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Objective:To analyze the evolution of China′s national-level healthcare sector regulatory policies between 2003 and 2021, and explore the characteristics and patterns of the use of policy instruments at different stages, for references in policy optimization.Methods:The policy documents related to the regulation of the healthcare sector released by the central government were searched from 2003 to 2021 from the policy document database of the State Council using the keywords " medical" " regulation" and " health" " regulation". Based on the analysis framework of " formulation subject-implementation subject-policy tools", such methods as content analysis, social network analysis, and policy tool analysis were used to analyze policy documents and conduct descriptive analysis of data.Results:A total of 236 policies were included in the study.From 2003 to 2008, according to the time progression, a total of 27 documents were issued, with the State Council as the main formulation subject (77.78%, 21/27), and the government as the main implementation subject (100.00%, 27/27). 191 policy tools were used, and the composition ratios of supply-based, demand-based, and environment-based policy instruments were 21.46% (41/191), 30.37% (58/191), and 48.17% (92/191). From 2009 to 2017, a total of 48 policies were issued, the formulation subject was mostly the State Council (93.75%, 45/48), and the implementation subject was still mostly the government (100.00%, 48/48), but the proportion of institutions (25.00%, 12/48), industry organizations (43.75%, 21/48) and the society (37.50%, 18/48) has increased. 500 policy tools were used, and the composition ratios of supply-based, demand-based, and environment-based policy instruments were 17.40% (87/500), 32.00% (160/500), and 50.60% (253/500), respectively.From 2018 to 2021, a total of 161 documents were issued, with the formulation subjects featuring multiple subjects (38.51%, 62/161), with a decrease in the percentage of the State Council′s issuance (22.36%, 36/161), and 157 (97.52%) policies were implemented by the government. 1 140 policy tools were used, and the composition ratios of supply-based, demand-based, and environment-based policy instruments being 18.42% (210/1 140), 34.74% (396/1 140), and 46.84% (534/1 140), respectively.Conclusions:From 2003 to 2021, there was an upward trend in the number of policies issued in the field of healthcare sector regulation in China, and the subjects of formulation and implementation were diversified. But the use of different types of policy instruments was uneven.
RESUMO
Background: In the Bangladesh society, a few organizations are contributing through their activities on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). It is a general belief that the contribution of Islami Bank Bangladeshi Limited in CSR is highest among the financial institutions. It is an observation that IBBL’s CSR contribution in the healthcare sector is very significant. Objective: This paper explores the stockholders’ perception of CSR contribution in the healthcare sector by Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL). Method: Authors used qualitative approach in doing the research. Data were collected through a survey. Likert scale was used to explore the significance of stakeholders’ perception. Results: This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study on perceptions of CSR by IBBL in the healthcare sector of a heterogeneous group of stakeholders. The findings reveal the perception of stakeholders towards the social contribution of Islami Bank Central Hospital (IBCH), an Institution for CSR in healthcare by IBBL. The stakeholders believe that this hospital is significantly contributing to the society through its support in the healthcare sector. It is also found that the hospital is proactive in providing healthcare support to the community through its highly standard human resources, world class medical equipment, outstanding management team and superb customer care support. Conclusion: This exploratory study makes a contribution to the relatively new body of work on CSR in Bangladesh, especially in the healthcare sector by IBBL and hopefully will encourage further research on the topic. This study will also contribute to improve the governance, social, ethical, and environmental conditions of the healthcare sector.