de aprendizagem; e grupo-controle (GV a GVIII): 49 crianças com bom desempenho escolar. Foi utilizado protocolo para avaliação da função motora fina, sensorial e perceptiva. Os resultados indicam que, de modo geral, os problemas de aprendizagem apresentados pelos escolares parecem não estar relacionados com problemas de ordem motora, sensorial ou perceptiva. No entanto, a analise individual de cada prova mostrou que pode haver uma diferença entre o desempenho das crianças com e sem dificuldades de aprendizagem.

This study aimed at the characterization of the performance attributed to the fine motor, sensory and perceptive function in children with learning difficulties and compare the findings with the progress of those with good academic development. Ninety eight 6 to 13-year-old children of both genders were distributed in: trial group (GI a GIV): 49 children with learning difficulties, and control group (GV a GVIII): 49 with good school performance. Evaluation of fine motor, sensorial and perception functions was based on a specific protocol. Results indicated that, in general. problems of learning presented by those children do not seem to be related with problems in motor, sensory or perceptive functions However. analysis of each test showed that there may be a difference between the performance of children with and without learning disabilities.

Evaluation of the fine motor functions by PDMS-FM in children with encephalopathy / 中国康复理论与实践

@# ObjectiveTo investigat e the improvement of fine motor functions after occupational therapy in children w ith cerebral palsy (CP) and mental retardation (MR), and also using the value of Peabody developmental motor scale-fine motor (PDMS-FM) to evaluate their fine motor functions.MethodsAll children have received occupational therapy (OT) for three months. Their fine motor functions before an d after OT were observed and evaluated using PDMS-FM by the therapist.ResultsAll children have their fine motor functions obvious ly improved after OT. Results of PDMS-FM test indicated that fine motor functio ns between CP and MR group were comparable before and after OT, the MR group hav e their fine motor functions significantly improved after OT (P<0.001 ),although the CP group also have their fine motor functions impr oved after OT, there wasn't significant difference (P>0.05).Conclusions Fine motor functions of CP and MR children could be improved after OT. PDMS-FM was suitable to evaluate fine mot or function changes, especially in children with MR.

Psychometric properties of the Fine Motor Function Measure Scale for children with cerebral palsy / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To analyze the psychometric properties of the Fine Motor Function Measure Scale (FMFM) with cerebral palsied children less than 3 years old. Methods Three hundred and seventy-five children less than 3 years old with cerebral palsy were involved. The test-retest reliability, inter-tester reliability, correlation validity and structural validity of the FMFM were analyzed, as well as the responsiveness. Results The test-retest reliability (ICC = 0. 983 3 ) and the inter-tester reliability (ICC = 0. 992 4) of the FMFM were satisfactory. The correlation index between the raw FMFM scores and scores on the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale——Fine Motor was 0.919 9. The FMFM could clearly distinguish differences in fine motor function between the affected side and the intact side in children with hemiplegia. The differences in fine motor function between children with diplegia and quadriplegia could also be distinguished by the FMFM. The effect size of this scale was also good. Conclusion The reliability, validity and responsiveness of the FMFM were satisfying. The fine motor functioning of children with cerebral palsy could be effectively measured using the FMFM scale.