Efetividade e custos de modelos de cuidados transitórios em atenção domiciliar: revisão integrativa / Effectiveness and costs of transitional care models in home care: integrative review / Eficacia y costes de los modelos de cuidados transitorios en la atención domiciliaria: revisión integradora

Objetivo: analisar efetividade e custos de modelos de cuidados transitórios em atenção domiciliar de pacientes com condições agudas e crônicas comparados a outras modalidades. Método: revisão integrativa de uma amostra de 18 artigos dentre os 278 pesquisados em sete bases de dados. Resultados: Destacaram-se, em 15 modelos de cuidados transitórios, os de: reabilitação; terapêuticas parenterais; acompanhamento de doenças crônicas; pós-operatórios e internação domiciliar. Foram efetivos para tratar condições agudas ou crônicas agudizadas; simplificar acesso a hospital; prevenir readmissões; reduzir tempo de internação; ampliar adesão em reabilitação ambulatorial, reduzir mortalidade e melhorar estado emocional/sobrecarga do cuidador. O principal componente de custo foi os valores de diárias. Em nove estudos, os modelos significaram quedas no custo geral com internação. Conclusão: Cuidados transitórios em Atenção Domiciliar possibilitam a continuidade do tratamento com efetividade e economia para provedores e sistemas de saúde

Objective: to analyze the effectiveness and costs of transitional care models in home care of patients with acute and chronic conditions compared with other modalities. Method:integrative review of a sample of 18 articles among the 278 searched in seven databases. Results: among 15 transitional care models, the following stood out: rehabilitation; parenteral therapies; chronic disease follow-up; postoperative care; and home hospitalization. They were effective in treating acute or chronic conditions; simplifying access to hospital; preventing readmissions; reducing length of stay; increasing adherence to outpatient rehabilitation, reducing mortality, and improving emotional status/caregiver burden. The main cost component was per diem rates. In nine studies, the models meant decreases in overall hospitalization costs. Conclusion: transitional care in home care enables effective and cost-efficient continuity of care for providers and health systems.

Objetivo: analizar la efectividad y los costes de los modelos de cuidados transitorios en la atención domiciliaria de pacientes con patologías agudas y crónicas en comparación con otras modalidades. Método: revisión integradora en una muestra de 18 artículos, entre 278 encontrados en siete bases de datos. Resultados: Entre los 15 modelos de cuidados transitorios destacaron los siguientes: rehabilitación; terapias parenterales; seguimiento de enfermedades crónicas; cuidados postoperatorios; y hospitalización a domicilio. Los modelos fueron eficaces para tratar enfermedades agudas o crónicas; simplificar el acceso al hospital; prevenir los reingresos; reducir la duración de la estancia; aumentar la adherencia a la rehabilitación ambulatoria; reducir la mortalidad; y mejorar el estado emocional/la carga para los cuidadores. El principal componente de coste fueron las tarifas diarias. En nueve estudios, los modelos resultaron en una disminución de los costes generales de hospitalización. Conclusión: Los cuidados de transición en la atención domiciliaria permiten una continuidad asistencial eficaz y rentable para los proveedores y los sistemas sanitarios

Costos médicos directos de los pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular isquémico en un hospital público de Bogotá, Colombia / Direct medical costs of ischemic stroke in a public hospital in Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: El ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi) es la segunda causa de muerte en Colombia. Se estimó que los costos asociados al ACVi podrían alcanzar los COP 5000 millones durante el 2019. Objetivo: Describir los costos médicos directos de los pacientes que sufren de ACVi en una institución en Bogotá durante el 2020. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal que analiza los costos médicos directos de la atención hospitalaria de adultos que sufrieron un ACVi durante el 2020. Se compararon los costos, la estancia y los desenlaces clínicos de pacientes que recibieron trombólisis frente aquellos que no la recibieron. Resultados: Los costos directos relacionados con 132 pacientes con ACVi fueron COP 1.218.970.831 en el año 2020 en nuestra institución. El costo promedio por paciente fue COP 7.845.073. Entre los eventos hospitalarios, las imágenes diagnósticas y otros métodos diagnósticos representaron la mayor proporción de costos (40 %), entre los que se destacó la angiotomografía de cabeza y cuello. La severidad del ACV influyó significativamente en los costos totales (p = 0,018), así como en los costos de los medicamentos (p < 0,001), procedimientos (p < 0,001) y la estancia hospitalaria (p < 0,029). Los pacientes sometidos a trombólisis resultaron 1,33 veces más costosos que aquellos con manejo médico (p < 0,001), sin que ello afectara de manera significativa la duración de la estancia ni la tasa de letalidad. Conclusión: La trombólisis intravenosa en el ACVi implica un aumento significativo en los costos directos, pero reduce la carga de discapacidad en los pacientes tratados. Los costos se incrementan con la severidad del ACVi y la realización de algunos procedimientos adicionales.

Abstract Introduction: Ischemic stroke (IS) is the second leading cause of death in Colombia. The costs associated with IS were estimated to reach COP 5 billion during 2019. Objective: To describe the direct medical costs of patients suffering from IS in an institution in Bogotá during 2020. Methodology: A cross-sectional study analyzing the direct medical costs of hospital care for adults who experienced IS during 2020. Costs, length of stay, and clinical outcomes of patients who received thrombolysis were compared to those who did not. Results: Direct costs related to 132 IS patients were COP 1,218,970,831 in 2020 at our institution. The average price per patient was COP 7,845,073. Among hospital events, diagnostic imaging and other diagnostic methods represented the highest proportion of costs (40 %), with head and neck angiography standing out. IS severity significantly influenced total costs (p = 0.018), as well as medication costs (p < 0.001), procedures (p < 0.001), and hospital stay (p < 0.029). Thrombolysis patients were 1.33 times more costly than those with medical management (p < 0.001), without significantly affecting the length of stay or mortality rate. Tracheitis (p < 0.001) and gastrostomy (p = 0.007) were associated complications that increased both costs and hospital stay. Conclusion: Intravenous thrombolysis in IS involves a significant increase in direct costs but reduces the burden of disability in treated patients. Costs increase with the severity of IS and the performance of specific additional procedures.

Estimation of antimicrobial costs in cases of surgical site infection / Estimación de los costes antimicrobianos en casos de infección del sitio quirúrgico / Estimativa dos custos com antimicrobianos em casos de infecção de sítio cirúrgico

Objective: To estimate the costs of antimicrobials in patients with surgical site infections (SSI). Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with retrospective documentary analysis conducted at a tertiary public hospital with seven surgical rooms, averaging 750 surgeries per month.The micro-costing method used was the average direct cost of antibiotics, excluding intraoperative prophylactic antibiotics. Hospital infection investi-gation records were analyzed, and the study included records of patients diagnosed with confirmed surgical site infections (n=79) in 2021. Clinical data and direct costs of antimicrobials were examined. Results: The infection rate in this study was 6.76%. The specialties with the highest representation were digestive system and urological surgeries. Vancomycin was the most used antimicrobial, resulting in a total expenditure of R$ 7,345.68. Tigecycline incurred the highest total cost, amounting to R$ 79,655.52. Antimicrobials used to treat the 79 confirmed cases of SSIs totaled R$ 211,790.21 in costs. Conclusion: The average cost of antimicrobials per patient with SSI, considering total hospitalization days, was R$ 2,680.88, a significant component of total treatment costs. It is recommended to include cost analysis in the planning of hospital infection protocols. (AU)

Objetivo: Estimar los costos de los antimicrobianos en pacientes con infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ). Método: Este es un estudio descrip-tivo, transversal con análisis documental retrospectivo realizado en un hospital público terciario con siete salas quirúrgicas, con un promedio de 750 ciru-gías por mes. Se utilizó el método de microcosteo, calculando el costo directo promedio de los antibióticos, excluyendo los utilizados como profilaxis intraoperatoria. Se analizaron registros de investigación de infecciones hospitalarias, incluyendo pacientes diagnosticados con ISQ confirmadas (n=79) en 2021. Se examinaron datos clínicos y costos directos de los antimicrobianos. Resultados: La tasa de infección en este estudio fue del 6.76%. Las espe-cialidades con mayor representación fueron cirugías del sistema digestivo y urológicas. El antimicrobiano más utilizado fue la vancomicina, con un gasto total de R$ 7,345.68. Tigeciclina tuvo el costo total más alto, alcanzando R$ 79,655.52. Los antimicrobianos utilizados para tratar los 79 casos confirma-dos de ISQ sumaron R$ 211,790.21 en costos. Conclusión: El costo promedio de los antimicrobianos por paciente con ISQ, considerando los días totales de hospitalización, fue de R$ 2,680.88, un componente significativo de los costos totales de tratamiento. Se recomienda incluir análisis de costos en la planificación de protocolos de infección hospitalaria. (AU)

Objetivo: Estimar os custos com antimicrobianos em pacientes com infecções de sítio cirúrgico. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, trans-versal, com análise documental retrospectiva, realizado em um hospital público terciário, com sete salas cirúrgicas, onde se realizam em média 750 cirur-gias mensais. O método de microcusteio utilizado foi o custo direto médio dos antibióticos, não sendo incluído antibiótico profilático no intraoperatório. Analisaram-se as fichas de investigação de infecção hospitalar e foram incluídas no estudo as fichas de pacientes que tiveram o diagnóstico de infecção de sítio cirúrgico confirmado (n=79) em 2021. Foram verificados os dados clínicos e apenas os custos diretos com os antimicrobianos. Resultados: A taxa dessas infecções neste estudo foi de 6,76%. As especialidades com maior representatividade foram cirurgias do aparelho digestivo e urológicas. O antimi-crobiano mais utilizado foi a Vancomicina, resultando no gasto total de R$ 7.345,68. O medicamento que gerou maior custo total foi a Tigeciclina, que representou R$ 79.655,52. Os antimicrobianos utilizados para tratar dos 79 casos confirmados de ISCs totalizaram o custo de R$ 211.790,21. Conclusão: A média de custo com antimicrobiano por paciente com ISC, no total de dias internados, foi de R$ 2.680,88, valor considerado representativo no custo total do tratamento. Recomenda-se a inclusão de análise de custos no planejamento de protocolos de infecção hospitalar. (AU)

Clinical and surgical dilemmas in octogenarian patients with small bowel obstruction / Dilemas clínicos e cirúrgicos em pacientes octogenários com obstrução do intestino delgado

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a major problem in emergencies. Comorbidities increase morbimortality, which is reflected in higher costs. There is a lack of Latin American evidence comparing the differences in postoperative results and costs associated with SBO management. AIMS: To compare the risk of surgical morbimortality and costs of SBO surgery treatment in patients older and younger than 80 years. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with SBO at the University of Chile Clinic Hospital from January 2014 to December 2017. Patients with any medical treatment were excluded. Parametric statistics were used (a 5% error was considered statistically significant, with a 95% confidence interval). RESULTS: A total of 218 patients were included, of which 18.8% aged 80 years and older. There were no differences in comorbidities between octogenarians and non-octogenarians. The most frequent etiologies were adhesions, hernias, and tumors. In octogenarian patients, there were significantly more complications (46.3 vs. 24.3%, p=0.007, p<0.050). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of surgical complications: 9.6% in <80 years and 14.6% in octogenarians (p=0.390, p>0.050). In medical complications, a statistically significant difference was evidenced with 22.5% in <80 years vs 39.0% in octogenarians (p=0.040, p<0.050). There were 20 reoperated patients: 30% octogenarians and 70% non-octogenarians without statistically significant differences (p=0.220, p>0.050). Regarding hospital stay, the average was significantly higher in octogenarians (17.4 vs. 11.0 days; p=0.005, p<0.050), and so were the costs, being USD 9,555 vs. USD 4,214 (p=0.013, p<0.050). CONCLUSIONS: Patients aged 80 years and older with surgical SBO treatment have a higher risk of medical complications, length of hospital stay, and associated costs compared to those younger.

RESUMO RACIONAL: A obstrução do intestino delgado (OID) é um grande problema em emergências. As comorbidades aumentam a morbimortalidade, o que se reflete no aumento dos custos. Há uma falta de evidência latino-americana comparando as diferenças nos resultados pós-operatórios e custos associados ao manejo da OID. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o risco de morbimortalidade cirúrgica e os custos de tratamento cirúrgico da OID em pacientes com idade inferior e superior a 80 anos. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados com OID no Hospital Clínico da Universidade do Chile entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2017. Pacientes com qualquer tratamento médico foram excluídos. Estatísticas paramétricas foram usadas: erro de 5% foi considerado estatisticamente significante, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Um total de 218 pacientes foram incluídos, dos quais 18,8% tinham 80 anos ou mais. Não houve diferenças nas comorbidades entre octogenários e não octogenários. As etiologias mais frequentes foram aderências, hérnias e tumores. Nos pacientes octogenários houve significativamente mais complicações (46,3 vs. 24,3%, p=0,007, p<0,050). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas quanto às complicações cirúrgicas: 9,6% em <80 anos e 14,6% em octogenários (p=0,390, p>0,050). Nas complicações médicas foi evidenciada diferença estatisticamente significativa com 22,5% em <80 anos vs. 39.0% em octogenários (p=0,040, p<0,050). Foram reoperados 20 pacientes: 30% octogenários e 70% não octogenários, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p=0,220, p>0,050). Em relação ao tempo de internação, a média foi significativamente maior nos octogenários (17,4 v/s 11,0 dias; p=0,005, p<0,050). Da mesma forma, também foram os custos com 9.555 USD vs. 4.214 USD (p=0,013, p<0,050). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com 80 anos ou mais com tratamento cirúrgico de OID têm maior risco de complicações médicas, tempo de internação e custos associados em comparação aos mais jovens.

Sedentary behavior, abdominal obesity and healthcare costs in Brazilian adults with cardiovascular diseases: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Research on the economic burden of sedentary behavior and abdominal obesity on health expenses associated with cardiovascular diseases is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify whether sedentary behavior, isolated and combined with abdominal obesity, influences the medication expenditure among adults with cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of President Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil in 2018. METHODS: The study included adults with cardiovascular diseases, aged 30-65 years, who were treated by the Brazilian National Health Services. Sedentary behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference. Medication expenditures were verified using the medical records of each patient. RESULTS: The study included a total of 307 adults. Individuals classified in the group with risk factor obesity combined (median [IQ] USD$ 29.39 [45.77]) or isolated (median [IQ] USD$ 27.17 [59.76]) to sedentary behavior had higher medication expenditures than those belonging to the non-obese with low sedentary behavior group (median [IQ] USD$ 13.51 [31.42]) (P = 0.01). The group with combined obesity and sedentary behavior was 2.4 (95%CI = 1.00; 5.79) times more likely to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was a determining factor for medication expenses, regardless of sedentary behavior, among adults with cardiovascular diseases.

Economic burden due to COVID-19 in a Colombian Caribbean state, 2020 and 2021 / Carga económica asociada al COVID-19 en un departamento del Caribe colombiano, 2020 e 2021 / Carga econômica associada à covid-19 em um departamento do Caribe colombiano, 2020 e 2021

Abstract Objective: To estimate the economic burden associated with COVID-19 in Córdoba, Colombia, 2020 and 2021. Methods: Economic burden study. Direct costs were analyzed from the third-party payer perspective using healthcare administrative databases and interviews from a cohort of confirmed COVID-19 cases from Córdoba. Costing aggregation was performed by the bottom-up method. Indirect costs were estimated using the productivity loss approach. Contrast tests and statistical models were estimated at 5% significance. Results: We studied 1,800 COVID-19 cases. The average economic cost of COVID-19 per episode was estimated at US$ 2,519 (95%CI 1,980;3,047). The direct medical cost component accounted for 92.9% of the total; out-of-pocket and indirect costs accounted for 2% and 5.1%, respectively. Conclusion: COVID-19 economic cost was mainly due to direct medical costs. This study provided evidence of the economic burden faced by households due to COVID-19, with the most vulnerable households bearing much of the burden on their income.

Resumen Objetivo: Estimar la carga económica asociada al COVID-19 en Córdoba, Colombia, entre 2020 y 2021. Métodos: Estudio de carga económica. Los costos directos se analizaron desde la perspectiva del tercer pagador usando bases de datos administrativas y entrevistas. La agregación del costeo se realizó por el método de bottom-up. Los costos indirectos se estimaron usando el enfoque de pérdida de productividad. Los test de contraste y modelos estadísticos se estimaron al 5% de significancia. Resultados: Se analizaron 1.800 casos de COVID-19. El costo económico promedio por episodio fue US$ 2.519 (IC95% 1.980;3.047). Los costos directos médicos explicaron el 92,9% del total; el gasto de bolsillo y los costos indirectos un 2% y 5,1%, respectivamente. Conclusión: El costo económico del COVID-19 fue principalmente por el costo directo médico. Este estudio evidenció la carga económica que enfrentan los hogares debido al COVID-19, siendo los más vulnerables quienes asumieron la mayor parte en sus ingresos.

Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a carga econômica associada à covid-19 em Córdoba, Colômbia, entre 2020 e 2021. Métodos: Estudo de avaliação da carga econômica da covid-19. Os custos diretos foram analisados segundo terceiros pagadores, usando-se bases de dados administrativas e entrevistas. A agregação dos custos foi realizada usando-se o método bottom-up. Os custos indiretos foram estimados pela perda de produtividade. Testes de contraste ortogonais e modelos de regressão estatísticos foram estimados com 5% de significância. Resultados: Foram estudadas 1.800 pessoas com covid-19. O custo econômico médio da covid-19 por episódio foi estimado em US$ 2.519 (IC95% 1.980;3.047). O componente de custo médico direto representou 92,9% do total; as despesas diretas e custos indiretos representaram 2,0% e 5,1%, respectivamente. Conclusão: O custo econômico da covid-19 deveu-se principalmente aos custos médicos diretos. Este estudo forneceu avaliações da carga econômica enfrentada pelas famílias devido à covid-19; as mais vulneráveis tiveram grande parte da carga sobre os seus rendimentos.

Impact of cycling and walking on adiposity and healthcare costs among adults: longitudinal study / Impacto do ciclismo e da caminhada na adiposidade e nos custos de saúde em adultos: estudo longitudinal / Impacto de andar en bicicleta y caminar sobre la adiposidad y los costos de salud en adultos: estudio longitudinal

Abstract: Leisure-time physical activity seems relevant to prevent the development of chronic diseases and obesity. However, not much is known about the economic burden of these healthy behaviors, mainly in longitudinal designs. This study aimed to analyze the impact of walking and cycling on leisure-time on adiposity and healthcare costs among adults. This longitudinal study was conducted at a medium-size Brazilian city and included 198 participants with no missing data attended in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. Cycling and walking were assessed by a questionnaire with a face-to-face interview at four time-points (baseline, 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month). Healthcare costs were assessed using medical records. Adiposity markers included waist circumference and body fatness. Over the follow-up period, participants who were more engaged in cycling presented lower body fatness (p-value = 0.028) and healthcare costs (p-value = 0.038). However, in the multivariate model, the impact of cycling on costs was not significant (p-value = 0.507) due to the impact of number of chronic diseases (p-value = 0.001). Cycling on leisure-time is inversely related to adiposity in adults, whereas its role on preventing chronic diseases seems the main pathway linking it to cost mitigation.

Resumo: A atividade física no lazer parece relevante para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e obesidade. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre o impacto econômico destes comportamentos saudáveis, principalmente em estudos longitudinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o impacto da caminhada e do ciclismo como atividades de lazer na adiposidade e nos custos de saúde em adultos. Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado em uma cidade brasileira de médio porte e incluiu 198 participantes sem dados indisponíveis atendidos no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro. A caminhada e o ciclismo foram avaliados por meio de questionário e entrevista presencial em quatro momentos (linha de base, 6 meses, 12 meses e 18 meses). Os custos de saúde foram avaliados por meio de prontuários médicos. Os marcadores de adiposidade incluíram circunferência da cintura e gordura corporal. Durante o período de acompanhamento, os participantes que praticavam mais ciclismo apresentaram menos gordura corporal (p = 0,028) e custos de saúde (p = 0,038). Porém, no modelo multivariado, o impacto do ciclismo nos custos deixou de ser significativo (p = 0,507) devido ao impacto do número de doenças crônicas (p = 0,001). O ciclismo no momento de lazer está inversamente relacionado à adiposidade em adultos, enquanto o seu papel na prevenção de doenças crônicas parece ser o principal aspecto que o liga à redução de custos.

Resumen: La actividad física en el ocio parece relevante para prevenir el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y la obesidad. Sin embargo, poco se sabe sobre el impacto económico de estos comportamientos saludables, especialmente en estudios longitudinales. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de caminar y andar en bicicleta como actividades de ocio sobre la adiposidad y los costos de salud en adultos. Este estudio longitudinal se llevó a cabo en una ciudad brasileña de tamaño mediano e incluyó a 198 participantes sin datos indisponibles atendidos en el Sistema Único de Salud brasileño. Se evaluaron los hábitos de caminar y andar en bicicleta mediante un cuestionario y una entrevista cara a cara en cuatro momentos (inicial, 6 meses, 12 meses y 18 meses). Los costos de atención médica se evaluaron utilizando registros médicos. Los marcadores de adiposidad incluyeron la circunferencia de la cintura y la grasa corporal. Durante el período de seguimiento, los participantes que practicaban más ciclismo presentaron menos grasa corporal (p = 0,028) y costos de salud (p = 0,038). Sin embargo, en el modelo multivariado, el impacto del ciclismo en los costos dejó de ser significativo (p = 0,507) debido al impacto del número de enfermedades crónicas (p = 0,001). El hábito de andar en bicicleta en los momentos de ocio está inversamente relacionado con la adiposidad en los adultos, mientras que su papel en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas parece ser el principal aspecto que lo vincula con la reducción de costos.

State of HIV costing in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic literature review / Estado actual de la información sobre los costos de la infección por el VIH en América Latina y el Caribe: Revisión bibliográfica sistemática / Cálculo do custo do HIV na América Latina e no Caribe: revisão sistemática da literatura

ABSTRACT Objectives. To summarize available data on unit costs for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, prevention, and care interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We conducted a systematic literature review of costing studies published between 2012 and 2024, and selected those reporting empirically measured costing data. The available data were categorized according to predefined intervention categories and compared by time and place. We also explored variations in unit costs by intervention type. Results. Of 1 746 studies identified, 22 met the inclusion criteria, which provided 103 unique unit cost estimates from nine countries. About 50% of the included studies were published between 2019 and 2021. Antiretroviral therapy services had the most cost data available (39% of unit costs), followed by inpatient care (27%) and HIV testing (24%). Considerable cost variations were observed both within and between interventions. Conclusions. Our analysis underscores the need for accurate and reliable cost data to support HIV budgeting and decision-making efforts. We identified several gaps in the availability of cost data and emphasize the importance of presenting results more effectively by incorporating key contextual variables. Given the challenges of shrinking budgets and sustainability risks, robust evidence is indispensable to inform priority setting and budget allocation for HIV services.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Resumir los datos disponibles sobre los costos unitarios de las intervenciones en materia de pruebas de detección, prevención y atención de salud relacionadas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de los estudios sobre costos publicados entre el 2012 y el 2024, y se seleccionaron los estudios que presentaban datos de costos determinados de manera empírica. Los datos disponibles se clasificaron en categorías de intervención predefinidas y se compararon en función del tiempo y el lugar. También se examinaron las variaciones en los costos unitarios según el tipo de intervención. Resultados. De los 1746 estudios encontrados, 22 cumplían los criterios de inclusión; y en ellos se obtuvieron 103 estimaciones distintas de costos unitarios procedentes de nueve países. Alrededor del 50% de los estudios incluidos se publicaron entre el 2019 y el 2021. Los servicios de tratamiento antirretroviral eran los que disponían de más datos sobre costos (39% de los costos unitarios), seguidos de los de atención hospitalaria (27%) y los de pruebas de detección del VIH (24%). Se observaron variaciones considerables en los costos en una misma intervención y entre distintas intervenciones. Conclusiones. En este análisis se subraya la necesidad de disponer de datos de costos exactos y fiables para brindar apoyo a los esfuerzos de elaboración de presupuestos y la toma de decisiones en materia de infección por el VIH. Detectamos varias brechas en cuanto a la disponibilidad de datos sobre costos y hacemos hincapié en la importancia de presentar los resultados de manera más eficaz mediante la incorporación de variables contextuales clave. Ante los desafíos que plantean la reducción presupuestaria y los riesgos para su sostenibilidad, es indispensable contar con evidencia sólida para fundamentar la determinación de prioridades y la asignación de presupuestos a los servicios relacionados con la infección por el VIH.

RESUMO Objetivos. Sintetizar os dados disponíveis sobre os custos unitários de testagem, prevenção e intervenções de saúde relacionados ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) na América Latina e Caribe. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura de estudos de custeio publicados entre 2012 e 2024, com a seleção de estudos que apresentavam dados de custeio medidos empiricamente. Os dados foram classificados em categorias predefinidas de intervenção e comparados por tempo e lugar. Variações nos custos unitários por tipo de intervenção também foram examinadas. Resultados. Dos 1746 estudos identificados, 22 preencheram os critérios de inclusão, fornecendo 103 estimativas de custos unitários em nove países. Cerca de 50% dos estudos incluídos na análise foram publicados entre 2019 e 2021. A maior parte dos dados de custo se referiam a serviços de terapia antirretroviral (39% dos custos unitários), serviços de atenção hospitalar (27%) e serviços de testagem de HIV (24%). Foram observadas variações de custo consideráveis para uma mesma intervenção e entre diferentes intervenções. Conclusões. Esta análise aponta a necessidade de se dispor de dados de custo exatos e confiáveis para apoiar o processo decisório e a alocação de recursos orçamentários relacionados ao HIV. Foram identificadas várias lacunas na disponibilidade de dados de custo. Enfatiza-se a importância de apresentar os resultados com mais eficiência, incorporando as principais variáveis contextuais. Diante dos desafios impostos pela retração orçamentária e pelos riscos à sustentabilidade, é imprescindível dispor de evidências robustas para subsidiar o processo de estabelecimento de prioridades e alocação de recursos orçamentários para serviços de HIV.

Cost-effectiveness of two dressings in preventing pressure injuries in intensive care patients / Rentabilidad de dos apósitos en la prevención de lesiones por presión en pacientes de cuidados intensivos / Custo-efetividade de duas coberturas na prevenção de lesão por pressão em pacientes de terapia intensiva

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the cost-effectiveness of using silicone adhesive multilayer foam and transparent polyurethane film in preventing pressure injuries in patients admitted to an Intensive Care Unit. Method: this is an economic cost-effectiveness study, developed with public domain data and a rapid literature review, which included three studies developed in Canada, the United Kingdom, Italy and the United States. The searches were carried out in the PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus databases. The population was patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. The perspective was from the Brazilian Health System, with a time horizon of less than one year. Data was collected and analyzed between March and June 2022. A decision tree model was developed using TreeAge Pro® 2017 software to project economic outcomes of incremental cost and effectiveness, incremental cost per effectiveness, and cost per percentage increase in preventing the development of pressure injuries. Sensitivity analysis was also performed. The Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards and the Methodological Guideline for Economic Evaluation of the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommendations were adopted. Results: multilayer foam reduces the occurrence of pressure injuries at a lower cost when compared to film, promoting an average saving of R$ 278.78 (US$ 1,393.90) for each patient. Conclusion: multilayer foam was the most cost-effective technology in preventing pressure injuries in Intensive Care Unit patients in the Brazilian Health System.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la costo-efectividad del uso de espuma de poliuretano multicapa con silicona y película de poliuretano transparente en la prevención de lesiones por presión en pacientes ingresados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Método: estudio de costo-efectividad económica, desarrollado con datos de dominio público y una revisión rápida de la literatura, que incluyó tres producciones desarrolladas en Canadá, Reino Unido, Italia y Estados Unidos. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane y Scopus. La población fueron pacientes ingresados ​​en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. La perspectiva fue desde el Sistema Único de Salud, con un horizonte temporal inferior a un año. Los datos se recopilaron y analizaron entre marzo y junio de 2022. Se desarrolló un modelo de árbol de decisiones utilizando el software TreeAge Pro® 2017 para proyectar resultados económicos de costo y efectividad incrementales, costo incremental por efectividad y costo por aumento porcentual en la prevención del desarrollo de lesiones por presión. También se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad. Se adoptaron las recomendaciones de los Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standarts y la Guía Metodológica para la Evaluación Económica del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil. Resultados: la espuma multicapa reduce la aparición de lesiones por presión a un costo menor en comparación con la película, promoviendo un ahorro promedio de R$ 278,78 (US$ 1.393,90) por cada paciente. Conclusión: la espuma multicapa fue la tecnología más costo-efectiva en la prevención de lesiones por presión en pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Sistema Único de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o custo-efetividade do uso da espuma multicamadas de poliuretano com silicone e do filme transparente de poliuretano na prevenção de lesões por pressão, em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Método: estudo econômico de custo-efetividade, desenvolvido com dados de domínio público e de uma revisão rápida da literatura, que incluiu três produções desenvolvidas no Canadá, Reino Unido, Itália e Estados Unidos. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases PubMed, Cochrane e Scopus. A população foi de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. A perspectiva foi do Sistema Único de Saúde, com horizonte temporal inferior a um ano. Os dados foram coletados e analisados entre março e junho de 2022. Um modelo de árvore de decisão foi desenvolvido por meio do Software TreeAge Pro ® 2017 para projetar resultados econômicos de custos e eficácia incremental, custo incremental por eficácia, e custo por aumento percentual na prevenção do desenvolvimento de lesões por pressão; também foi feita análise de sensibilidade. Adotou-se as recomendações do Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standarts e da Diretriz Metodológica de Avaliação Econômica do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Resultados: a espuma multicamadas reduz a ocorrência de lesão por pressão a um custo inferior quando comparado ao filme, promovendo em média, uma economia de R$ 278,78 (US$ 1.393,90) para cada paciente. Conclusão: a espuma multicamadas apresentou-se como a tecnologia mais custo-efetiva na prevenção de lesão por pressão em pacientes de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Cost and time of hospitalization for elderly people with bone fractures in a reference hospital

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and analyze the aspects regarding the cost and length of stay for elderly patients with bone fractures in a tertiary reference hospital. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective study using data obtained from medical records between January and December 2020. For statistical analysis, exploratory analyses, Shapiro-Wilk test, χ2 test, and Spearman correlation were used. Results During the study period, 156 elderly patients (62.2% women) with bone fractures were treated. The main trauma mechanism was a fall from a standing height (76.9%). The most common type of fracture in this sample was a transtrochanteric fracture of the femur, accounting for 40.4% of cases. The mean length of stay was 5.25 days. The total cost varied between R$2,006.53 and R$106,912.74 (average of R$15,695.76) (updated values). The mean daily cost of hospitalization was R$4,478.64. A positive correlation was found between the length of stay and total cost. No significant difference in cost was observed between the two main types of treated fractures. Conclusion Fractures in the elderly are frequent, resulting in significant costs. The longer the hospital stay for treatment, the higher the total cost. No correlation was found between total cost and number of comorbidities, number of medications used, and the comparison between the treatment of transtrochanteric and femoral neck fractures.

Custos financeiros de famílias no cuidado do câncer infantojuvenil: revisão integrativa / Costos financieros de familias para el cuidado del cáncer infantojuvenil: revisión integradora / Financial costs of families in childhood cancer care: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar evidências sobre os custos financeiros de famílias no cuidado de crianças e adolescentes durante o tratamento oncológico. Métodos Revisão integrativa. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science e EMBASE. Foram considerados artigos publicados em português, espanhol e inglês, nos últimos dez anos, com diferentes desenhos de estudo e que abordassem a temática. Para as buscas, foram utilizados os descritores controlados MeSH, dos títulos CINAHL e EMTREE, seus sinônimos e palavras-chave, interligados pelos operadores booleanos AND e OR. Resultados Foram incluídos 22 artigos. Os resultados foram descritos em categorias: Custos diretos (médicos e não médicos) e indiretos (condição laboral parental e renda familiar). Os custos médicos são aqueles associados a hospitalizações, tratamento e diagnóstico. Os principais elementos responsáveis pelas despesas não médicas foram viagens, alimentação e acomodação. O impacto na situação laboral das famílias é consequência da alta demanda de cuidados imposta aos cuidadores para o tratamento do câncer infantojuvenil. Em decorrência da mudança na situação de trabalho, as famílias precisam lidar com o risco e desdobramentos da diminuição ou perda de renda. Conclusão Os resultados indicam que as famílias assumem despesas médicas diretas e indiretas, bem como custos não relacionados à saúde decorrentes da doença. Além disso, são afetadas por custos indiretos, como perda de produtividade, impacto e mudanças no emprego, o que reduz significativamente a renda.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar evidencias sobre los costos financieros de familias para el cuidado de infantes y adolescentes durante tratamientos oncológicos. Métodos Revisión integradora. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science y EMBASE. Se consideraron artículos publicados en portugués, español e inglés, en los últimos diez años, con diferentes diseños de estudio, que trataran sobre el tema. Para las búsquedas se utilizaron los descriptores controlados MeSH, de los títulos CINAHL y EMTREE, sus sinónimos y palabras clave, conectados mediante los operadores booleanos AND y OR. Resultados Se incluyeron 22 artículos. Los resultados fueron separados en categorías: costos directos (médicos y no médicos) e indirectos (condición laboral parental e ingresos familiares). Los costos médicos son aquellos relacionados con hospitalizaciones, tratamiento y diagnóstico. Los principales elementos responsables de los gastos no médicos fueron viajes, alimentación y hospedaje. El impacto en la situación laboral de las familias es consecuencia de la alta demanda de cuidados impuesta a los cuidadores para el tratamiento del cáncer infantojuvenil. Como consecuencia de los cambios de la situación laboral, las familias tienen que lidiar con el riesgo y los efectos de la reducción o pérdida de ingresos. Conclusión Los resultados indican que las familias enfrentan gastos médicos directos e indirectos, así como también costos no relacionados con la salud resultantes de la enfermedad. Además, se ven afectadas por costos indirectos, como pérdida de productividad, impacto y cambios en el trabajo, lo que reduce significativamente los ingresos.

Abstract Objective To analyze evidence on the financial costs of families caring for children and adolescents during cancer treatment. Methods Integrative review with searches conducted in the PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases. Articles published in Portuguese, Spanish and English, in the last ten years, with different study designs and that addressed the topic, were considered. For the searches, the controlled descriptors MeSH were used, for the titles CINAHL and EMTREE, their synonyms and keywords, linked by Boolean operators AND and OR. Results Twenty-two articles were included. The results were described in the following categories: Direct costs (medical and non-medical); and Indirect costs (parental employment status and family income). Medical costs are those associated with hospitalizations, treatment and diagnosis. The main elements responsible for non-medical expenses were travel, food and accommodation. The impact on families' employment situation is a consequence of the high demand for care imposed on caregivers for childhood cancer treatment. As a result of the change in work situation, families need to deal with the risk and consequences of a decrease or loss of income. Conclusion The results indicate that families bear direct and indirect medical expenses as well as non-health-related costs resulting from the disease. Furthermore, they are affected by indirect costs, such as lost productivity, impact and changes in employment, which significantly reduces income.

Epidemiological insights into thoracic and lumbar sympathectomies in Brazil: a comparative analysis of open versus video-assisted procedures

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the profile of hospital admissions for sympathectomies performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), comparing open and video-assisted techniques. Methods: Data on sympathectomies were collected from the SUS Department of Informatics (DATASUS), recorded between 2014 and 2023. The data were tabulated, and descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were performed. Results: There was reduction in the number of admissions for all sympathectomies during the analyzed period. The use of video-assisted surgeries was higher than that of open surgeries for thoracic procedures, but lower for lumbar procedures. The costs of hospital admission for the procedures were similar, although the length of stay and mortality associated with open surgeries were higher, both in thoracic and lumbar sympathectomies. Conclusions: The collected data were not individualized, preventing follow-up. Additionally, the study did not account for procedures performed in the private healthcare system. Despite its limitations, this study provides an overview of sympathectomies in Brazil, indicating that, although open sympathectomies are potentially more disadvantageous, they are still widely performed, especially for lumbar procedures.

Custo Direto com Tecnologias Para Manejo da Colostomia Definitiva em um Serviço Especializado / Direct Cost of Technologies for Management of Definitive Colostomy in a Specialized Service / Costo Directo de Tecnologías Para el Manejo de la Colostomía Definitiva en un Servicio Especializado

Objetivos:Identificar o custo direto de um serviço especializado com o uso de equipamentos coletores e adjuvantes e compará-lo com o custo simulado da autoirrigação intestinal em pessoas com colostomia definitiva. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório conduzido por meio da abordagem quantitativa nos moldes de estudo de casos múltiplos. A amostra por conveniência foi composta de 22 participantes cadastrados em um serviço especializado do norte de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários do período de janeiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Resultados: Dos participantes, 59,1% apresentaram complicações relacionadas à estomia e pele periestomia. Em relação aos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes, o custo variou de 2.340,00 a R$ 5.535,00, custo médio de R$ 4.050,01 e desvio padrão amostral de R$ 770,31. O custo direto médio com autoirrigação de colostomia foi de R$ 3.793,44. Conclusão: O custo direto médio dos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes foi superior ao da autoirrigação de colostomia, impactado pela presença de complicações e pelo valor do protetor de colostomia.

Objectives:To identify the direct cost of a specialized service with the use of collection equipment and adjuvants and to compare it with the simulated cost of intestinal self-irrigation in people with permanent colostomy. Method: Descriptive-exploratory study conducted through a quantitative approach in the form of multiple-case studies. The convenience sample consisted of 22 participants registered in a specialized service in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was carried out in medical records from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Among the participants, 59.1% had complications related to the ostomy and peristomal skin. Regarding collector/adjuvant equipment, the cost ranged from R$ 2,340.00 to R$ 5,535.00, average cost of R$ 4,050.01, and sample standard deviation of R$ 770.31. The average direct cost with colostomy self-irrigation was R$ 3,793.44. Conclusion: The average direct cost of collection/adjuvant equipment was higher than that of colostomy self-irrigation, impacted by the presence of complications and the value of the colostomy protector.

Objetivos:Identificar o custo direto de um serviço especializado com o uso de equipamentos coletores e adjuvantes e compará-lo com o custo simulado da autoirrigação intestinal em pessoas com colostomia definitiva. Método: Estudo descritivo-exploratório conduzido por meio da abordagem quantitativa nos moldes de estudo de casos múltiplos. A amostra por conveniência foi composta de 22 participantes cadastrados em um serviço especializado do norte de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada em prontuários do período de janeiro de 2019 a janeiro de 2020. Resultados: Dos participantes, 59,1% apresentaram complicações relacionadas à estomia e pele periestomia. Em relação aos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes, o custo variou de 2.340,00 a R$ 5.535,00, custo médio de R$ 4.050,01 e desvio padrão amostral de R$ 770,31. O custo direto médio com autoirrigação de colostomia foi de R$ 3.793,44. Conclusão: O custo direto médio dos equipamentos coletores/adjuvantes foi superior ao da autoirrigação de colostomia, impactado pela presença de complicações e pelo valor do protetor de colostomia.

Abnormalities in preoperative examinations of plastic surgery patients / Anormalidades em exames pré-operatórios de pacientes de cirurgia plástica

Introduction: Preoperative tests (EPO) aim to detect abnormalities and give greater safety to the procedure. However, the request for these tests is still controversial, either because they do not bring about changes in conduct for the procedure or result in some harm to the patient. The objective is to assess the frequency of EPO requests and abnormalities in aesthetic plastic surgery patients, to verify what these abnormalities are, what preoperative management should be done based on the finding, and to associate the data obtained with the patient's profile and the planned surgery. Method: Retrospective study evaluating medical records of aesthetic plastic surgery patients who underwent routine EPO in a plastic surgery hospital in 2019. Results: 978 patients were studied, and 51% had some abnormality in EPO. 93.7% were women, with a mean age of 46.5 years. 12.3 exams were performed per patient, and abnormality was observed in 6.1% of EPO. The exams that had the most abnormalities were the lipidogram (23.8%) and the cardiac evaluation (14.1%). Hypothyroidism was the most common comorbidity (18.4% of patients); 70% of diabetics had a glycemic level above the recommended level. Only 3.4% of the patients suffered a change in preoperative management due to EPO abnormality, and in 57.9% of these cases, the surgery was postponed. Test alterations were more frequent in male patients (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The performance of routine EPO showed a low frequency of altered exams (3.4%) and implied changes in the preoperative conduct of plastic surgery patients.

Introdução: Os exames pré-operatórios (EPO) visam detectar anormalidades e dar maior segurança ao procedimento. No entanto, a solicitação desses exames ainda é controversa, seja por não trazerem mudanças de conduta para o procedimento ou resultar em alguns malefícios para o paciente. O objetivo é avaliar a frequência de solicitações e de anormalidades dos EPO em pacientes de cirurgia plástica estética, verificar quais são estas anormalidades, qual conduta pré-operatória mediante o achado e associar os dados obtidos com o perfil do paciente e cirurgia prevista. Método: Estudo retrospectivo avaliando prontuários de pacientes de cirurgia plástica estética que realizaram EPO de rotina em um hospital de cirurgia plástica durante o ano de 2019. Resultados: Foram estudados 978 pacientes e 51% desses apresentaram alguma anormalidade nos EPO. 93,7% eram mulheres, com média de idade 46,5 anos. Foram realizados 12,3 exames por paciente e observada anormalidade em 6,1% dos EPO. Os exames que mais tiveram anormalidades foram o lipidograma (23,8%) e os da avaliação cardíaca (14,1%). Hipotireoidismo foi a comorbidade mais achada (18,4% dos pacientes); 70% dos diabéticos estavam com o nível glicêmico acima do recomendado. Apenas 3,4% dos pacientes sofreram alteração da conduta pré-operatória devido anormalidade dos EPO e em 57,9% desses casos houve adiamento da cirurgia. Alterações de exames foram mais frequentes em pacientes do sexo masculino (p<0,0001). Conclusão: A realização de EPO de rotina mostrou baixa frequência de exames alterados (3,4%) e implicou em mudanças na conduta pré-operatória em pacientes de cirurgia plástica.

Costos directos de atención médica por COVID-19 durante el primer año de pandemia en un hospital reconvertido / COVID-19 medical care direct costs during the first year of pandemic in a hospital converted for increasing bed capacity

Resumen Antecedentes: La emergencia sanitaria por COVID-19 causó un aumento de la demanda por hospitalización y costos elevados para el sistema de salud. Objetivo: Estimar los costos directos de la atención por COVID-19 desde la perspectiva del proveedor de servicios en un hospital de segundo nivel que fue reconvertido durante el primer año de la emergencia sanitaria. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo. La información sobre cantidades de bienes y servicios se obtuvo de los sistemas de información SINOLAVE y CVOED, así como de fuentes administrativas del hospital. Se definieron cuatro grupos de costos y se valoraron en dólares norteamericanos con precios unitarios de 2021. Resultados: La duración promedio de la estancia hospitalaria (n = 3241 pacientes) fue de 10.8 ± 8.2 días. El costo promedio de la atención por paciente fue de USD 6 557 ± 4 997. La terapia respiratoria con ventilación mecánica asistida fue utilizada por 13 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Los costos médicos de atención por COVID-19 representaron una gran cantidad de recursos. La mayor parte de los costos (95 %) se derivó de estancia hospitalaria, terapia respiratoria sin ventilación mecánica asistida, así como de costos relacionados con equipo de protección personal, higiene, adecuación a la infraestructura y pagos al personal médico.

Abstract Background: COVID-19 health emergency caused an increase in the demand for hospitalization and high costs for the health system. Objective: To estimate COVID-19 care direct costs from the perspective of the healthcare provider in a secondary care hospital that underwent conversion during the first year of health emergency. Material and methods: Retrospective, observational study. Information on quantities of goods and services was obtained from the SINOLAVE and CVOED platforms and from hospital administrative sources. Four cost groups were defined and estimated with 2021 unit prices in US dollars. Results: Mean hospital length of stay (n = 3,241 patients) was 10.8 ± 8.2 days. Average cost of care per patient was USD 6,557 ± 4,997. Respiratory therapy with assisted mechanical ventilation was used by 13% of patients. Conclusions: The costs of COVID-19 medical care represent a large amount of resources. Most part of the costs (95%) were derived from hospital stay, respiratory therapy without assisted mechanical ventilation and costs related to personal protective equipment, hygiene, infrastructure adaptation and payments to medical personnel.

Contribution margin per hour of operating room to reallocate unutilized operating room time: a cost-effectiveness analysis

Abstract Background and objectives: Contribution margin per hour (CMH) has been proposed in healthcare systems to increase the profitability of operating suites. The aim of our study is to propose a simple and reproducible model to calculate CMH and to increase cost-effectiveness. Methods: For the ten most commonly performed surgical procedures at our Institution, we prospectively collected their diagnosis-related group (DRG) reimbursement, variable costs and mean procedural time. We quantified the portion of total staffed operating room time to be reallocated with a minimal risk of overrun. Moreover, we calculated the total CMH with a random reallocation on a first come-first served basis. Finally, prioritizing procedures with higher CMH, we ran a simulation by calculating the total CMH. Results: Over a two-months period, we identified 14.5 hours of unutilized operating room to reallocate. In the case of a random ''first come -first serve'' basis, the total earnings were 87,117 United States dollars (USD). Conversely, with a reallocation which prioritized procedures with a high CMH, it was possible to earn 140,444 USD (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Surgical activity may be one of the most profitable activities for hospitals, but a cost-effective management requires a comprehension of its cost profile. Reallocation of unused operating room time according to CMH may represent a simple, reproducible and reliable tool for elective cases on a waiting list. In our experience, it helped improving the operating suite cost-effectiveness.

Expenditure Incurred by Patients of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in District Tuberculosis Center, Jammu

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) patients suffer enormously due to huge cost on diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to assess the total expenditure and its predictors among patients of TB. Methodology: A longitudinal study was conducted among TB Patients registered in first quarter of 2018 at District Tuberculosis Center, Jammu. Data was collected by interviewing the patients and their attendants. Statistical significance of median expenditure between patients of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB in rela-tion to various predictors was assessed using nonparametric tests followed by Multiple Linear Regression. Results: Total median cost, median direct and indirect cost incurred by a TB patient were recorded as USD 489.55, USD 246.55 and USD 229.5 respectively. Treatment costs were slightly higher in patients of pulmo-nary TB in comparison to extrapulmonary TB (p>0.05). On bivariate analysis, upper class, previously treated patients, Category 2 patients, with chronic illnesses, with guardians and who were employed expended signif-icantly higher amounts on their treatment, but on multivariate analysis, only formal employment, current earning and being reimbursed significantly predicted the total cost (p < .001, adjusted R square = 0.56). Conclusion: Huge direct costs incurred by patients is a matter of great concern, more so as the Indian gov-ernment has made all diagnostics and treatment free since the inception of the RNTCP.

A Tobit regression model study on the demand for care services and care expenses of older adults / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:In order to develop an appropriate care service system and care security system for the elderly in urban communities, it is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of their needs and utilization of care services, as well as the cost of care and the factors that influence it.This will provide a theoretical basis for developing effective countermeasures.Methods:A stratified random cluster sampling method was utilized to conduct a questionnaire survey on individuals aged 60 and above in the Xuzhou urban community.The survey aimed to gain insight into the needs, utilization, and expenditure of care services for the elderly.To analyze the factors influencing care expenditure, a single factor χ2 test and Tobit regression model were employed. Results:In our survey of 1 623 elderly individuals, it was found that 32.4%(526 people)had been bedridden for more than one day in the past year and were unable to care for themselves.Of the elderly who are bedridden, 393 individuals(74.7%)have received care services from professional institutions, with a focus on medical care(312 people, 79.4%)and rehabilitation care(95 people, 24.2%).In terms of financial expenditures, 91.7% of respondents(1 489 people)reported spending zero yuan in the past year, while 6.0%(96 people)spent between 1 and 4 999 yuan.Only 1.0%(17 people)reported spending between 5 000 and 9 999 yuan, and 1.3%(21 people)spent 10 000 yuan or more.The findings from the univariate analysis revealed that various factors, including marriage, age, medical expenses, and life satisfaction had a significant impact on the care expenses of the elderly(all P<0.05).Furthermore, the Tobit regression model demonstrated that certain variables were particularly influential in determining care expenses.Specifically, elderly individuals with higher monthly income(Me=3.114), advanced age(Me=3.458), knowledge of care insurance(Me=7.647), disability(Me=10.998), no spouse(Me=14.387), and dementia(Me=20.473)had significantly higher care expenses. Conclusions:The survey conducted in Xuzhou suggests that the demand for care services is high, yet the utilization rate remains low, leading to a significant burden of care costs.To address these challenges, we must prioritize the care needs of disabled, mentally retarded, and advanced-age elderly individuals.We should also focus on enhancing medical and rehabilitation care services, improving the overall quality of elderly care, and promoting the development of a comprehensive elderly care service system and care security system that caters to the specific needs and financial constraints of the elderly population.

Analysis on per capita expenses of physical examination and its related factors in health examination (management) institutions in 2019 / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To investigate the per capita expenses of physical examination and its related factors in health examination (management) institutions in 2019.Methods:Using the census method, the basic information, including the name, address, nature, level and operation nature of the institutions, and per capita expenses of physical examination in provincial health examination (management) institutions in 2019 were collected by questionnaire survey. Rank sum test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.Results:In 2019, the top three provinces in terms of per capita expenses of physical examination were Shanghai, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Beijing, with 612.00 yuan, 547.90 yuan and 528.83 yuan, respectively; Guizhou Province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Guangdong Province ranked the last three, with 255.25 yuan, 244.00 yuan and 235.10 yuan, respectively. There were significant differences in per capita expenses of physical examination among different health examination (management) institutions in different regions and of different institutional nature, institutional level and business nature (all P<0.05). The per capita expenses of physical examination was positively correlated with the local per capita health care expenditure, the proportion of local population aged 15-64 years and the proportion of local people with education of college and above ( r=0.465, 0.374 and 0.401, all P<0.05). Conclusions:There are differences in the per capita expenses of physical examination in health examination (management) institutions among different regions, institutional nature, institutional level and business nature in 2019, and it is related to the per capita health care expenditure, age and educational level of the local people.

Comparison of clinical effects of a novel stent assisted intestinal bypass and temporary loop ileostomy in laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To compare the clinical value of stent assisted intestinal bypass and temporary loop ileostomy in laparoscopic low anterior resection of rectal cancer.Method:In this retrospective analysis, 57 patients undergoing laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer in the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University from Jan 2020 to Jan 2022 were divided into intestinal bypass group (36 cases) and loop ileostomy group (21 cases).Result:There were no significant differences in postoperative GI function recovery and postoperative complication rate between the two groups (all P>0.05). The levels of albumin, prealbumin and hemoglobin in the intestinal bypass group were better than those in the ileostomy group when evaluated on 3rd months after operation [(40.5±2.3) g/L vs. (38.1±2.6)g/L、(26.4±2.7)mg/dl vs. (24.5±2.0)mg/dl、(137.6±5.9) g/L vs. (134.0±7.0) g/L, t=3.605、2.743、2.085, all P<0.05]. Hospital expenses of the intestinal bypass group was lower [(571 000±7 500) yuan vs. (69 300±9 100) yuan, t=-5.477, P<0.05]. Conclusion:Compared with traditional ileostomy, the stent assisted intestinal bypass reduces trauma with lower expenses and improves patients' status after laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer.