Consenso SOCHOG/SOCHUMB: utilizar en Chile la curva estándar OMS ultrasonográfica de crecimiento fetal / SOCHOG/SOCHUMB consensus: OMS fetal ultrasound curve is the standard curve for ultrasound growth assessment to use in Chile

La Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecología (SOCHOG) y la Sociedad Chilena de Ultrasonido en Medicina y Biología (SOCHUMB) convocaron a un comité de expertos en el tema de ultrasonido y crecimiento fetal con el fin de proponer utilizar la curva fetal que mejor se adapte a la población chilena. Luego de la discusión, al no contar con curvas chilenas de crecimiento fetal, se concluye proponer que la curva estándar de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sería la indicada dada la calidad de su metodología y por ser multicéntrica.

The Chilean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology (SOCHOG) and the Chilean Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (SOCHUMB) have convened a committee of experts on the subject of ultrasound and fetal growth in order to propose using the fetal curve that best adapts to the Chilean population. After the discussion, since there are no Chilean fetal growth curves, it is concluded that the World Health Organization (WHO) standard curve would be the one to use given the quality of its methodology and the fact that it is multicentric.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates / Potencial antibacteriano e bacteriostático do fluido celômico e pasta corporal de Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) contra isolados bacterianos clínicos resistentes à ampicilina

Abstract Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Resumo Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

New developmental data of Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in tropical temperatures and its implications in forensic entomology

@#The estimation of the postmortem interval (PMI) is an essential information in death investigations. It is necessary to know the developmental data of the most important necrophagous insect species in every geographical area. Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is one of the most common species associated with human body decomposition, especially in the tropics, so a precise knowledge of its life cycle is crucial. However, despite its ubiquity, developmental data in a range of tropical temperatures is scarce. For this reason, the aim of this study is to provide the developmental data of the blowfly, C. megacephala, in a range of tropical temperatures and to apply these data in forensic entomology. Four temperatures were examined (i.e., 27.0°C 29.5°C, 32.0°C and 34.5°C) and the time of developments from egg to adult were recorded. To build the growth curves, five larvae per day were measured with a digital caliper. Accumulated degree-days were calculated and the isomorphen diagram for this species was plotted. As we predicted, the results showed that the life cycle of this species was affected by the increasing temperature. The implications of these new data for determining the minimum PMI in forensic entomology were discussed.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates / Potencial antibacteriano e bacteriostático do fluido celômico e pasta corporal de Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) contra isolados bacterianos clínicos resistentes à ampicilina

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates

Abstract Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Resumo Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

Another look at a good approximation of data for the distribution of COVID-19 in Cuba / Otra mirada hacia una correcta aproximación de datos para la distribución de la COVID-19 en Cuba

In the article "Adjustment of population growth curve applied to Covid-19 in Cuba", the authors propose six types of models to approximate data from the distribution of COVID-19 in Cuba, while giving a clear answer to the possible advantages of some considerations. In this paper, we study intrinsic properties of some models of growth with polynomial variable transfer that give a very good approximation of the specific data on the pandemics in Cuba by June 5, 2020. The models have the right to exist in the treatment of issues from different fields of scientific knowledge. Numerical examples are presented using CAS MATHEMATICA(AU)

En el artículo "Ajuste de curvas de crecimiento poblacional aplicadas a la COVID-19 en Cuba", los autores proponen y seriamente analizan seis tipos de modelos (logísticos y otros modelos de crecimiento) para aproximar los datos sobre la distribución de la COVID-19 en Cuba mientras plantean una clara respuesta a las posibles ventajas de algunas consideraciones. En este trabajo estudiamos las propiedades intrínsecas de algunos modelos de creciemiento con transferencia de variables polinómicas que proporcionan una muy buena aproximación de los datos específicos sobre la pandemia en Cuba antes del 5 de junio de 2020. Los modelos tienen el derecho a existir en el tratamiento de cuestiones de diferentes campos del conocimiento científico. Los ejemplos numéricos se presentan utilizando un modelo matemático para calcular los casos(AU)

Ajuste de curvas de crecimiento poblacional aplicadas a la COVID-19 en Cuba / Adjustment of population growth curve applied to COVID-19 in Cuba

Introducción: Cuba ha sido afectada por la COVID-19. Todas las provincias del país han presentado casos confirmados de la enfermedad. Se han llevado a cabo medidas por parte del gobierno y el sistema de salud, para contrarrestar el contagio de persona a persona. Es de gran ayuda contar con estimaciones de casos confirmados para las decisiones. Objetivos: Obtener predicciones para los picos de casos confirmados y cantidad total de estos para algunas provincias de Cuba y para todo el país. Material y Métodos: Estudio de tipo predictivo de curvas de crecimiento poblacional. Se analizan los datos correspondientes a los primeros 52 días de afectación de la enfermedad en el país para estimar los modelos y aplicar el método de los mínimos cuadrados para modelos no lineales con respecto a los parámetros. Se utilizan el coeficiente de determinación ajustado, el criterio de información de Akaike y el error estándar de los residuos para medir la bondad del ajuste de los modelos. Se estudian las provincias del país que presentan una tasa de infectados por cien mil habitantes mayor que 14,71 y el país en su conjunto. Resultados: La bondad de ajuste de los modelos utilizados en las localidades estudiadas y en el país es alta, lo cual permite su confiabilidad para los pronósticos efectuados. Conclusiones: Las predicciones plantean que las cinco localidades analizadas presentan su pico de contagio en abril al igual que Cuba (AU)

Introduction: Cuba and all its provinces have been affected by COVID-19 disease. The government and the health system have taken measures to avoid contagion from person to person. To take these measures it is important to have estimates of the rate of infection. Objectives: To obtain predictions for the peak of infected cases and the total number for some Cuban provinces and the whole country. Material and Methods: Predictive study of population growth curves. Data from the first 52 days of the disease in the country are processed to estimate the models and to apply the method of least squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. The adjusted coefficient of determination, the Akaike information criterion and the standard error of the residuals are used to measure the goodness of fit of the models. The provinces that present a rate of infection per 100,000 inhabitants greater than 14,71 and the country as a whole are studied. Results: The goodness of fit of the models used in the provinces studied and the country is high, which allows them to be reliable for predictions. Conclusions: The predictions suggest that the five provinces analyzed and Cuba show their peak of contagion in April (AU)

Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in Chongqing, China. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders.

Male external genitalia growth curves and charts for children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years in Chongqing, China / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Genital size is a crucial index for the assessment of male sexual development, as abnormal penile or testicular size may be the earliest visible clinical manifestation of some diseases. However, there is a lack of data regarding penile and testicular size measurements for Chinese boys at all stages of childhood and puberty. This cross-sectional study aimed to develop appropriate growth curves and charts for male external genitalia among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in Chongqing, China. A total of 2974 boys were enrolled in the present study. Penile length was measured using a rigid ruler, penile diameter was measured using a pachymeter, and testicular volume was determined using a Prader orchidometer. Age-specific percentile curves for penile length, penile diameter, and testicular volume were drawn using the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape. Very similar growth curves were found for both penile length and penile diameter. Both of them gradually rose to 10 years of age and then sharply increased from 11 to 15 years of age. However, testicular volume changed little before the age of 10 years. This study contributes to the literature covering age-specific growth curve and charts about male external genitalia in Chinese children and adolescents. These age-related values are valuable in evaluating the growth and development status of male external genitalia and could be helpful in diagnosing genital disorders.

Referencias argentinas para la evaluación de proporciones corporales desde el nacimiento hasta los 17 años / Argentine references for the assessment of body proportions from birth to 17 years of age

Introducción. La alteración de las proporciones corporales puede ser indicativa de enfermedad esquelética, por lo cual su detección resulta de gran utilidad clínica. Objetivos. Estimar los centilos de los índices perímetro cefálico/estatura (PC/E) y estatura sentada/estatura (ES/E), y evaluar su utilidad diagnóstica en un grupo de niños con displasia esquelética. Métodos. Los centilos 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 y 97 de ES/E y PC/E fueron estimados por el método LMS, que utiliza la transformación Box-Cox para normalizar la distribución de los datos a cada edad. Se aplicaron los tests Q-Q plot para evaluar la normalidad de los residuos y el Q test para evaluar la bondad de ajuste. Resultados. La muestra incluyó 4818 niñas y 4803 niños sanos de 0 a 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice ES/E para la edad cayó desde valores de 0,67 al nacer hasta 0,57 a los 4 años. A los 12 años, alcanzó valores de 0,52 y 0,53 para varones y mujeres, respectivamente, y se mantuvo así hasta los 17 años de edad. La mediana del índice PC/E cayó desde 0,45 a los 6 años hasta 0,34 a los 17 años de edad en ambos sexos. Los puntajes Z del ES/E en 20 niños con diagnóstico de hipocondroplasia mostraronmejor la desproporción corporal que la utilización del índice ES/E no ajustado por edad. Conclusiones. Los centilos estimados de PC/E y ES/E muestran que, en el período prepuberal, ocurren los mayores cambios en las proporciones corporales. Estas referencias facilitan una detección más temprana de desproporción corporal en niños con displasia esquelética.

Introduction. Abnormal body proportions may indicate skeletal disorders; therefore, their detection has great clinical significance. Objectives.To estimate centiles for head circumference/height (HC/H) and sitting height/height (SH/H) ratios, and assess their diagnostic usefulness among a group of children with skeletal dysplasia. Methods. Centiles 3, 10, 25, 50, 75, 90 and 97 for HC/H and SH/H ratios were estimated with the LMS method using Box-Cox transformation to normalize data distribution for each age. Q-Q plot tests were applied to evaluate normality of residuals and the Q test to calculate goodness-of-fit. Results. The sample included 4818 girls and 4803 boys, all healthy, between 0-17 years old. The median of the SH/H ratio for each age decreased from 0.67 at birth to 0.57 at age 4. At 12 years of age, values reached 0.52 and 0.53 for males and females, respectively, remaining unchanged until age 17. The median of the HC/H ratio decreased from 0.45 at 6 years old to 0.34 at 17 years old for both sexes. Z-scores for SH/H among 20 children diagnosed with hypochondroplasia were better at showing abnormal proportions than the SH/H ratio not adjusted by age. Conclusions.Estimated centiles for HC/H and SH/H ratios show that the most dramatic changes in body proportions occur in the prepubertal period. These references allow an earlier detection of abnormal body proportions in children with skeletal dysplasia.

Inducen cambios relevantes en las estimaciones de la talla los nuevos procedimientos de construcción de curvas de crecimiento / Do new procedures for estimating growth curves introduce outstanding changes in height estimates

Introducción: El uso de curvas de crecimiento para supervisar el desarrollo físico de los niños es esencial en la práctica pediátrica. Las normas cubanas de talla se elaboraron en la década de los 70 siguiendo procedimientos recomendados en ese momento. En los últimos años se han obtenido métodos estadísticos automatizados capaces de modelar correctamente el proceso del crecimiento. La OMS, en su Estudio Multicéntrico, utilizó el método Box-Cox PowerExponential (BCPE). Es importante determinar si introducir este nuevo procedimiento para construir curvas induce modificaciones en los valores de los perpercentiles que habitualmente se estiman. Objetivo: evaluar las discrepancias entre los valores de los perpercentiles estimados por ambos procedimientos. Material y Métodos: se usaron los datos de longitud en decúbito supino y estatura, de sujetos cubanos menores de 20 años medidos en el primer Estudio Nacional de Crecimiento y Desarrollo (ENCD). Se construyeron curvas usando el método BCPE implementado en el paquete GAMLSS de R. Las diferencias se evaluaron comparando los valores de los perpercentiles suavizados obtenidos por ambos métodos. Resultados: los modelos que mejor ajustaron fueron: para la longitud en decúbito supino, sexo femenino NO (GLµ=10;GLÏ­=5;edad0.001); sexo masculino NO(GLlµ=14;GLÏ­=6;edad0.006); para estatura, sexo femenino NO(GLµ=16;GLÏ­=10;edad0.544); sexo masculino NO(GLµ=16;GLÏ­=12;edad0.117). Las estimaciones de los perpercentiles de estatura fueron muy similares con ambos procedimientos. En los perpercentiles extremos de la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, debidas muy probablemente a correcciones introducidas en el cómputo de la desviación estándar durante el procesamiento del ENCD. Conclusiones: para la longitud en decúbito supino se detectaron diferencias, no así en la estatura. Se recomienda el uso del procedimiento automatizado pues disminuye considerablemente la carga subjetiva presente en el método anterior(AU)

Introduction: The use of growth curves to monitor physical development in children is essential for pediatric health care. Cuban height charts were created during the seventies decade following technics recommended at that time. In the last years, statistical methods based computational technics have been obtained a better model pattern for growth process. In particular WHO in the Multicenter Growth Study used the Box-Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) method. It is important to determine whether the application of such procedure in drawing curves introduce changes in the percentiles' estimates commonly used. Objective: To evaluate discrepancies between percentiles' estimates from both methods. Material and methods: supine-decubitus length data and height from Cubans under 20 years old from the first National Growth and Development Study (ENCD) were examined. Perpercentiles were estimated viEl método BCPE a the BCPE method implemented in GAMLSS' package supported in R language. Comparison of smoothed percentiles obtained from both procedures were plotted to evaluate discrepancies. Results: The best fitted models were: for female supine-decubitus lengths the NO (DFµ=10;DFÏ­=5;age0.001) and NO(DFµ=14;DFÏ­=6;age0.006) for male respectively and NO(DFµ=16;DFÏ­=10;age0.544) and NO(DFµ=16;DFÏ­=12;age0.117) for female and male height. Height percentiles estimates were closely enough using either method. Some differences were detected for length percentiles, possibly due to computational corrections done while calculating standard deviations of ENCD. Conclusions: Some differences were detected for length percentiles estimations but not for the height. The use of computational procedure is recommended because its considerable reduction of the subjective charge as compare with the method used before(AU)

Comparison of nonlinear models to describe growth in Blanco Orejinegro (BON) cattle / Comparación de modelos no lineales para describir el crecimiento en ganado Blanco Orejinegro (BON) / Comparação de modelos não lineares para descrever o crescimento em gado Blanco Orejinegro (BON)

BON cattle is an important genetic resource. It is necessary to describe the productive behavior of BON to improve the use of this breed. The objective of this study was to determine the model that best fit BON growth. Nonlinear models (Gompertz, logistic, Brody and von Bertalanffy) were compared to determine the one with the best fit and estimate the parameters for each model. Brody showed the best fit, with the lowest sum of squared errors (SQE) for both Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Brody parameters were β0 (mature weight: 590 kg) and β2 (maturity index: 0.00153 ± 0.0000042 kg/day). The maturity index was similar and in some cases higher to that found in some crosses of commercial beef cattle, highlighting the precocity of BON, which reaches about 52.9% maturity at 12 months. Additionally, the age BON reaches 75% maturity was approximately 708 days, which shows its precocity and growth potential. This results highlight the importance of this breed as a valuable genetic resource for cattle farming in the tropics.

El ganado BON constituye un recurso genético y ganadero de gran importancia, por lo que describir su comportamiento productivo es necesario para garantizar su utilización. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el modelo que mejor se ajustara al crecimiento del ganado BON, por lo que se compararon diferentes modelos no lineales (Gompertz, Logístico, de Brody y de Von Bertalanffy), con el fin de determinar el que mejor se ajusta y estimar los parámetros para cada uno. El modelo que mejor se ajustó al crecimiento del BON fue el de Brody, mostrando menores valores de sumatoria de cuadrados del error (SQE), de AIC y de BIC. Por otra parte, los parámetros hallados para el modelo de Brody fueron: β0 , interpretado como el peso maduro, de 590 kg y el parámetro β2 , correspondiente con el índice de madurez, de 0,00153 ± 0,0000042 kg/día. El índice de madurez fue similar y en algunos casos superior al encontrado en algunos cruces y ganados de carne comerciales, lo que resalta la precocidad que presenta el ganado BON, que alcanza aproximadamente 52,9% de madurez a los 12 meses. Adicionalmente, se encontró que la edad a la cual el BON alcanza el 75% de madurez fue de 708 días aproximadamente, lo que muestra su precocidad y capacidad de crecimiento. Lo expuesto anteriormente resalta la importancia del ganado BON como un recurso genético y productivo para los programas de producción bovina en el trópico.

O gado BON, constitui um recurso genético e de produção de grande importância, pelo qual, descrever seu comportamento e desempenho produtivo e mostrar suas fortalezas é necessário para garantir sua utilização. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o modelo que melhor tivesse ajuste não linear (Gompertz, Logístico, de Brody e de Von Bertalanffy), com o fim de determinar o modelo que melhor se ajustasse e estimar os parâmetros para cada um deles. O modelo que melhor se ajustou ao crescimento do gado BON foi o de Brody, apresentando menores valores na somatória de quadrados do erro (SQE), de AIC e de BIC. Por outro lado, os parâmetros encontrados para o modelo de Brody foram: β0, interpretado como o peso maduro, de 590 kg e o parâmetro β2, que corresponde com o índice de maturidade, de 0,00153 ± 0,0000042 kg/dia. O índice de maturidade foi similar e em alguns casos até superior ao encontrado em alguns cruzamentos e gados de corte não registrados, o que ressalta a precocidade que apresenta o gado BON, que consegue aproximadamente 52,9% de maturidade aos 365 dias (12 meses). Adicionalmente, encontrou-se que a idade na qual o gado BON consegue o 75% de maturidade foi de 708 dias (23,6 meses) aproximadamente, o que demostra sua precocidade e capacidade de crescimento. O exposto anteriormente ressalta a importância do gado BON como um recurso genético com boas qualidades produtivas e reprodutivas para os programas de produção bovina no tropico.

Curvas de crecimiento del perímetro cefálico en niños de 0 a 3 años: una nueva aproximación / Head circumference growth curves in children 0 to 3 years of age: a new approach

Introducción: el perímetro cefálico es un indicador de salud y de crecimiento global craneal en la primera infancia, por lo que debe monitorearse. Usualmente, los patrones de referencia OMS utilizan el modelo Box Cox Power exponential y el método LMS para modelar el comportamiento del crecimiento del perímetro cefálico. Estos métodos tienen la debilidad de comparar cada individuo frente a una mediana poblacional, lo cual no permite caracterizar el crecimiento individual; en tanto que al usar los modelos longitudinales de efectos mixtos se puede evaluar el patrón individual de crecimiento y controlar la variabilidad entre sujetos. El objetivo fue hacer uso de los modelos longitudinales de efectos mixtos, caracterizar los patrones de crecimiento a partir del perímetro cefálico en niños de 0 a 3 años. Métodos: siendo éste un estudio longitudinal prospectivo, los criterios de elegibilidad para los niños obedecieron a factores de inclusión y exclusión (OMS); 265 niños colombianos (116 niñas, 149 niños), residentes en Bogotá, fueron distribuidos en 3 grupos G1: (0-12], G2: (12–24], G3: (24–36] meses. Se midieron cada 3 meses durante 1 año. Dos examinadores tuvieron entrenamiento y continua estandarización, monitoreo de adherencia a procedimientos de recolección y calidad de datos. Se calculó el error aleatorio y sistemático. Las curvas de crecimiento fueron construidas usando los modelos longitudinales mixtos. Para la estimación del modelo se utilizó el método de estimación de máxima verosimilitud restringida (REML), software estadístico R versión libre 2.15. Para el ajuste de los modelos el paquete lme4. Resultados: se ajustaron 6 modelos, observándose mayor pendiente de crecimiento de 0-12 meses. Conclusiones: la metodología utilizada permitió entender el comportamiento del perímetro cefálico por grupo, edad y sexo, y analizar datos con estructuras de desbalance.

Introduction: head circumference is an indicator of health and global cranial growth in early childhood, so it must be monitored. Usually, the WHO reference patterns use the Box Cox Power exponential model and the LMS method to model the behavior of head circumference growth. These methods are limited because they compare each individual against the median of a population, which prevents characterizing individual growth, while mixed-effect longitudinal models allow assessing individual growth patterns and controlling variability among subjects. The objective of this study was to use mixed-effect longitudinal models to characterize growth patterns based on head circumference in children 0 to 3 years of age. Methods: being a prospective longitudinal study, the criteria for children eligibility considered inclusion and exclusion factors (WHO); 265 Colombian children (116 girls, 149 boys) living in Bogotá were distributed in 3 groups: G1: (0-12], G2: (12-24], G3: (24-36] months. They were measured every 3 months for 1 year. Two examiners were trained and continuously standardized, and they were monitored on adherence to data quality and data collection procedures. Random and systematic errors were calculated. Growth curves were constructed using mixed longitudinal models. The model was estimated through the method of estimation of restricted maximum likelihood (REML), free R statistical software, version 2.15. To adjust the models, we used the lme4 package. Results: 6 models were adjusted, with maximum gradient of growth from 0 to 12 months. Conclusions: this methodology allowed understanding the behavior of head circumference by age group and sex, and analyzing data with unbalanced structures.

Curvas de crecimiento infantil para detectar precozmente la talla baja en el menor de 2 años / Infant growth curves for early detection of short stature in children under 2 years of age

Pregunta de investigación: ¿Permitirán las curvas de crecimiento infantil (T/E) identificar el retardo en el crecimiento lineal en forma previa a la talla baja (<-2 DE) y la edad promedio de alteración del crecimiento en niños de 6 a 24 meses de edad que demandan atención en establecimientos de salud? Objetivo: Optimizar el uso de los datos del Carnet de Salud Infantil para identificar alteraciones en el crecimiento lineal previa a la talla baja (< -2DE) y los tiempos promedio de inicio de la declinación de curva de crecimiento normal hasta llegar por debajo de -2DE, relacionando esta tendencia con la curva de crecimiento ponderal. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo, que incluyo a 71 niños menores de 2 años. Se analizaron datos del Carnet de Salud Infantil e indicadores antropométricos a partir de ellos. El punto de corte de Talla/Edad fue menor a la -2DE para clasificar talla baja. Resultados: La talla baja en uno o varios de los controles fue de 38.08 por ciento, y desde el primer control 48.1 por ciento. Los que presentaron talla baja como inicio en controles posteriores al primero (51.8 por ciento) mostraban una T/E por debajo a la -1 DE al primer control en el 64.2 por ciento; en este último grupo, el tiempo de descenso desde la T/E <-1 DE hasta <-2DE fue en promedio de 3.9 meses. En el 74 por ciento que iniciaban con talla baja no se observo la presencia concomitante de P/E <-2DE. Existe una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre T/E <-1 DE al primer control y talla baja (chi² 14.07; p=0.0001). Conclusiones: El uso adecuado de las curvas de crecimiento lineal infantil permite identificar de forma previa retardo en el crecimiento, con una T/E <-1 DE en el primer control. La talla baja en nuestro medio se caracteriza por presentarse en edad temprana y acompañarse de retardo en el crecimiento ponderal (P/E) solamente en los casos con inicio de esta en el primer control.

Research question: Do curves of children growth (height/age) let us to identify growth delayed in advance to short stature (<-2DS) and average age of abnormal growth on 6 to 24 years old children who are attended in health centers? Background: Chronic malnutrition is one of the nutritional problems with high magnitude in Latin-America and high prevalence in Bolivia. Objetive: To improve the use of children's health cards data to let it identify abnormal growth in advance to short stature (<-2DS) and overage time of declination beginning from a normal growth lineal curve to across the -2DS relating this tendency whit the weight growth curve. Material and method: A descriptive and prospective longitudinal study, including 71 children less than 2 year's old age. The children's health card data were analyzed generating anthropometric indicators of them. Sort stature was classified as a height/age under -2DS. Results: The frequency of short stature in one or several controls was 38,08 percent taking place since the first control in 48,15 percent. Children who has short stature as beginning after the first control (51,85 percent) showed a height/age under -1DS in the first control in 64,29 percent. The Children who have begun short stature without weight/age <-2DE were 74,04 percent. There is a hard association between height/age under -1DS at the first control and short stature (chi2 14,07; p=0,0001). Conclusions: The children 's growth curves used rightly let us identify growth delayed previously with a height/age under-1DS in the first control or 3,92 previous mouths to the diagnostic of short stature. In our environment, the short stature is characterized because of to take place in early age and is accompanied with weight growth delayed (weight/age) just in cases with beginning in the first control.

Avaliação nutricional de crianças atendidas em ambulatório de gastroenterologia / Nutritional assessment of children assisted in a ambulatory of gastroenterology

avaliar, nutricionalmente, crianças utilizando os parâmetros do Centro de Controle de Doenças (CDC)-2000 e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS)-2006. MÉTODO: estudo transversal de prevalência das criançasatendidas no Ambulatório de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica da Fundação Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará (FSCMPA),entre outubro de 2009 e abril de 2010. RESULTADOS: a maioria (64,7%) das crianças avaliadas eram do sexomasculino; o maior percentual de baixa estatura (BE) foi encontrado pelos critérios do Z-score/OMS-2006 e o menorpelo Percentil/CDC-2000. Com relação ao sobrepeso, foi encontrado 3,9% pelo Percentil e Z-score/OMS-2006 e Z--score/CDC-2000 e 2,6% pelo Percentil/CDC-2000. Obesidade foi encontrada em 2,6%, conforme o Percentil e Z--score/CDC-2000 e Percentil/OMS-2006 e em 1,3% pelo Z-score/OMS-2006. Desnutrição foi mais diagnosticada peloscritérios do Percentil/CDC-2000, seguido pelo Z-score/CDC-2000, Percentil e Z-score da OMS-2006 com 28,9%,22,4%, 17,1% e 11,9% respectivamente; baixo peso (BP) foi encontrado em maior prevalência pelo Percentil/CDC-2000 e em menor prevalência pelo Percentil/OMS-2006. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados são compatíveis com os dadosda literatura, com maior percentual de BE e sobrepeso/obesidade encontrado, respectivamente, pelo Z-score/OMS-2006 e Z-score/Percentil/OMS-2006. Maior prevalência de BP e de desnutrição foram encontrados pelo CDC-2000.

OBJECTIVE: to assesment nutritionally children according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2006 growthreference and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2000 growth reference. METHODS: A transversaldescriptive study with children assisted in the ambulatory of Pediatric Gastroenterology of the Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará Foundation (FSCMPA), between october of 2006 and april of 2008. RESULTS: there most percentualof short stature was by Z-score/WHO charts and less by percentile/CDC charts. Overweight was 3,9% by Percentile/WHO, Z-score/WHO and z-score/CDC and 2,6% by percentil/CDC. Obesity was in 2,6% according percentile andZ-score/CDC and Percentile/WHO and in 1,3% by Z-score/WHO. Undernutrition was most diagnostic by Percentile/CDC, Z-score/CDC, percentile and Z-score/WHO in 8,9%, 22,4%, 17,1% e 11,9% respectivaly; low weight was accountedin most prevalence by Percentile/CDC and less prevalence by Percentile/WHO. CONCLUSION: the studyshowed similar results to those observed at other studies, whit good agreement between the two curves growth.

Comparação das curvas NCHS, CDC e OMS em crianças com risco cardiovascular / Comparison of NCHS, CDC, and WHO curves in children with cardiovascular risk

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade de acordo com três curvas de crescimento: OrganizaçãoMundialde Saúde(OMS/2006), National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS/1977) e Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/2000) em crianças com fatores de risco cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados dados de 118 crianças e adolescentes, com idade entre 2 e 19 anos, atendidos entre os anos de 2001 a 2009 no Ambulatório de Cardiologia Pediátrica Preventiva do Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso, altura, idade e sexo. Estas foram classificadas quanto aos critérios peso/idade, estatura/idade e índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Os pontos de corte adotados foram de três curvas de crescimento OMS/2006, NCHS/1977, CDC/2000. RESULTADOS: Quanto ao critério peso/idade pelo NCHS, 18% das crianças foram classificadas com eutrofia e 82% com peso elevado; pelo CDC, 28% eutróficas e 72% peso elevado; e pela OMS, 16,0% com eutrofia e 84% com peso elevado. Segundo o IMC, foram classificadas com baixo peso 0,8% da população, segundo CDC e OMS; eutróficos 7,6% e 6,8%, sobrepeso 26,3% e 11,9%, e com obesidade 65,3% e 80,5%, pelo CDC e OMS, respectivamente. Quanto ao critério estatura/idade, não houve diferença significativa entre os referenciais; em média, 98,3% da população estudada apresentou estatura adequada para idade. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que as novas curvas da OMS são mais sensíveis para identificar obesidade em uma população de risco, o que tem importantes implicações para o manejo preventivo e terapêutico.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to compare the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to three growth curves, created by theWorld Health Organization (WHO/2006), by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS/1977), and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/2000) in children with cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: Data from 118 children and adolescents, aged between 2 and 19 years, treated between the years 2001 to 2009 at the Pediatric Preventive Cardiology Outpatient Clinic of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre were evaluated. The variables analyzed were: weight, height, age, and gender. Variables were classified according to the following criteria: weight/age, height/age, and body mass index (BMI). The cutoff points used were obtained from the three growth curves: WHO/2006, NCHS/1977, and CDC/2000. RESULTS: Regarding the criterion weight/age by the NCHS curve, 18% of the children were classified as having normal weight, and 82% had excess weight; by the CDC curve, 28% had normal and 72% had excess weight; by the WHO curve, 16.0% had normal weight and 84% had excess weight. According to the BMI, 0.8% of the population was underweight. According to the CDC and WHO curves, 7.6% and 6.8% had normal weight; 26.3% and 11.9% were overweight; and 65.3% and 80.5% were obese, respectively. Regarding the height/age criterion, there was no significant difference between the references and, on average, 98.3% of the population showed adequate height for age. CONCLUSION: The new WHO curves are more sensitive to identify obesity in a population at risk, which has important implications for preventive and therapeutic management.

Curvas de crecimiento personalizadas para optimizar el diagnóstico de restricción de crecimiento intrauterino

Introducción: Los fetos con restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU) tienen riesgo alto de morbimortalidad perinatal y existe mucha dificultad para diferenciarlos de los pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG), debido a que incluso la ecografía Doppler tiene limitaciones al respecto. Se ha planteado que las curvas de crecimiento personalizadas podrían esclarecer esta disyuntiva. Objetivos: Diseñar un software con curvas de crecimiento personalizadas para optimizar el diagnóstico de RCIU en EsSalud. Diseño: estudio comparativo, observacional y descriptivo. Institución: Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), EsSalud, Lima, Perú. Participantes: Gestantes y sus fetos y recién nacidos. Metodología: Se construyó una curva de crecimiento con mediciones ultrasónicas de fetos de gestantes del HNERM cuyo peso se conoció al nacimiento y, en base a esta, se diseñó un software con curvas personalizadas. Se usó t de student, ANOVA y pruebas no paramétricas para el estudio estadístico y se consideró p<0,05 para la significancia. Principales medidas de resultados: Curva de crecimiento fetal personalizada. Resultados: Se seleccionó 29 239 recién nacidos, atendidos entre 2003 y 2010. El peso neonatal estuvo influido por la talla materna, el peso pregestacional, la edad materna (ANOVA: F=3,8; F= 214,7 y F=11,2, respectivamente; p<0,05), el sexo fetal masculino y la multiparidad (t de student; p<0,001). Se diseñó un software, basado en estos parámetros, para la predicción del peso fetal para cada semana gestacional. Conclusiones: Se diseñó un software con curvas de crecimiento intrauterino personalizadas para optimizar el diagnóstico de fetos con RCIU, en EsSalud.

Background: Fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are at high risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality and there is much difficulty to differentiate fetuses with IUGR from those small for gestational age (SGA), because even Doppler ultrasound has limitations in this regard. It has been suggested that customized growth curves could shed light on this dilemma. Objectives: To design a customized growth curves software to optimize IUGR diagnosis at EsSalud. Design: Comparative, observational and descriptive study. Setting: Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM), EsSalud, Lima, Peru. Participants: Pregnant women and their fetuses and newborns. Methods: An intrauterine growth curve was constructed with ultrasound fetal measurements born and newborn weight recorded at HNERM and, based on this a customized growth curves software was designed. Students t, ANOVA and non-parametric tests were used. Differences were considered significant when p <0.05. Main outcome measures: Customized fetal growth curve. Results: We selected 29 239 newborns between 2003 and 2010. Neonatal weight was found to be influenced by maternal height, pre-gestational weight, maternal age (ANOVA: F= 3.8; F= 214.7; and F=11.2 respectively; p<0,05), male fetal sex and multiparity (student t test, p<0,001). Software was designed based on these parameters for predicting fetal weight for each gestational week. Conclusions: Customized fetal growth curves software was designed in order to optimize IUGR fetuses diagnosis at EsSalud.

Experiencia en el uso de R para el ajuste de curvas de crecimiento / Using R for adjusting growths curves

La construcción de curvas de crecimiento para dimensiones antropométricas es un proceso engorroso que hasta ahora, en el país, se ha realizado manualmente. Con el objetivo de automatizar este proceso se realizó una actualización del estado del arte de métodos para ajuste de curvas de crecimiento basados en programas de computación. Se presenta una experiencia realizada con datos de circunferencia de cintura de varones entre 8 y 19 años de edad, residentes en Ciudad de La Habana en el año 1998, donde se aplicaron los métodos adoptados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la elaboración de patrones internacionales de crecimiento. El soporte computacional de dichos métodos se basa en el paquete GAMLSS del proyecto R, software de código abierto y completamente libre(AU)

Child growth curves construction is a tiresome and time consuming process that has been done manually till now in our country. A review of methods for adjusting growth curve was carried out in order to automate this process. Techniques and procedures adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the construction of child growth standards were applied to adjust waist circumference curve for boys from 8 to 19 years old. The methods recommended by WHO rest in the use of the computational package GAMLSS, which was developed in R, free and open source software for statistical computing(AU)

Establishment, Growth kinetics, and Susceptibility to AcMNPV of Heat Tolerant Lepidop teran Cell Lines / 中国病毒学·英文版

Lepidopteran heat-tolerant(ht)cell lines have been obtained with sf-9,sf-21 and several Bombyx cells.They have a distinct karyotype,membrane lipid composition,morphology and growth kinetics from the parental cell lines.In this paper,we report the development of ht cell lines from other insect species and examination of their growth characteristics and virus susceptibility.Adaptation of cell lines sf-9,BTI-TN-5131-4(High5)and BTI-TN-MG1(MG 1)to 33℃ and 35℃ was carried out by shifting the culture temperature between 28℃ and higher temperatures by a gradual stepwise increase in temperature.The process of adaption to a higher culture temperature was accomplished over a period of 2 months.The cell lines with the temperature adaption were designated as sf9-ht33,sf9-ht35,High5-ht33,High5-ht35,MG1-ht33,MG1-ht35.These cell lines have been subcultured over 70 passages.Adaption to high temperatures was confirmed by a constant population doubling time with individual cell lines.The population doubling time of heat adapted cell lines were 1-4 h less than these of parental cell lines.Cell shapes did not show obvious change,however,the cell size of sf9-ht cells was enlarged and those of High5 and MG1 ht cells were reduced after heat adaption.When the cell lines were infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus(AcMNPV)at 28℃,33℃,35℃ and 37℃,production of budded virus and occlusion bodies in each cell line was optimum at its own adapted temperature.

Beneficios nutricionales de la lactancia materna en menores de 6 meses / Nutritional benefits of breastfeeding in children under 6 months

La alimentación al pecho materno es la mejor opción que podemos y debemos ofrecer a los lactantes durante los primeros meses de vida. Se ha perdido la cultura del amamantamiento, de la crianza natural y, posiblemente, el vínculo afectivo natural entre madres e hijos. En Bolivia, la Lactancia Materna (LM) ha sido reimpulsada desde la década de los 90 y nuevamente ocupa un lugar preferente en la atención de los profesionales y trabajadores en salud, así como de importantes grupos de opinión social, medios de comunicación y autoridades de salud. Con el objetivo de determinar los beneficios nutricionales de la LM en menores de 6 meses y el grado de conocimiento materno, se realizaron encuestas a madres con hijos/as hasta los seis meses de edad, nacidos en el Hospital La Paz que acudieron al servicio de pediatría a control de niño sano. De 380 madres encuestadas, el 84% aseguraron conocer la importancia de la lactancia materna pero únicamente el 34% tenía una información clara; en cuanto a la técnica, un 74% sostuvo que la conocía con exactitud pero al ser valoradas, sólo el 22% demostró una técnica adecuada y completa. De todas las madres, 174 (47%) afirmaron que fue un doctor o una enfermera quien les enseñó la técnica de LM. De los/as lactantes, el 58% pertenecían al sexo femenino, el 77 % recibían lactancia materna exclusiva (LME); de aquellos con LME, el 75.5% se encontraban entre los desvíos standart de 0 a +3 de las tablas peso para talla en menores de 6 meses del AEIPI-Nut, mientras que sólo el 53.2% de alimentados con lactancia materna no exclusiva (LMNE) correspondían a estos mismos desvíos y de todos los lactantes el 50% recibía un número adecuado de tomas diarias. Se ha demostrado que aquellos niños/as que reciben lactancia materna exclusiva presentan mejores curvas de crecimiento. El grado de instrucción académica y la edad materna pueden favorecer la capacidad de la mujer para comprender la importancia de la lactancia materna exclusiva en menores de 6 meses. A pesar de los esfuerzos del personal de salud todavía existen dudas acerca de la técnica adecuada de LM. Debemos fomentar la lactancia materna natural exclusiva hasta los 6 meses y seguir capacitando al personal de salud para mejorar el desarrollo y crecimiento de los niños en Bolivia.

The maternal breast feeding is the best option that we can and we must provide to infants during the first months of life. The culture of breast feeding, natural parenting, and possibly the natural emotional link between mothers and children has been lost. In Bolivia, the maternal lactation (LM) has been relaunched since the early 1990s and again occupies pride of place in the attention of professionals and workers in health, as well as large groups of social opinion, media and health authorities. With the aim of determining the nutritional benefits of the LM in children under age of 6 months and the level of maternal awareness surveys were conducted to mothers with children up to six months of age, born in Hospital La Paz who went to the paediatric Centre healthy child control. 380 Surveyed mothers, 84 per cent claimed toknow the importance of breastfeeding, but only 34% had clear information; as to technique, 74% said that it was known exactly but valued, only 22% demonstrated a technique, appropriate and complete. Of all mothers, 174 (47%) claimed that he was a doctor or a nurse who taught the technique of LM. Of the / ACE nursing, 58% were female, 77 per cent were receiving exclusive breastfeeding (LME); those with SCI, the 75.5 per cent were between diversions standart 0 to + 3 of tables weight for height in children under 6 months of the AEIPI-Nut, while that only 53.2% of fed not exclusive breastfeeding (LMNE) corresponded to these same detours and 50% of all infants received an adequate number of shots . It has shown that those children who are exclusively breastfed have better growth curves. The degree of academic instruction and the maternal age may favour women's ability to understand the importance of exclusive breastfeeding among children under age 6 months. Despite the efforts of health workers, there are still doubts about the proper technique of LM. We must encourage natural exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months and further training of health personnel to improve the development and growth of children in Bolivia.