Chicles de nicotina frente a cigarrillos electrónicos para la reducción del hábito tabáquico / Nicotine chewing gum against electronic cigarettes for the reduction of tobacco habit / Goma de mascar de nicotina contra cigarros eletrônicos para reduzir o hábito de tabaco

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad de los chicles de nicotina frente al uso de cigarrillos electrónicos y mostrar si resultan más efectivos en la reducción del hábito tabáquico. Metodología: se incluyeron artículos en español, inglés y portugués disponibles en SciELO, Google Académico, EBSCO, Cochrane Library y LILACS, a través de ecuaciones construidas con MeSH y DeCS y operadores booleanos AND y OR (("Cigarrillos electrónicos" OR "e-Cigs" OR "Cigarros electrónicos") OR ("Chicle" OR "Goma de mascar de nicotina") AND ("Cesación de tabaquismo")), se clasificaron por nivel de evidencia y grado de recomendación. Las consideraciones éticas se adoptaron conforme a la Resolución 8430 de 1993. Resultados: la búsqueda inicial arrojó 1.468 artículos, que se redujeron a 28 textos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se construyeron cinco temáticas en las que se incluyen comparación de métodos, formas de evaluación, rangos etarios, índices de adicción, patologías asociadas e índice de mortalidad, componentes y efectos fisiológicos del cigarrillo electrónico y convencional. Conclusiones: se evidencia que las cantidades de nicotina de los cigarrillos electrónicos producen efectos adversos irreversibles para la salud y pueden generar mayor dependencia.

Abstract Objective: Compare the effectiveness of nicotine gum versus the use of electronic cigarettes and show whether they are more effective in reducing smoking. Methodology: Articles in Spanish, English and Portuguese, available from SciELO, Google Academic, EBSCO, Cochrane Library and LILACS, were included through equations built with MeSH and DeCS and Boolean operators AND Dec's OR (("Electronic cigarettes" OR "E-Cigs" OR "Electronic Cigars") OR ("Chewing gum" OR "Nicotine chewing gum") AND ("Smoking cessation")). The articles were critically read, and classified by level of evidence and degree of recommendation. Ethical considerations were adopted in accordance with Resolution 8430 of 1993. Results: The initial search yielded 1,468 articles, which were reduced to 28 units that contributed to the stated objective. Five themes were built, which include a comparison of methods, evaluation forms, age ranges, addiction rates, associated pathologies and mortality rate, components and physiological effects of the conventional and electronic cigarette. Conclusions: It is evident that the amounts of nicotine of e-cigarettes produce irreversible adverse health effects and can lead to increased dependency.

Resumo Objetivo: Compare a eficácia da goma de mascar de nicotina versus o uso de cigarros eletrônicos e mostre se eles são mais eficazes na redução do tabagismo. Metodologia: Os artigos em espanhol, inglês e português, disponíveis na SciELO, no Google Acadêmico, na EBSCO, na Cochrane Library e na LILACS, foram incluídos por meio de equações construídas com os operadores MeSH e DeCS e booleanos AND e OR (("cigarros eletrônicos" OU "E-Cigs" ou "charutos eletrônicos") OR ("goma de mascar" ou "goma de mascar de nicotina") AND ("cessação do tabagism")). Os artigos foram lidos criticamente e classificados por nível de evidência e grau de recomendação. Considerações éticas foram adotadas de acordo com a Resolução 8430 de 1993. Resultados: A pesquisa inicial produziu 1.468 artigos, reduzidos a 28 unidades que contribuíram para o objetivo declarado. Foram construídos cinco temas que incluem a comparação de métodos, formas de avaliação, faixas etárias, taxas de dependência, patologias e taxa de mortalidade associadas, componentes e efeitos fisiológicos dos cigarros convencionais e eletrônicos. Conclusões: É evidente que as quantidades de nicotina dos Os cigarros eletrônicos produzem efeitos adversos irreversíveis à saúde e podem levar ao aumento da dependência.

Gum hypertrophy in acute myeloid leukemia: an important clinical finding not to be missed

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterized by disordered differentiation and proliferation of abnormal hematopoietic stem cells. AML usually presents with symptoms of anemia like pallor and fatigue, recurrent infections, petechiae, and mucosal bleeds. Extramedullary infiltration of leukemic cells is a common finding like proptosis or myeloid sarcoma. The occurrence of gingival hypertrophy in the pediatric age group is uncommon and usually due to inflammation followed by prolonged use of certain drugs like cyclosporin or phenytoin. Gingival infiltration in AML is rare in children, usually associated with subtypes M4/M5 (FAB classification). This case report highlights the importance of considering AML as an important differential diagnosis in cases of gum hypertrophy, as being a less common cause, it is often overlooked. Timely diagnosis and prompt treatment can be lifesaving. Here, we report two cases who presented with gum hypertrophy.

FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF VORICONAZOLE TABLETS CONTAINING SOLID DISPERSION WITH ENHANCED SOLUBILITY, DISSOLUTION AND BIOAVAILABILITY

This research work enhances the solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of Voriconazole which belongs to BCS II class. Carboxymethyl tamarind gum was synthesized by using carboxymethylation of tamarind gum. Solid dispersion of Voriconazole was developed by kneading method followed by immediate release tablets. Solid dispersion characterised for solubility and instrumental analysis. Tablets were evaluated for dissolution study. Solid dispersions were confirmed by presence of distinctive peaks at 1745.58 cm-1 (C=O) and 1402 cm-1 (-COO-), using Infrared spectroscopy. The weight loss of 3.91% and 54.42 % at 100°C and in the rage of 235°C-425°C respectively was observed. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of carboxymethyl tamarind gum displayed three distinct peaks of C1, -OH, and CH2O- group. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that ccarboxymethyl tamarind gum exhibits an amorphous structure. Soild dispersion of Voriconazole were developed using the kneading method, incorporating carboxymethyl tamarind gum. Compared to traditional methods, Solid dispersion formulated with carboxymethyl tamarind gum demonstrated a significant increase in solubility enhancement, ranging from 68.12 to 74.37-fold. Notably, the SD5 formulation exhibited complete release from the solid dispersion within 120 minutes. In rat models, Voriconazole levels in the bloodstream were markedly elevated with the administration of solid dispersion. Furthermore, dissolution profiles of all formulation batches showed considerable improvement. These findings shed light on effective strategies for enhancing the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, thus contributing to the advancement of drug delivery systems.

High population levels lead Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to unrecorded feeding and oviposition behaviors on Eucalyptus urograndis plants

Abstract The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition.

Resumo O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets

Abstract Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Resumo Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

High population levels lead Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) to unrecorded feeding and oviposition behaviors on Eucalyptus urograndis plants / Altos níveis populacionais levam Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) a diferentes comportamentos de alimentação e oviposição em plantas de Eucalyptus urograndis

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), an insect pest originating in Australia and which feeds only on Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plants, has spread to several countries. The populations of this insect commonly reach high populations on Eucalyptus plants since its entry into Brazil, and also indicated an unrecorded behavioral. The objectives of this study were to describe a peculiar adaptation in the feeding habit of G. brimblecombei and to register the new habit. The oviposition and feeding by G. brimblecombei, commonly, on the leaves of Eucalyptus, started to occur, also, on lignified twigs. This suggests a not yet recorded adaptation of this insect to reduce insect × plant intraspecific competition.

O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore, 1964 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), um inseto praga originário da Austrália e que se alimenta apenas de plantas de Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae), se espalhou por vários países. Esse inseto, geralmente, atinge grandes populações em plantas de Eucalyptus desde sua entrada no Brasil e, também, indicou um comportamento diferente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever uma adaptação peculiar no hábito alimentar de G. brimblecombei e registrar o novo hábito. A oviposição e alimentação por G. brimblecombei, geralmente, nas folhas de Eucalyptus, passaram a ocorrer, também, em ramos lignificados. Isso sugere uma adaptação diferente desse inseto para reduzir a competição intraespecífica inseto × planta.

Evaluation of different Starch Binders on physical quality of fish feed pellets / Avaliação de diferentes aglutinantes de amido na qualidade física de rações para peixes

Binders are the products that are used to bind, glue or hold the various feed ingredients together in order to maintain pellet integrity. For aqua-culturists, feed manufacturing is an expensive exercise due to the high cost of ingredients along with traditional artificial binders. The use of grain starches as aqua feed binders have advantages which include availability of that binder, nutritional contribution, and minimization of feed cost. A research trial was conducted to test physical properties such as palatability, water stability, dustiness, friability, settling velocity and floatation time of locally available starch i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum and to assist their incorporation in on-farm aqua feed. Results revealed that among these three starch, the starch from pea source was proved superior over other two (wheat gluten and guar gum) as all physical quality parameters (dustiness, water stability and friability) revealed better performance of pea starch except pelletability in which guar gum performed best. Although not a single diet proved best in case of flotation time (Tf) and settling velocity (Vset) at varying lengths (6mm, 9mm and 12 mm). This finding indicates the significance of suitable binders for optimal water pollution and sustainable aquaculture. The use of these binders i.e. wheat gluten, pea starch and guar gum in fish feed pellets may also reduce dependence on synthetic binders and minimizes cost.

Aglutinantes são produtos usados para unir, colar ou manter juntos os vários ingredientes da ração, a fim de conservar a integridade do pellet. Para os aquicultores, a fabricação de ração é uma atividade difícil e cara por causa do alto preço dos aglutinantes artificiais tradicionais. O uso de amidos de grãos como aglutinantes de rações aquáticas tem vantagens que incluem acessibilidade, disponibilidade, contribuição nutricional e minimização do custo da ração. Um ensaio de pesquisa foi conduzido para testar propriedades físicas, como palatabilidade, estabilidade em água, pulverulência, friabilidade, velocidade de sedimentação e tempo de flutuação de amido disponível localmente, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, e para auxiliar sua incorporação em rações aquáticas. Os resultados revelaram que, entre esses três amidos, o amido de ervilha se mostrou superior aos outros dois (glúten de trigo e goma de guar), pois todos os parâmetros de qualidade física (pulverulência, estabilidade da água e friabilidade) obtiveram melhor desempenho, exceto peletabilidade, em que a goma de guar se destacou. Nenhuma dieta se mostrou melhor no caso de tempo de flotação (Tf) e velocidade de sedimentação em comprimentos variados (6 mm, 9 mm e 12 mm). Essa descoberta indica a importância de aglutinantes adequados para a poluição ótima da água e a aquicultura sustentável. O uso desses aglutinantes, ou seja, glúten de trigo, amido de ervilha e goma de guar, em pellets de ração para peixes também pode reduzir a dependência de aglutinantes sintéticos e minimizar o custo.

Evaluation of Cordia Dichotoma gum as A Potent Excipient for the Formulation of Film

Films were prepared (viz. CDF1, CDF2, CDF3, CDF4, CDF5) using five parts of 10% w/w of mucilage of gum of Cordia dichotoma with different proportions of plasticizers methyl paraben and glycerine. The films were casted on mercury plate. Films prepared with different proportion of gum and 0.2 % w/v methyl paraben, 2.5% w/v of glycerine showed satisfactory drying after 24 h. They were evaluated for qualitative phytochemical analysis followed by mechanical properties like water uptake, tensile strength, folding endurance, and water vapor transmission rate and stability studies also done for plane film. Further, the gum was evaluated for release parameter with model drug diclofenac sodium (0.5% w/w) with same composition of methyl paraben and glycerine. The study found that the CDF3 film shows the best result among other batches of C. dichotoma.

EVALUATION OF BAICALEIN LOADED HYDROGEL FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC WOUND HEALING

The Present study aimed to perform a detailed in-vivo study of prepared baicalein (BCA) loaded hydrogel for wound healing effect and effect was compared with the marketed formulation. Prepared hydrogels were characterized and optimized already in previous study. Baicalein-loaded hydrogel (GG-GC-HGs) was prepared by using glycol chitosan gellan gum polymers. Prepared hydrogels were evaluated for wound healing effect using diabetic wound model (Streptozotocin induced) in rats. The wound healing effect was observed by measurement of wound contraction and biochemical estimation (Hydroxyproline, protein content and antioxidant assay) in the wound tissue after treatment. Histological examination of wound tissue was observed. Results of study showed that percent wound contraction of baicalein loaded GG-GC-HGs treated animal group showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction after 10th day of treatment and healed completely on 18th day. Hydroxyproline and protein content were increased significantly with treatment of baicalein-loaded GG-GC-HGs and results were comparable with reference group (Hydroheal Gel) of animals. Antioxidant status was restored after treatment with BCA loaded GG-GC-HGs. The histological observation of wound tissues supported these results. In conclusion, baicalein loaded hydrogel showed prominent wound healing effect through increasing epithelialization, fibroblast proliferation and reducing oxidative stress in diabetic condition.

Quality Evaluation and Economics of Gum Cluster Bean Genotypes under Akola Conditions

A field experiment was carried out in 2020-21 at Instructional Farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. PDKV, Akola with the objective to find out superior genotype of cluster bean for its quality parameters and cost of production i.e., gum content (%), protein content (%), test weight (g) and economics respectively. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and twelve treatments as genotypes. With respect to quality parameters, genotype IC-329639(T4) recorded maximum gum content (32.86 %), while maximum protein content (38.33 %) was found in genotype IC-298638(T8) and maximum (3.98 g) test weight in the genotype IC-421837(T7). Consequently, with regards to economics, highest gross returns (Rs 174000 ha-1), net returns (Rs 129137.7 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.87) was recorded in the genotype IC-329639(T4).

Alteración en la integridad de la membrana basal en agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento ortodóncico / Alteration of the Basal Membrane Integrity in Orthodontic Treatment-Induced Gingival Enlargement

Introducción: El agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia es un aumento progresivo, localizado o generalizado del tejido gingival. Objetivo: Determinar aspectos morfológicos en la membrana basal del tejido gingival de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, donde se analizaron tejidos gingivales de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia (grupo test: n=5) e individuos sanos (grupo control: n=5) mediante análisis histológicos e inmunohistoquímico con anticuerpo policlonal anti-citoqueratina 14. Las interrupciones de la membrana basal grado 1 y grado 2 fueron identificadas. Fue utilizado el programa estadístico R versión 4.0.2 para Windows. Se declaró significancia si p <0,05. Resultados: Se constató la presencia de rupturas de la membrana basal en todos los pacientes del grupo test. Estos individuos presentaron una mayor cantidad de cambios morfológicos en el tejido gingival. Exponiendo así, valores estadísticamente significativos de rupturas de la membrana basal (Grado I) y rupturas rodeadas de células epiteliales y/o fibroblastos gingivales (Grado II) en comparación con el grupo control (p <0,001). Conclusión: El tejido epitelial de pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia presenta una evidente pérdida en la integridad de la membrana basal. Estas discontinuidades sugieren un aumento considerable de la plasticidad del epitelio en pacientes con agrandamiento gingival inducido por tratamiento de ortodoncia.

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement is a progressive, localized or generalized increase in gingival tissue. Objective: To determine morphologic aspects in the basal membrane of the gingival tissue in patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out, in which gingival tissues of patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement (test group: n=5) and healthy individuals (control group: n=5) were analyzed by histological and immunohistochemical analysis with the polyclonal antibody anticytokeratin 14. Grade 1 and grade 2 disrupted basal membrane were identified. The statistical program R (version 4.0.2) for Windows was used. Significance was declared if p was greater than 0.05. Results: The presence of disrupted basal membranes was observed in all the patients from the test group. These individuals presented a greater number of morphological changes in the gingival tissue. Compared to the control group (p < 0.001), statistically significant values were observed for cases of disrupted basal membrane (grade I) and disruptions surrounded by epithelial cells or gingival fibroblasts (grade II). Conclusion: The epithelial tissue of patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement shows an evident loss of the basal membrane integrity. These discontinuities are suggestive of a considerable increase in epithelial plasticity in patients with orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement.

Optimization of Colour Parameters of Different Gluten-free Pasta Samples Using Response Surface Methodology

Colour plays an important role in consumer’s perception and acceptability of the food product. Therefore, colour measurement and analysis is one of the most important quality attributes to optimize the quality and value of food. Different blends of gluten-free maize flour, finger millet (Ragi) flour and quinova flour were used as raw materials for the development of pasta. Hunter Lab Colorimeter was used for measuring the surface color of the uncooked pasta samples. High quality pasta (either fresh or dried) is normally yellow in colour and the degree of yellowness can be calculated by using b* and L* values. Quality of pasta developed by different blend ratio of maize, ragi and quinova flours with different levels of CMC, Karaya Gum and dried at different drying temperature and air flow rates were evaluated in terms of L* values (lightness), b* values (yellowness) and Yellowness Index (YI). Results of colour analysis of gluten-free pasta samples indicated a significant effect of flours on L*, b* and YI while drying air temperature have a significant effect on b* values. Pasta samples prepared following optimized formulation 50:25:25 (Maize flour: Ragi, flour: Quinova flour) blend ratio, 5g CMC per 100g of blend ratio, 2.5g Karaya Gum per 100g of blend ratio, 60 0C drying air temperature and 0.78 m/sec. air flow rate provided optimum L*, b* and YI values with overall desirability of 0.545.

EVALUATION OF VATERIA INDICA MODIFIED GUM AS A RELEASE RETARDANT MATRIX IN THE TABLET DOSAGE FORM

Objective: A natural gum from Vateria indica was investigated as a novel matrix-forming material for sustained drug delivery using diclofenac potassium as a model drug.Methods: In the current investigation, we formulated a matrix tablet using chloroform soluble gum portion of Vateria indica modified gum (VIMG) as a natural matrix-forming agent. It was used with a drug-polymer ratio ranging from 1:0.5 to 1:4.5. The pre-compression study of the powder blends was done by calculating bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, and carr’s index, compressibility, and hausner’s ratio. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method and prepared tablets were evaluated and were found according to the official guidelines by pharmacopeia. The in vitro drug release was carried out using USP paddle type II apparatus and the release was found to be sustained.Results: The formulation VIMG-5 containing drug: polymer ratio 1:2.5 showed the 96.26%±1.73 drug release in 12 h. The results showed that chloroform soluble fraction of Vateria indica can be used as a drug release modifier to delay the rate of drug release, which depended on the amount of gum composition, as the concentration of gum was increased, there was sustained the drug release with promising accelerated stability.Conclusion: The evaluation studies on sustained release matrix tablets using Vateria indica chloroform soluble portion of gum as natural material demonstrate the multivariate applications such as matrix forming, binder, and release retardant of the gum in tablet formulation.

Effects of chewing gum on mask contamination

Aims@#The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chewing gum affects mask contamination.@*Methodology and results@#Two groups of participants were requested to wear a mask for 15 min with (experimental group) or without (control group) chewing gum. Then, masks were collected and CFU calculation and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. We found that temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside of the mask significantly increased when wearing a mask while chewing gum. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in both groups. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Bacillus wiedmannii were found in only the experimental group.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Chewing gum significantly increased the temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside the mask. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. oralis, S. parasanguinis and B. wiedmannii were detected inside the mask after chewing gum.

Immobilization of Lactobacillus bulgaricus with gellan gum and its application in continuous fermentation of D-lactic acid from corn straw / 生物工程学报

Biorefinery of chemicals from straw is an effective approach to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by straw burning. In this paper, we prepared gellan gum immobilized Lactobacillus bulgaricus T15 gel beads (LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads), characterized their properties, and established a continuous cell recycle fermentation process for D-lactate (D-LA) production using the LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The fracture stress of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was (91.68±0.11) kPa, which was 125.12% higher than that of the calcium alginate immobilized T15 gel beads (calcium alginate-T15 gel beads). This indicated that the strength of LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads was stronger, and the strain was less likely to leak out. The average D-LA production was (72.90±2.79) g/L after fermentation for ten recycles (720 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads as the starting strain and glucose as the substrate, which was 33.85% higher than that of calcium alginate-T15 gel beads and 37.70% higher than that of free T15. Subsequently, glucose was replaced by enzymatically hydrolyzed corn straw and fermented for ten recycles (240 h) using LA-GAGR-T15 gel beads. The yield of D-LA reached (1.74±0.79) g/(L·h), which was much higher than that of using free bacteria. The wear rate of gel beads was less than 5% after ten recycles, which indicated that LA-GAGR is a good carrier for cell immobilization and can be widely used in industrial fermentation. This study provides basic data for the industrial production of D-LA using cell-recycled fermentation, and provides a new way for the biorefinery of D-LA from corn straw.

Clinical effect of gum chewing combined with in-bed bicycle pedalling exercises in early rehabilitation for puerpera after caesarean section / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the effect of gum chewing combined with in-bed bicycle pedalling exercises on puerpera in first flatus and early ambulation after caesarean section so as to provide an effective approach to promoting maternal recovery after caesarean section.Methods A total of 80 puerpera from a general hospital in Guangzhou were selected as the study subjects by convenience sampling method.The puerpera who received caesarean section between October and December 2021were assigned to the control group(n=40)and the puerpera who received caesarean section between January to March 2022 were assigned to the observation group(n=40).Puerpera in the control group received routine nursing,while those in the intervention group were treated with a combination of gum chewing and in-bed bicycle pedalling exercises.The time of the first flatus and the time of ambulation 24 hours after intervention were observed and compared between the groups.Results All puerpera in the two groups completed the study.The time of the first flatus in the observation group was significantly earlier than that in the control group(25.63±11.39 hours vs.30.85±10.65 hours,P<0.05).The time for first ambulation in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group(34.89±4.83 h vs.39.0±4.15,P<0.05).Conclusions Gum chewing combined with bicycle-pedalling exercises can help an early flatus,help puerpera to achieve an earlier ambulation,and improve early rehabilitation after caesarean section.The method is simple,feasible,comfortable,safe and easy to be accepted.

Formulation optimization and analysis of taste-masking effect of licorzine granules based on sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method / 药学学报

Licorzine granules are common preparations for children zinc deficiency. Considering the long course of treatment, the taste of licorzine granules may become a main factor affecting medication adherence. To date there have been no taste evaluation research into licorzine granules yet. In this study, both sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method were utilized to optimize licorzine granules formulations, evaluate the tastes of licorzine, excipients, optimized formulation in vivo and in vitro. As the results show, bitterness and astringency are the main unpleasant tastes generating from licorzine. Xanthan gum is the main taste-masking excipient, lowering down the bitterness and astringency of licorzine by at least one grade. Good correlation exists between the results of sensory evaluation and electronic tongue method, and an integrated combination of the two helps to obtain objective and rational research conclusions. The adult sensory evaluation study was a research-based clinical trial conducted with informed consent from all subjects in accordance with the ethical requirements of Good Clinical Practice.

Application of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation of colonoscopy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in colonoscopy intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation.Methods:Using the method of clinical controlled trial and convenient sampling, 126 patients who underwent painless colonoscopy in Shaoxing Second Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the study subjects. The patients were divided into control group and observation group with 63 cases in each group by random number table method. The control group was prepared for routine colonoscopy, and the observation group was intervened with chewing gum on the basis of the operation method of the control group. The intestinal cleanliness, the effect of removing bubbles in the intestinal tract, the time consuming of colonoscopy operation (time consuming of inserting the colonoscope and time consuming of removing the colonoscope), defecation (time consuming of first defecation after operation, time consuming of stool emptying before operation) and adverse reactions during colonoscopy were compared between the two groups.Results:Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the general data between the two groups ( P>0.05). After intervention, the cleanliness scores of the right colon, transverse colon and left colon in the observation group were (2.12 ± 0.58) points, (2.23 ± 0.75) points and (2.18 ± 0.46) points respectively, which were higher than those of the control group (1.82 ± 0.63) points, (1.93 ± 0.72) points and (1.90 ± 0.81) points, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-2.78, -2.29, -2.39, all P<0.05). The score of the effect of removing bubbles in the intestine in the observation group was (1.12 ± 0.41) points, it was lower than that of the control group (1.87 ± 0.45) points, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=9.78, P<0.05). After intervention, the time of inserting the mirror, the time of first defecation after operation and the time of emptying stool before operation in the observation group were (5.46 ± 1.12) min, (50.36 ± 10.67) min and (141.03 ± 14.31) min respectively, which were lower than those in the control group (6.53 ± 1.25) min, (67.02 ± 11.25) min and (153.35 ± 17.32) min, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.06, 8.53, 4.35, all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the time of withdrawing the mirror ( P>0.05) and adverse reactions ( t=1.49, χ2=0.00, both P>0.05). Conclusions:Chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drip can improve the effect of intestinal preparation and promote the rehabilitation after colonoscopy without increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Locust bean gum hydrogels are bioadhesive and improve indole-3-carbinol cutaneous permeation: influence of the polysaccharide concentration

Abstract The locust bean gum (LBG) is a polysaccharide with thickening, stabilizing and gelling properties and it has been used in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels (HGs) are obtained from natural or synthetic materials that present interesting properties for skin application. This study aimed to develop HGs from LBG using indole-3-carbinol (I3C) as an asset model for cutaneous application. HGs were prepared by dispersing LBG (2%, 3% and 4% w/v) directly in cold water. The formulations showed content close to 0.5 mg/g (HPLC) and pH ranging from 7.25 to 7.41 (potentiometry). The spreadability factor (parallel plate method) was inversely proportional to LBG concentration. The rheological evaluation (rotational viscometer) demonstrated a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior (Ostwald De Weale model), which is interesting for cutaneous application. The HET-CAM evaluation showed the non-irritating characteristic of the formulations. The bioadhesive potential demonstrated bioadhesion in a concentration-dependent manner. Permeation in human skin using Franz cells showed that the highest LBG concentration improved the skin distribution profile with greater I3C amounts in the viable skin layers. The present study demonstrated the feasibility of preparing HGs with LBG and the formulation with the highest polymer concentration was the most promising to transport active ingredients through the skin.

Acacia senegal inhibits diabetic nephropathy ultrastructure alteration and renal biomarkers changes in rats / Acacia senegal inhibe la alteración de la ultraestructura de la nefropatía diabética y los cambios en los biomarcadores renales en rata

SUMMARY: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes. Several studies have been done in a trial to protect against this problem at the ultrastructure level. This study investigates the protective effect of oral administration of Acacia senegal (AS) against the development of DN. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Acacia senegal control, Diabetic untreated, diabetic insulin-treated, Diabetic AS treated, and Diabetic insulin and AS combined treated groups. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum Albumin, creatinine, urine creatinine was measured using specific kits. Determinations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were done. The renal tissues of both kidneys were prepared to investigate under both light (LM) and electron microscope (EM). Ultrastructure examination of renal rats tissue of diabetic untreated rats showed the destruction of the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells together with hemorrhage in glomerular capsules (Bowman's capsules). On the other side, both LM and EM revealed improving the endothelial cells and the other glomerular capsules structures, especially with the combined treated group, which confirmed the improvement of the biochemical investigation in the study. In conclusion, from the present study, using the oral AS together with SC insulin could be protected against the development of DN.

RESUMEN: La nefropatía diabética (ND) es la complicación más común de la diabetes. Se han realizado varios estudios de ensayo para abordar esta dificultad a nivel de ultraestructura. Este estudio investiga el efecto protector de la administración oral de Acacia senegal (AS) contra el desarrollo de la ND. Se dividieron sesenta ratas albinas machos aleatoriamente en seis grupos: control, control de Acacia senegal, diabéticos no tratados, diabéticos tratados con insulina, diabéticos tratados con AS y grupos tratados con compuesto de insulina diabética + AS. Se midieron utilizando kits específicos, glucosa plasmática, HbA1c, albúmina sérica, creatinina en sangre y en orina. Se registraron la creatinina y la presión arterial. Los tejidos renales de ambos riñones se prepararon para investigar tanto con microscopio óptico (MO) como electrónico (ME). El examen de la ultraestructura del tejido renal de ratas diabéticas no tratadas mostró la destrucción de la membrana basal glomerular y las células endoteliales junto con hemorragia en las cápsulas glomerulares (cápsulas de Bowman). Por otro lado, tanto MO como ME revelaron una mejora de las células endoteliales y las estructuras capsulares glomerulares, en el grupo tratado con el compuesto, lo que confirmó la mejora de la investigación bioquímica. En conclusión, el uso de AS oral en combinación con insulina podría proteger contra el desarrollo de ND.