Evaluación de medidas morfométricas de tendones y ligamentos metacarpales palmares por ultrasonografía en caballos criollos colombianos / Evaluation of morphometric measures of tendons and metacarpal ligaments by ultrasonography in Colombian creole horses

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar los parámetros morfométricos ultrasonográficos de los tendones y ligamentos metacarpales palmares de caballos criollos colombianos clínicamente sanos. Materiales y métodos. Treinta caballos criollos colombianos clínicamente sanos de 6.4 ± 2.5 años se evaluaron en diferentes zonas del departamento de Córdoba (Colombia). Se midieron las variables área transversal (cm2), ancho latero medial (ALM) (cm) y espesor dorso palmar (EDP) (cm) en las estructuras de la región metacarpiana en los dos miembros anteriores mediante ultrasonografía. Resultados. La ecografía reveló que el área transversal del ligamento suspensorio fue la estructura de mayor área en las regiones proximales (1A, 1B y 2A), tanto para la extremidad izquierda como para la derecha. Por otro lado, no hubo una diferencia significativa (p>0.05) entre la extremidad izquierda y derecha para las mediciones de las estructuras en cualquier zona, y no hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de edades e índice de masa corporal (IMC) de los caballos. Conclusiones. Se obtuvieron valores de referencia para los tendones y ligamentos en la región metacarpiana palmar en equinos proporcionando una guía de referencia cuando se sospechan condiciones patológicas metacarpo en equinos.

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the ultrasonographic morphometric parameters of the palmar metacarpal tendons and ligaments of clinically healthy Colombian creole horses. Materials and methods. Thirty clinically healthy Colombian creole horses of 6.4 ± 2.5 years were evaluated in different areas of the department of Córdoba (Colombia). The variables cross-sectional area (cm2), medial lateral width (ALM) (cm) and dorsal palmar thickness (EDP) (cm) in the structures of the metacarpal region in the two anterior members were measured by means of ultrasound. Results. Ultrasonography revealed that the transverse area of the suspensory ligament was the structure with the largest area in the proximal regions (1A, 1B and 2A), for both the left and right limbs. On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between left and right limb for measurements of structures in any area, and there was no significant difference between age groups and body mass index (BMI) of horses. Conclusions. Reference values for tendons and ligaments in the palmar metacarpal region were obtained in equines providing a reference guide when metacarpal pathological conditions in equines are suspected.

Effect of Task-based Rehabilitation Training on Neural Circuit Plasticity and Forelimb Motor Function post Spinal Cord Injury in Mice / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To explore the effect of task-based rehabilitative training on neural circuit plasticity and forelimb motor function after C5 spinal cord injury in mice. Methods:A total of 21 healthy C57/BL mice were randomly and equally divided into sham group, model group and training group. The model was established by left C5 spinal cord crush injury. The lamina was removed without damaging the spinal cord in the sham group. Four weeks after injury, the training group received task-based rehabilitative training for four weeks. The horizontal ladder and rearing tests were used to assess motor function for forelimb before injury, and three days, two weeks, four weeks, six weeks and eight weeks after injury. The axons of the corticospinal tract in all mice were observed six weeks after injury by using biotinylated dextran amin (BDA) anterograde tracing. Eight weeks after injury, motor-evoked potential was applied to measure nerve conduction velocities in forelimb, while the axon sprouting and syntagmatic relation of neuron in the anterior horn of gray matter above lesion were observed by immunofluorescence double-labeling of BDA/neuron-specific nuclei protein (NeuN); the expression of Synapsin in the anterior horn of gray matter at lesion was observed by immunofluorescence double-labeling of NeuN/Synapsin I. Results:Eight weeks after injury, the latency of P1 and N1 was longer in the model group than in the sham group (P < 0.05), and was shorter in the training group than in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham group, the error rate of left forelimb increased, and the usage rate decreased (P < 0.05) in the model group and the training group; compared with the model group, the error rate of left forelimb decreased six weeks and eight weeks after injury (P < 0.05), and the usage rate increased eight weeks after injury (P < 0.05) in the treatment group. Compared with the model group, more axon sprouting co-localized with neurons in the anterior horn of gray matter above lesion (P < 0.05), and the expression of Synapsin I increased in the training group (P < 0.05). Conclusion:Task-based rehabilitative training could promote the neural circuit plasticity and improve the motor function of forelimb after spinal cord injury in mice.

A Whole-brain Map of Long-range Inputs to GABAergic Interneurons in the Mouse Caudal Forelimb Area / 神经科学通报·英文版

The caudal forelimb area (CFA) of the mouse cortex is essential in many forelimb movements, and diverse types of GABAergic interneuron in the CFA are distinct in the mediation of cortical inhibition in motor information processing. However, their long-range inputs remain unclear. In the present study, we combined the monosynaptic rabies virus system with Cre driver mouse lines to generate a whole-brain map of the inputs to three major inhibitory interneuron types in the CFA. We discovered that each type was innervated by the same upstream areas, but there were quantitative differences in the inputs from the cortex, thalamus, and pallidum. Comparing the locations of the interneurons in two sub-regions of the CFA, we discovered that their long-range inputs were remarkably different in distribution and proportion. This whole-brain mapping indicates the existence of parallel pathway organization in the forelimb subnetwork and provides insight into the inhibitory processes in forelimb movement to reveal the structural architecture underlying the functions of the CFA.

Origins of plexus brachial in Iguana iguana iguana / Origens do plexo braquial da Iguana iguana iguana

This paper aims to describe the origin of the brachial plexus of 12 iguanas, male and female, which were donated already dead by the Wild Animal Screening Center and Independent Company of Highway and Environmental Police of the Araguaína, Tocantins State, to Veterinary Anatomy Laboratory of Federal University of Tocantins, Araguaína campus These animals were fixed by intramuscular injections of aqueous 10% formalin. It was made a parallel incision to dorsal midline from the skull to the caudal ribs. It was pulled all the epiaxial muscles eight ribs, the periosteum, exposing and individualizing the ventral rami of spinal nerves that make up the brachial plexus. The ventral rami of spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2 form the brachial plexus in 12 iguanas. In 41.6% of cases, the branches involved were C6, C7, C8 and T1; in 33.4%, the branches C6, C7, C8, T1 and T2; 16.6% the branches C7, C8, T1 and T2 and in 8.4%, the branches C7, C8 and T1. The branches ventral C7, C8 and T1 formed three trunks and C6 and T2, when present, consisted of nervous fillet. There was variation in number of vertebrae in Iguana iguana iguana which caused oscillations in anastomoses, that constitute the nerves of brachial plexus. The axillary, subscapular, cutaneous, pectoral, coracobrachialis, radial, median, ulnar, thoracodorsal nerves are the main nerves that constitute the brachial plexus in iguanas.

Esse trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a origem do plexo braquial de 12 iguanas, machos e fêmeas, doados mortos pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres e Companhia Independente de Polícia Rodoviária e Ambiental ­ Araguaína ­ Tocantins, ao Laboratório de Anatomia da Universidade Federal do Tocantins, campus de Araguaína. Fixou-se os animais com injeções intramusculares de solução aquosa de formalina a 10%. Realizou-se uma incisão paralela a linha mediana dorsal desde o crânio até a região caudal das costelas. Retirou toda a musculatura epiaxial, oito costelas, o periósteo, expondo e individualizando os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais que compõem o plexo braquial. Os ramos ventrais dos nervos espinhais C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2 formam o plexo braquial nas 12 iguanas. Em 41,6% dos casos, os ramos envolvidos foram C6, C7, C8 e T1; em 33,4%, os ramos C6, C7, C8, T1 e T2; em 16,6 % os ramos C7, C8, T1 e T2 e em 8,4%, os ramos C7, C8 e T1. Dos ramos ventrais C7, C8 e T1 formavam três troncos e C6 e T2, quando presentes, consistiam de filetes nervosos. Houve variação no número de vértebras na Iguana iguana iguana, que provocaram oscilações nas anastomoses que constituem os nervos do plexo braquial nas iguanas. Os nervos axillar, subscapular, cutâneo, peitoral, coracobraquial, radial, mediano, ulnar e toracodorsal são os principais nervos que constituem o plexo braquial nas iguanas.

Postnatal variation of limb bones in the Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica / Variación postnatal de huesos de los miembros en la codorniz japonesa, Coturnix coturnix japonica

Changes in body size over ontogeny may influence the ontogenetic development of long bones, and thus important to our understanding of variation in morphological, physiological, and life-history traits within species. In this study, we sample the entire measurements of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of individual skeletons, to investigate the ontogenetic allometry of limb bone proportions by Reduced Major Axis (RMA) regression. The ulna and humerus were both positively allometric in relation to body mass, with their proximal ends growth more rapidly than other regions. Hindlimb bones exhibited more than one allometric pattern. The tarsometatarsus was negative; the femur presented positive allometry, with the width and depth of the proximal end scaled more strongly; measurements of the tibiotarsus were dominated by more rapid growth, especially the width of the proximal end. The growth patterns are suggested to be correlated with the ontogeny of behavior, and reflect the muscular requirements for different mode of locomotion.

Los cambios en el tamaño corporal sobre la ontogenia pueden influir en el desarrollo ontogenético de los huesos largos, y por lo tanto es importante conocer la variación en sus rasgos morfológicos, fisiológicos y la historia de vida dentro de las especies. En este estudio, se muestran las mediciones completas de esqueletos individuales de codorniz japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica), para investigar la alometría ontogenética de las proporciones de los huesos de los miembros mediante la regresión del Eje Mayor Reducido (RMA). La ulna y el húmero fueron ambos positivos alométricamente en relación a la masa corporal, con un crecimiento más ligero de sus extremos proximales que de otras regiones. Los huesos de los miembros posteriores mostraron más de un patrón alométrico. El tarsometatarsus fue negativo; el fémur presentó alometría positiva, con un ancho y profundidad del extremo proximal importantes. Las mediciones del tibiotarso presentaron un crecimiento más rápido, sobre todo la anchura del extremo proximal. Los patrones de crecimiento sugieren estar correlacionados con la ontogenia de la conducta, y reflejan los requisitos musculares para un modo de locomoción diferente.

Comparative study on the characteristics of bone metabolism in forelimb malformation WHBE rabbits via the OPG/RANK/RANKL system / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To comparatively investigate the characteristics of bone metabolism in forelimb malformation WHBE rabbits based on the OPG/RANK/RANKL system.Methods Healthy male 2-2.5-month old WHBE rabbit ( HWR) , Healthy Japanese rabbit ( HJR) and forelimb malformation WHBE rabbit ( FMWR) were used in this study and divided into 3 groups, HWR, HJR and FMWR groups, with 10 rabbits in each group.The shape of forelimb and mean gray value observed from X-ray film were examined, and the bone tissue micro-morphology was analyzed using HE staining.Re-al-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to determine the expression of osteoprotegerin ( OPG) and receptor activator of NF-KB ligand ( RANKL) mRNA.The expressions of OPG, receptor activator of NF-KB ( RANK) and RANKL protein in serum and bone tissue were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoassay ( ELISA) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results Compared with the HWR and HJR groups, rabbits in the FMWR group appeared abnormal in toutuous forelimb and thinner bone cortex.The mean gray values of X-ray in the FMWR group were lower than that in the HWR group ( P<0.05).There were significant differences between the FMWR and healthy rabbits (HWR and HJR) in the following pa-rameters:RANKL mRNA expression and RANKL/OPG mRNA ratio in the liver(P<0.05, P<0.01), serum protein expression of RANK and RANKL and RANKL/OPG ratio (P<0.05, P<0.01), and positive index of expression of RANKL protein and RANKL/OPG ratio in the bone tissue(P<0.05, P<0.01).Furthermore, the gene expression lev-els of OPG and RANKL of HWR were significantly higher than that of HJR(P<0.05, P<0.01).Conclusions The FMWR show some abnormal symptoms in bone metabolism as well as decrease of bone quality and histological changes of bone micro-structure, due to the significant increase of RANKL/OPG ratio of FMWR.The breed differences between WHBE and Japanese rabbits in RANKL mRNA expression level may be one of factors inducing limb malformation in the WHBE rabbits.

A cadaveric study to determine the minimum volume of methylene blue to completely color the nerves of brachial plexus in cats. An update in forelimb and shoulder surgeries

PURPOSE: To determine the minimum volume of methylene blue (MB) to completely color the brachial plexus (BP) nerves, simulating an effective anesthetic block in cats. METHODS: Fifteen adult male cat cadavers were injected through subscapular approach with volumes of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ml in both forelimbs, for a total of 30 brachial plexus blocks (BPB). After infusions, the specimens were carefully dissected preserving each nervous branch. The measurement of the effective area was indicated by the impregnation of MB. Nerves were divided into four segments from the origin at the spinal level until the insertion into the thoracic limb muscles. The blocks were considered effective only when all the nerves were strongly or totally colored. RESULTS: Volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered insufficient suggesting a failed block, however, volumes of 5 and 6 ml were associated with a successful block. CONCLUSIONS: The injection of methylene blue, in a volume of 6 ml, completely colored the brachial plexus. At volumes of 5 and 6 ml the brachial plexus blocks were considered a successful regional block, however, volumes of 2, 3 and 4 ml were considered a failed regional block. .

Forelimb myology of the golden pheasant (crysolophus pictus) / Miología del miembro anterior del faisán dorado (chrysolophus pictus)

Morphological work on the appendicular myology of birds forms the basis for comparative, functional and systematic studies, but our knowledge of the descriptive anatomy of birds is still very incomplete. The musculature of the wing muscles of the Golden Pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus), an endemic species of China, is studied in detail. All wing muscles are present as in other Galliformes. Myological characteristics including the absence of a deep layer of M. pectoralis pars thoracicus, well development of anterbrachial muscles, as well as the occurrence of a distinct fleshy slip from the proximal belly of M. biceps brachii, are suggested to be associated with its flapping flight. This paper is the prelude to functional analysis on muscle architecture in this species and may serve as a basis for future taxonomic comparisons.

El trabajo morfológico en la miología apendicular de las aves constituye la base para los estudios comparativos, funcionales y sistemáticos, sin embargo, nuestro conocimiento de la anatomía descriptiva de las aves es aún muy incompleto. Se estudió en detalle la musculatura de las alas del faisán de oro (Chrysolophus pictus), una especie endémica de China. Todos los músculos de las alas están presentes tal como en otros Galliformes. Características miológicas que se estima están asociadas con su vuelo de aleteo, incluyen la ausencia de una capa profunda de M. pectoral pars thoracicus, el buen desarrollo de los músculos anterbrachiales, como también la ocurrencia de un deslizamiento carnoso del vientre proximal de M. bíceps braquial. Este documento es el inicio de un análisis funcional de la arquitectura muscular en esta especie y puede servir de base para futuras comparaciones taxonómicas.

Inervación de las regiones escapular, braquial y antebraquial de la llama (Lama glama) / Innervation of the scapular, brachial and antebrachial of the llama (Lama glama)

La llama (Lama glama) es un mamífero cuya producción ha crecido exponencialmente en las últimas décadas, sobre todo en la región noroeste y patagónica de Argentina, Chile, Bolivia y Perú. Asociada a este crecimiento, la clínica médica veterinaria ha tenido que enfrentarse con el desafío de nuevos diagnósticos neuroanatómicos, así como también con maniobras semiológicas y quirúrgicas específicas para esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una detallada descripción de la inervación de las regiones de la espalda, el brazo y el antebrazo, aportando conocimientos que sean de utilidad para que el veterinario clínico pueda interpretar alteraciones funcionales o para la realización de tratamientos quirúrgicos, terapéuticos y/o diagnósticos. Se incluye además la descripción de las relaciones musculares y vasculares de los nervios.

The llama (Lama Glama) is a mammal whose production has grown exponentially in the last decades, especially in the Northwest and Patagonian region of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. Associated with this growth, veterinary medical clinic has had to deal with the challenge of new neuroanatomical diagnostic, as well as surgical and semiological maneuvers specific to this species. This work aims to make a detailed description of the innervation of the regions back, arm, and forearm, providing knowledge that is useful to the clinical veterinarian to interpret functional alterations or for the performance of surgical, therapeutic, treatment and/or diagnosis. It also includes the description of the muscular and vascular relationships of nerves.

Palmar annular ligament desmitis in horses: retrospective study between desmotomy and desmectomy techniques / 대한수의학회지

This study evaluated two different surgical techniques for the treatment of palmar annular ligament desmitis (PAL) in horses. The group 1 (G1) consisted of 11 Thoroughbred submitted to desmotomy, and G2 of 22 horses that underwent PAL desmectomy. There was no statistically significant difference between mean palmar annular ligament thickness in both groups evaluated (p = 0.800). In this study, the horses of G1 had 12 times more chance to return to physical activity, when compared to animals of G2 (p = 0.033; O.R. = 12.0; C.I.95% = 1,142 - 126,122). Desmectomy was more efficient in promoting the resolution of the injury and the return to sports activity.

Effects of Cluster Needling of Scalp Acupuncture Combined with Rehabilitation on Forelimb Motor Function and Expression of Synaptophysin and Growth-associated Protein-43 in Rats after Focal Cerebral Ischemia / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To explore the effects of cluster needling of scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitation (Tang's Approach) onforelimb motor function and expression of synaptophysin and growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in rats after focal cerebral ischemia.Methods Endothelin-1(ET-1) was used to induce focal cerebral ischemia model in rats with forelimb dysfunction. The rats were randomlydivided into 5 groups: sham operation group, model group, rehabilitation group, acupuncture group, and acupuncture with rehabilitationgroup, each group was divided into 4 subgroups by 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d. 24 hours after modeling, the cluster needle of scalp point withskilled forelimb reaching was trained in the acupuncture with rehabilitation group, skilled forelimb reaching was trained in the rehabilitationgroup, and the cluster needle of scalp point only were punctured and stimulated in the acupuncture group. But the model group had no intervention.The success rates of forelimb reaching were analyzed and immuno-histochemical technique was used to observe the expression ofsynaptophysin and GAP-43 in cortical ischaemic lesions of the rats in each group at different time points. Results At different time pointsafter the treatment, the successful rate of forelimb reaching in the acupuncture with rehabilitation group was higher than the model group, rehabilitationgroup, and acupuncture group (P<0.05). Conclusion The cluster needling of scalp acupuncture combined with rehabilitationcan promote recovery of forelimb motor function in rats after focal cerebral ischemia, which may associate with the expression of synaptophysinand GAP-43 in cortex surro`unding following focal cortical ischaemic lesions.

The effect of transcranial electrical stimulation on functional recovery and the expression of microtubule-associated protein-2 and growth-associated protein-43 after cerebral focal ischemia / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To assess the influence of transcranial electric stimulation (TES) on the recovery of motor function after cerebral focal ischemia and reperfusion and to explore the mechanisms in terms of neural plasticity.Methods An acute focal ischemia-reperfusion model was established by transient occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO).Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a TES group,a model group,a sham-operation group and a normal group.The TES group was given TES 24 h after MCAO;the model group received the operation without any treatment.Forelimb placing (FPT) and beam walking (BWT) were mea-sured at the 3rd,7th,14th and 28th day after reperfusion.Microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and grey levels of reaction products in the peri-infarct region were examined by immunohistochemical techniques.Results The TES group rats had markedly better FPT and BWT performance at the 7th,14th and 28th day after MCAO,compared with the model group.Expression of MAP-2 had increased significantly more at the 14th and 28th day in the peri-infarct region in the TES group compared with the model group.Expression of GAP-43 was significantly elevated in the peri-infarct region in the TES group compared with the model group at all time points.Conclusions TES can improve motor function and neural plasticity following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion damage.The functional enhancement may be partly due to up-regulation of the expression of GAP-43 and MAP-2 in the peri-infarct region.

Evaluation of two regional anesthetic methods on the front limb of dogs using hyperbaric bupivacaine / Avaliação de dois métodos de bloqueios anestésicos regionais no membro anterior em cães usando bupivacaína hiperbárica

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of bupivacaine 0.5 and 0.25 percent in intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) and brachial plexus block (BPB), respectively, on anesthesia, motor block and cardiovascular parameters in dogs. METHODS: Fourteen healthy adult dogs averaging 10 kilograms (kg) of body weight. Animals were randomly assigned to receive one of the two treatments IVRA (n=7) or BPB (n=7). All the animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg intramuscular). To execute the BPB was used an electrical nerve stimulation. Anesthesia, motor block, sedation, cardiovascular and respiratory effects were measured as effect of the treatment. RESULTS: BPA showed superior efficiency and duration of anesthesia (BPB - 456 ± 94 minutes vs IVRA - 138 ± 44) as well as motor block. There only physiologic parameter which change were the systolic pressure in BPB and respiratory rate for both treatments. CONCLUSION: In dogs the 0.25 percent hyperbaric bupivacaine in BPB produces a front limb anesthesia about three times more than the 0.5 percent in IVRA, with ptosis of the limb blocked and little interference in the cardiovascular system but with decrease in respiratory rate.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da bupivacaína 0,5 e 0,25 por cento na anestesia regional endovenosa (IVRA) e no bloqueio do plexo braquial (BPB) respectivamente, na anestesia, bloqueio motor e parâmetros cardiovasculares em cães. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 14 cães sadios adultos pesando em média 10 kilos. Animais foram aleatoriamente designados a um de dois tratamentos IVRA (n = 7) ou BPB (n = 7). Todos os animais foram sedados com acepromazina (0,1 mg/kg intramuscular). Para realizar o BPB foi usado um estimulador elétrico nervoso. Anestesia, bloqueio motor, sedação, efeitos cardiovascular e respiratório foram mensurados como efeitos dos respectivos bloqueios. RESULTADOS: O bloqueio BPB demonstrou eficiência superior e maior duração da anestesia (BPB - 456 ± 94 minutos vs IVRA - 138 ± 44 minutos) bem como maior envolvimento motor. Somente a pressão arterial sistólica foi alterada no grupo BPB e a freqüência respiratória em ambos os tratamentos. CONCLUSÃO: Em cães, a bupivacaína 0,25 por cento hiperbárica no grupo BPB produziu uma anestesia do membro anterior três vezes mais longa que a 0,5 por cento no grupo IVRA, com ptose do membro bloqueado e pequena interferência no sistema cardiovascular e com diminuição da freqüência respiratória.

An study of the "staircase test" evaluating forelimb function of rat model with focal cerebral ischemia / 重庆医科大学学报

0.05);the grasping ability of the operation group on the 7th and 14th after operation is more significant than the one of the fist day before operation(P0.05). Conclusion:The "staircase test" can evaluate the forelimb independent reaching ability of the rat model with focal cerebral ischemia effectively and simply,it also is credible parameter index for the forelimb reaching ability of rat model with focal cerebral ischemia and one of methodology for researching intervening rats model with focal cerebral ischemia by experiment for resumption.

MRI study of acute high voltage electric injury in forearm muscle / 中华放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the features of MR imaging of acute high voltage electric injury in forearm muscle. Methods Nine patients (17 forearms, 8 males and 1 female, 15～36 years of age) with clinically and pathological proved acute high voltage electric injury were studied on MRI retrospectively. MRI studies were obtained within 72 hours on Siemens 1 0 T MR scanner. 2 forearms were examined with body coil, and 15 with head coil. The severe area was placed as near as possible to the isocenter in the magnet and was used as the center of the MR imaging acquisition. Spin echo T 1 weighted images, spin echo and fast spin echo T 2 weighted images were acquired in all patients. 14 out of 17 were performed with Ⅳ administration of Gd DTPA. Results All 17 forearms had fascistomy after MRI. 11 had only debridement. The lesions were mainly observed in the flexor digitorum supericialis or profunduds muscle appearing as isointense on T 1 weighted images, hyperintense on T 2 weighted images, and strongly enhanced after Ⅳ administration of Gd DTPA in 8. The proximal aspect of the lesion appeared as sharp knife in 11. There was a weaker twitch response to electrocauterization in the injury muscle than in healthy muscle. It was variably necrotic in histopathology. Two transitional zones accompanied with the suffered forearm in 2, and one transitional zone in 6. Both of them had well defined margin. 6 forearms had amputation after debriding. There was Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ mixture signal all over the forearms. The proximal lesions showed type Ⅰ changes. Distal to the zone of forearm showed type Ⅱ and Ⅲ pattern appearing as isointense on T 1 weighted images, hyperintense and hypointense on T 2 weighted images. It was hardly enhanced after Ⅳ administration of Gd DTPA. There was no twitch response to electrocauterization in the injury muscle. It was almost completely necrotic in histopathology. ALL amputated forearms had two transitional zones and ill defined margin. The second transitional zone was enhanced something like flower border. Conclusion MR imaging of acute high voltage electric injury in forearm appeared as three kinds of signal mode, which was closely related with histopathology. MRI was useful in dealing with clinic problem and in judging the prognosis.

Estudo anatômico da inervação da porção distal do membro torácico em eqüino / Anatomical study of the inervation of the distal portion of the thoracic limb in horse

Foram utilizados membros torácicos de 20 cavalos adultos de raça mestiça, provenientes do matadouro de equinos de Campo Belo - MG. Os nervos palmares medial e lateral, digitais palmares medial e lateral, e o ramo dorsal do nervo digital palmar (medial e lateral) foram dissecados para observação da freqüência de suas posições e ramificações acessórias. Os resultados demonstraram que o local de bifurcação do nervo palmar em ramo digital palmar e seu ramo dorsal, ocorreu com maior frequência na região proximal da articulação metacarpofalangeana tanto no membro torácico direito como no esquerdo e em ambas as faces medial e lateral. Foram constatados 5 tipos de padrões de divisão do nervo palmar, sendo o tipo 1 o predominante.

In these experiment were utilized 20 adult equine forelimbs, crossbred, collected in an equine abbatoir in Campo Belo, MG. Both lateral and medial palmar nerves, lateral and medial palmar digital nerves and lateral and medial dorsal branch of the palmar digital nerve were dissected to observe the frequency of their positions and accessory ramifications. The results showed that the sile of bifurcation of the palmar nerve into palmar digital branch and its dorsal branch, occurred most frequently in the proximal region of the metacarpofalangeal joint, both at the right and left forelimbs in their medial and lateral faces. Five types of standards of divisions of the palmar nerve into palmar digital branch and its dorsal branch with predominance of the type one were observed.