Prescription Regularity of The Four Medical Tantras-Scientific Implications of Ro Nus ZhurJes / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Ro Nus ZhurJes theory is the core content of Tibetan medicine,it can be divided into "taste performance"(Ro Yi Nus Pa) and "essential performance"(Ngo Bovi Nus Pa),and "taste performance" is divided into six tastes,eight properties,three tastes after digestion,seventeen effects and so on."Essential performance" is divided into eight kinds,including odor efficacy,sources efficacy,color efficacy,et al.Form bearing relationships that "taste performance" and "essential performance",the butt welding joins the three-factors and twenty characteristics of disease,it is the theoretical basis of Tibetan medicine from collection and processing,from formula to finished product. It is also the main method for the evaluation of drug performance by Tibetan medicine.Many classic Tibetan medicine prescriptions are compatible under the guidance of Ro Nus ZhurJes.However,at present,the research of Tibetan medicine mainly concentrates on the chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism.It is seldom studied from the Ro Nus ZhurJes theory of Tibetan medicine.It is difficult to find the core rules and effect of Tibetan medicine.Therefore,based on the ancient literature of Tibetan medicine,this paper combs the theory of Tibetan medicine property,explains the six tastes,three tastes after digestion,and seventeen effects of Tibetan medicine function in three-factors,twenty characteristics and other diseases attributes,in order to provide theoretical reference for the study of drug properties of Tibetan medicine.

Construction of Prescription Database of The Four Medical Tantras and Analysis of Its Medication Rules Based on Complex Network Analysis and Visual FoxPro / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: The Four Medical Tantras is a classic work of Tibetan medicine, in which drug treatment is one of the four main treatment methods, and prescriptions are the main form of clinical drug use. The study on the medication rules of The Four Medical Tantras has positive significance for the clinical medication research of Tibetan medicine. Method: Prescriptions recorded in Secret Medical Code and Follow-up Medical Code from The Four Medical Tantras were collected, the prescription database was constructed by Visual FoxPro 9.0, combined the dual perspectives of the " fifteen categories" (skabs bco lnga) of Tibetan medical diseases and the " eighteen practices" (lag len bco brgyad) of treatment, and Gephi 0.9.2 complex network was used to analyze its medication rules. Result: The Four Medical Tantras contained 2 695 Tibetan medicine prescriptions, average number of drugs in each prescription was 6.6, prescription composed of ≤ 7 drugs accounted for 69.2%of the total prescription. There were 1 002 kinds of medicines involved in the total prescription, of which 156 was the nodal degrees of Chebulae Fructus, Bambusae Concretio Silicea, Carthami Flos, Piperis Longi Fructus and Zingiberis Rhizoma and so on; followed by 91 nodal degrees of butter (mar), sugar, barley sweetener (sbang ma), honey and brown sugar and so on, which were Tibetan medicinal and edible medicines. According to the classification of diseases in the fifteen categories, there were 495 prescriptions for traumatology (mtshon rma), 323 for fever (tsha ba), 278 for toxics and 197 for three factors diseases. According to the treatment method of eighteen practices, 162 powder, 77 decoction, 84 laxative (bxhal) and others were used. Association rule analysis found that edge weights of Borneolum Syntheticum, Bambusae Concretio Silicea, Carthami Flos, Santali Albi Lignum and other cold medicines were 59, edge weights of pomegranate seeds, Piperis Longi Fructus, Cinnamomi Cortex, Amomi Fructus Rotundus and other warm medicines were 45. Conclusion: The Four Medical Tantras has some characteristics, including the medication rules of elliptic philosophy with cool-warm medicinal properties as the dual core, elimination-diarrhea (zhi-sbyong) as medication methods, weight of rlung-mkhris pa-bad kan as medication dialectical thinking and so on. Among them, the clinical application of butter, barley sweetener, sugar and other special delivery agents of Tibetan medicine is prominent. The prominent clinical application of special Tibetan medicines embodies the philosophy of Tibetan culture with the emphasis on overall balance. It has the multi-dimensional medication rule of " diet plus medicine, medicine plus therapy", and has positive significance for revealing the research on medication rules of Tibetan medicine.

An explanation of the hidden names of the “Four medical tantras” / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

@#It is important to study ancient medical books written by the aforetime Mongolian doctors and deeply realize scientific based concepts in these books and understand the reference and deep meaning medical secret of the traditional doctors which are the basis of the traditional medical development of 21st century. </br> The main research direction to address this issue is to study and develop traditional medicines.</br> Especially, misinterpreted crude drugs and traditional medicinal formulas that are less studies in pharmacology lead to meaning confusion and this confusion causes bad influence in the treatment result. It is impossible to supply growing demand of traditional medicine among the population and expand categories of medicines and develop traditional medical sector efficiently without interpreting raw materials of traditional medical medicines with correct meaning and identifying its usage and benefit accurately.@*Goal and objectives of the research @#The goal of the research is to study the hidden names explanation and interpretation to title of the “Four Medical Tantras”. @*Research materials@#We have used following materials as main source: wooden crafted Tibetan book called བདུད་རྩི་ སྙིང་པོ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་གསང་བ་མན་ངག་གི་རྒྱུད་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་བཞུགས་སོ། (Secret Quintessential Instructions on the Eight Branches of the Ambrosia Essence Tantras) and its interpretation books as well as དག་ཡིག་མཁས་པའི་འབྱུང་གནས The Monumental Buddhist Terminology Lexicon. @*Methods @#</br> 1. Books and documents research method </br> 2. Analysis and synthesis method@*Results@#Mongolian nomadic nation has created the medicine study sector which is suitable for the extreme weather and territory, unique living condition and physical characteristics while struggling to fight diseases during historical long period. Gradually, this study has created comprehensive understanding of knowledge with content, theory and unique names due to the thinking scope of the Mongolians and cognition development and thus using it in their everyday lives and continuing to enrich it. </br> Mongolians have classified translation into the following four categories since the ancient times: traditional translation, translation of component (translation of components of sentence), translation of articles (translation of word, meaning and section), translation of number (translation number images, and symbols). We tried to translate the name “Four medical tantras” by interpreting the article or meaning.</br> The full name of the “Four Medical Tantras” is called “Amrita Hiradaya Anga Ata Guya Upadesha Tantra Name” in the ancient Indian education language or book language. The sages of Tibet of Western Snow Mountains named the literature: བདུད་རྩི་སྙིང་པོ་ཡན་ལག་བརྒྱད་པ་གསང་བ་མན་ངག་གི་རྒྱུད་ཅེས་བྱ་བ་བཞུགས་སོ།.</br> The Sanskrit translation of this literature has not been disseminated among Mongolians during that time. Therefore, based on the Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit name, we call it Рашааны зүрхэн найман гишүүнт нууц увдисын үндэс” in Mongolia. We have explained the hidden names in each of the words in this title.@*Conclusion@#Mongolian nationals and nomads have established a medical system adapted to the characteristics of land, harsh climate, and specific conditions of lifestyle during their fight against diseases in historical period.</br> In the long run, this science has developed a comprehensive understanding of content, theories and the unique terminology by the influence of scope of thinking as well as the cognitive development of Mongolians. This understanding is used in everyday lives and further enriched. </br> As we define the hidden names of literature title, “Four Medical Tantras” based on medical dictionaries and descriptive works, it is of significance to learn the traditional medical knowledge with foundation and enrich teaching materials of traditional medicine.

Historical Clarification and Review of Usage of Surgical Instruments in Mongolian Medicine from XVII to the XIX Century / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#History of surgical services in Mongolian medicine began at least from New Stone Ages (Neolithic Era). However, we decided to study usage of surgical instruments in Mongolian medicine from 1578 to the XIX century. Because, the third transmission of Buddhism into Mongolia occurred during the time of the Altan Khan of the Southern branch of Central Mongols, a descendent of Kublai Khan, tried to revive Mongol strength and unification. After that Undur Gegeen Zanabazar was also holding a religious service around his residence. Furthermore, in 1651 he established 7 parts of the Monastery including Financial, Lamasery, Food service, and Personal physician’s divisions based on his attendants, people, and lamas. The Personal physician’s division was one of the basis for the sect of “Four Medical Tantras”. Since that time the sect of “Four Medical Tantras,” had been spread effectively and many medical schools were established near the Buddhist temples in Mongolia. They respected “Four Medical Tantras,” and “Shun,” as the main scripts and focused to base it on their theory and practice. </br> During the research we identified that from the XVII century, Mongolian doctors and scientists wrote many commentary books on “Four Medical Tantras” and renewed some of the content of “Four Medical Tantras.” Especially, Agvanluvsandanbijaltsan and Jambaldorj wrote a medical and medicinal books including surgical instruments. Also Ishbaljir wrote practical book about internal medicine, surgical methods, and services. </br> The major conclusion to this study was that Mongolian nation established their own medical art, comprehensive knowledge, and surgical methods as well as updated surgical instruments during the XVII and XIX Century. Particularly, they could renewed surgical methods and surgical instruments, which came from Indian Ayurveda and Tibetan medicine.

Biography of Mongolian and Tibetan Scholars who Created Sutra about Ear Vein Reading / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

@#The “Oral Instruction Tantra” of the “Four Medical Tantras” divides diseases in children into 4 parts: causes, condition, categories, and symptoms. The diseases are proven with inquiries and examination by touching and looking. The most interesting type of examination is considered to be touching, which the main part is pulse-feeling. However, pulse feeling of children in traditional medicine is different from that of adults. </br> The general diagnostic method of traditional medicine consists of 3 parts: pulse reading, visual diagnosis (tongue and urine), hearing, and investigation. The diagnostic method of pediatrics in traditional medicine is based on the general method but different in some ways in consistence with the classification of diseases in children. </br> The following conclusions are being made from the study. The basis of a pediatrics in Mongolia established when Mongolians began to learn the “Four Medical Tantras” of Indian Ayurvedic medicine in Sanskrit. </br> Since then, Mongolian doctors and scientists have created many works based on the books of Indian and Tibetan medicine scholars. Among them, there are several books about method of ear vein reading written by Mongolian doctors and scholars. </br> This is confirmed by this study. In addition to our study, it is also important for biographies of people who have been involved in the creation of the traditional knowledge including traditional medicine.

About Moxibustion Treatment in “Four Medical Tantras” / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

“Four Medical Tantras” advocated to “wind” using smear (to apply a medical ointment), massage and Mongolian (Khor) moxibustion in its chapter named “Treatment methods”. Although, the above mentioned phrase is considered to be the most accurate record, there is some information about moxibustion methods used by Mongolians in Tibetan texts. Therefore, we intended to establish the credibility of the records by studying different sources. The Basic Tantra of the “Four Medical Tantras” noted that “Mongolian moxa cauterisation (Khorji- Meza) was a treatment for wind or cold disorders”. These historical facts provide evidence that moxibustion therapy was firstly invented and used by the Mongolian people, and was then it was introduced to other countries in ancient times. When early and middle aged source material and books related to Mongolian moxibustion therapy development was studied, it was concluded that moxibustion therapy are of very ancient origin and it has been developed over thousands of years as one of the main methods of Mongolian Medicine.

The knowledge about anatomy in the “Four medical tantras” / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

The exposition of the anatomy of the body has four aspects: (a) the anatomical presentation of the quantities of the bodily constituents; (b) the anatomical presentation of the circulatory system; (c) the anatomical presentation of the delicate, vital points; and (d) the anatomical presentation of thepathways and orifices. The amount of wind (in the body) would fill the urinary bladder whilst the quantity of bile wouldfill the scrotum.1 The quantity of phlegm would fill three cupped handfuls and the amounts of bloodand stool would each fill seven cupped handfuls. The amounts of urine and lymph would each fill fourcupped handfuls whereas the quantities of body oil and fat would each fill two cupped handfuls. Thequantities of nutritive essence and semen would each fill a single handful whilst the amount of brain would fill a single cupped handful. The quantity of flesh is five hundred fist-sizes with the (total) addition of twenty fist-sizes for the thighs and breasts of women and (the amount of menstrual bloodin women would fill two cupped handfuls). The quantity of bones includes twenty-three types. The spinal column consists of twenty-eightvertebrae whilst the ribs number twenty-four. There are thirty-two teeth, three hundred and sixtyfractional bones, twelve types of major joints, two hundred and ten minor joints, sixteen (large)ligaments (behind the knees, in the ankles, in the ante cubital fossae and in the wrists, two adjacent tothe spine, two inside the spine, two in the throat and two in the neck) and nine hundred tendons. There are twenty-one thousand hairs (on the head) and (thirty-five) million hair-pores [sevenmillion above the neck, three million five-hundred thousand on each limb and fourteen million on therest of the body]. Also there are five vital organs, six vessel organs and nine orifices. The ideal size of the (human) body on earth is six feet square (four cubits) (from head to toe and fromfingertips to fingertips of outstretched arms), whereas a malformed body is three and a half of its ownforearm span square.