Surface Analysis of a Universal Resin Composite and Effect of Preheating on its Physicochemical Properties

Abstract This study was aimed at analyzing the surface properties of a universal resin composite and evaluating the effect of preheating on its physicochemical properties. Two commercial resin composites were used under two conditions: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR preheated (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) and FS preheated (FSH). The film thickness (FT) test (n = 10) was done using two glass slabs under compression. Flexural strength (FLS) and modulus (FLM) were evaluated using a three-point flexion test (n = 10). Polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS) was evaluated in a universal testing machine (n = 5). Gap width (GW) between composite and mold was measured in internally polished metallic molds (n = 10). The degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (n = 3). The morphology of the filler particles was checked by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EDX analysis. Surface gloss (SG) and surface roughness (SR) were evaluated before and after mechanical brushing (n = 10). The outcomes were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Lower mean values of FT were observed for the preheated groups when compared to the non-preheated groups. URH and FSH showed higher mean values of FLS and FLM when compared with UR and FS. No differences were observed between groups in the PSS test. The GW was higher for the UR and FS groups when compared with URH and FSH. The DC was higher for preheated resin composites when compared to the non-preheated groups. The SR of the UR composite was higher than the FS after mechanical brushing, while the SG was higher for the FS groups. In conclusion, the universal resin composite tested generally presented similar physicochemical properties compared with the nanofilled resin composite and either similar or slightly inferior surface properties. The preheating improved or maintained all properties evaluated.

Resumo Neste estudo avaliou-se propriedades físico-químicas e de superfície de um compósito universal pré-aquecido e comparado a um compósito convencional. Foram utilizados dois compósitos comerciais: Filtek Universal Restorative (UR); UR pré-aquecido (URH); Filtek Supreme (FS) e FS pré-aquecido (FSH). O teste de espessura de película (EP) (n = 10) foi feito usando duas placas de vidro sob compressão. A resistência à flexão (RF) e o módulo flexural (MF) foram avaliados por meio do teste de flexão de três pontos (n = 10). A tensão de contração de polimerização (TCP) foi avaliada em uma máquina de teste universal (n = 8). A largura da fenda (LF) entre o compósito e o molde foi medida em moldes metálicos polidos internamente (n = 10). O grau de conversão (GC) foi avaliado por espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (n = 3). A morfologia das partículas de carga foi observada em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e sua composição em EDX. Brilho superficial (BS) e rugosidade superficial (RS) foram avaliados antes e após escovação mecânica (n=10). Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA 2-fatores e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Menores valores médios de EP foram observados para os grupos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos grupos não pré-aquecidos. URH e FSH apresentaram maiores valores médios de RF e MF quando comparados com UR e FS. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no teste TCP. A LF foi maior para os grupos UR e FS quando comparados com URH e FSH. O GC foi maior para os compósitos pré-aquecidos quando comparados aos não pré-aquecidos. A RS do compósito UR foi maior que o FS após a escovação mecânica, enquanto o BS foi maior para os grupos FS. Em conclusão, o compósito universal testado geralmente apresentou propriedades físico-químicas semelhantes em comparação ao compósito nanoparticulado e propriedades de superfície semelhantes ou ligeiramente inferiores. O pré-aquecimento melhorou ou manteve todas as propriedades avaliadas.

Trans-fatty acid content in edible vegetable oil under different high temperatures / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveAn experimental method was established to determine the level of trans-fatty acids in edible vegetable oil and the changes of trans-fatty acid content during high-temperature simulated cooking. MethodsFour common edible vegetable oils on the market were selected， and three temperature points were set at 180 ℃ （light stir-fry）， 220 ℃ （fry） and 260 ℃ （stir fry）. The samples were taken after the heat treatment of 0， 1， 2， 3， 4， 5， 6 and 7 hours，respectively， to investigate the changes of trans-fatty acid content. ResultsUnder the heat treatment of 180 ℃ and 220 ℃， the content of trans-fatty acids remained basically stable in rapeseed oil， corn oil， soybean oil and olive oil. Under the heating condition of 260 ℃， the content of trans-fatty acids in these four vegetable oils increased significantly， and the absolute content of trans-fatty acids in rapeseed oil was the highest， reaching 6.84%. Soybean oil showed the larger increase， up to 247.90% from the initial content. The content of trans-fatty acids in olive oil increased from 0.26% to 1.69%， although the increase was large， but the absolute content of trans-fatty acids was still low. The content of trans-fatty acids in sesame oil increased significantly under the three temperatures， reaching 4.79% when heated at 260 ℃， and an increase of 369.61% compared with no heating. ConclusionTrans-fatty acid content in edible vegetable oils increases significantly in the cooking process， the higher the temperature and the longer the cooking time， the more significant the increase. It is recommended to avoid high temperature cooking and long time fried food.

Pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 during heating and non-heating periods in Urumqi City in 2021 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To understand the pollution characteristics and sources of PM2.5 in the atmosphere during heating and non-heating periods in Urumqi City in 2021, and provide scientific basis for pollution control during different periods. Method A total of 188 air samples were collected from area A and area B of Urumqi City, and 12 metal elements and 5 water-soluble ions were quantitatively analyzed, and the pollution sources were analyzed by enrichment factor method and principal component analysis method. Results In 2021, the mass concentrations of PM2.5 in areas A and B of Urumqi were 45.0 (20.0, 158) µg/m3 and 28.0 (17.5, 66.0) µg/m3, respectively, with statistically significant difference (Z=-2.870, P<0.05). During the heating period, the concentrations were 110 (68.0, 250) µg/m3 and 61.0 (31.0, 88.0) µg/m3, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (Z=-3.822, P<0.01). During the non-heating period, the concentrations were 18.0 (13.0, 22.3) µg/m3 and 18.0 (12.8, 22.0) µg/m3, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (Z=-0.596, P>0.05). The SNA (the sum of SO42-, NO3-and NH4+) accounted for 71.7% and 23.4% of PM2.5 in A area during heating and non-heating periods, respectively, with statistically significant difference (Z=-8.057, P<0.01); the corresponding proportions in B area were 60.7% and 24.9%, with statistically significant difference (Z=-6.672, P<0.01). During the heating and non-heating periods, the ratios of NO3-/SO42-are 0.63 and 0.54 in A area were 0.63 and 0.54, respectively, with statistically significant difference (Z=-2.382, P<0.05); and the corresponding ratios in B area were 0.72 and 0.53, respectively, with statistically significant difference (Z=-3.182, P<0.05). The ratio of NO3- to SO42- was less than 1 in both heating and non-heating periods in the two areas. and the correlation between five water-soluble ions was significant (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between NH4+ and SO42-, NO3-and Cl- in A and B areas during heating periods were all >0.9, indicating that NH4+and SO42-, NO3- and Cl- bind in (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3, and NH4Cl. During non-heating periods, the correlation between NH4+ and each ion was slightly lower. During heating periods in area A, Sb, As, Cd, Pb, and Tl were severely enriched (EF>100). During non-heating periods in the same area, As, Cd, Pb, Tl, and Hg were severely enriched (EF>100). During heating periods in area B, Sb, As, Cd, Pb, and Hg were severely enriched (EF>100), and during non-heating periods in the same area, Sb, Cd, and Hg were severely enriched (EF>100). Coal emission, photochemical secondary pollution, motor vehicle exhaust, dust and industrial pollution were the main sources of PM2.5 pollution in the two areas, and the contribution rate of fixed sources was higher than that of mobile sources. Conclusion In 2021, the mass concentration of PM2.5, water-soluble ions and metal elements in Urumqi City were higher in area A than area B, the heating period was higher than the non-heating period, the excess rate of area A was higher than that in area B, and the contribution rate of fixed air pollution was greater than that of mobile sources.

Epidemiological characteristics of Cox A6 infected with hand-foot-mouth disease in children aged 1-12 years in Enshi / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of severe cases of Cox A6 infected with HAND-foot-mouth disease in 1-12 years old children in Enshi city, and to provide reference for prevention and treatment of hand-foot-mouth disease. Methods From January to September 2021, hospitalized children aged 1-12 years with HFMD in Enshi city were collected. The samples of anal swabs and throat swabs were tested for Coxsackie virus A6 (Cox A6) nucleic acid, and the distribution of Cox A6 patients infected with HFMD and the proportion of severe cases in children aged 1-12 years were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of severe cases. Results From January to September 2021, a total of 343 HFMD cases aged 1 to 12 years were reported in Enshi, among which 241 cases (70.26%) were infected with CoxA6. No death cases were reported during the period. The 241 cases of Cox A6 infected with HFMD were distributed from January to September. 129 males (53.53%) and 112 females (46.47%); 208 cases (44.40%) were mainly from 1 to 3 years old, followed by 66 cases (28.39%) from 4 to 6 years old, 45 cases (18.67%) from 7 to 9 years old, and 23 cases (9.54%) from 10 to 12 years old. Cox A6 was mainly infected with HFMD in 145 cases (60.17%) in rural areas and 96 cases (39.83%) in urban areas. 10 cases (4.15%) of Cox A6 infected HFMD were severe cases; There were significant differences in age, fever temperature, fasting blood glucose and fever time between the severe case group and the normal case group (P<0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that fever temperature (OR=1.559, P<0.05), fasting blood glucose (OR=2.472, P<0.05) and fever time (OR=2.932, P<0.05) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of severe cases of Cox A6 infected with HFMWD in Enshi. Conclusion The incidence of Cox A6 infected with HFMD in Enshi is mainly concentrated in boys under 3 years old. Clinical treatment of HFMD children should focus on children with high fever temperature, fasting blood glucose and long fever time.

Study on RF Heating of Implants in Different Conductivity Medium / 中国医疗器械杂志

In MRI examination, RF heating of implants will affect the safety of implant wearers. The conductivity of various tissues in the human body is significantly different, and the medium conductivity will affect the distribution of the RF electric field. Therefore, it is necessary to study the RF heating of different medium conductivity. Based on the analysis of the principle of MRI RF heating, this study build the model of the bird cage coil, ASTM standard phantom and lead, and the conductivity of several typical human tissues is selected as the conductivity in the experiment. Then calculate the power deposition of the lead at 64 MHz. The results show that the medium conductivity has no effect on the distribution of electric field and power deposition, and the hot spot distribution remains unchanged under different conductivity; The smaller the conductivity is, the larger the power deposition of the lead is, and the greater the temperature rise of the lead caused by RF heating is; The change of conductivity and power deposition is approximately linear. At the limit of 2 W/kg whole body specific absorption rate(SAR), the conductivity decreases, and the wire power deposition increases sharply.

Design and application of heating device and temperature control system for dialysis fluid bag in continuous renal replacement therapy / 中华危重病急救医学

In the process of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), various factors such as the temperature of replacement fluid, the flow of fluid and the circulation of blood in cardiopulmonary bypass, lead to the temperature of the blood injected back into the body is often lower than normal. It leads to the decrease of body temperature and the occurrence of hypothermia, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. In clinical practice, medical staff mostly reduces the occurrence of hypothermia in patients with CRRT by means of the heating device of the machine, the heating of the liquid temperature box for cardiopulmonary bypass, and the application of heating blankets, but the effect is not ideal. Therefore, medical staff of the department of critical care medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University designed a heating device and temperature control system for CRRT dialysis fluid bag, and obtained the National Invention Patent of China (ZL 2021 1 0334906.7). The device includes a heating and thermal insulation device and a temperature control system, wherein the heating and thermal insulation device is composed of the body of the heating dialysis fluid bag and the temperature control structure, which solves the problems of safe and efficient liquid heating and thermal insulation during the CRRT process. The temperature control system can display the dynamic state of the patient's body temperature, adjust the temperature of the dialysis fluid bag in time, and monitor the temperature of the blood transfusion in real time through the cooperation of the five modules of data collection, data handle, data analysis, regulation and display. This design is applied to CRRT, which can achieve precise control of body temperature of critically ill patients, and has certain clinical significance.

Rapid authentication of different herbal medicines by heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry / 药物分析学报

The rapid and accurate authentication of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)has always been a key scientific and technical problem in the field of pharmaceutical analysis.Herein,a novel heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(H-oEESI-MS)was developed for the rapid and direct analysis of extremely complex substances without the requirement for any sample pretreatment or pre-separation steps.The overall molecular profile and fragment structure features of various herbal medicines could be completely captured within 10-15 s,with minimal sample(＜0.5 mg)and solvent consumption(＜20 μL for one sample).Furthermore,a rapid differentiation and authentication strategy for TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS was proposed,including metabolic profile characterization,characteristic marker screening and identification,and multivariate statistical analysis model validation.In an analysis of 52 batches of seven types of Aconitum medicinal materials,20 and 21 key compounds were screened out as the characteristic markers of raw and processed Aconitum herbal medicines,respectively,and the possible structures of all the characteristic markers were comprehensively identified based on Com-pound Discoverer databases.Finally,multivariate statistical analysis showed that all the different types of herbal medicines were well differentiated and identified(R2X＞0.87,R2Y＞0.91,and Q2＞0.72),which further verified the feasibility and reliability of this comprehensive strategy for the rapid authentication of different TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS.In summary,this rapid authentication strategy realized the ultra-high-throughput,low-cost,and standardized detection of various complex TCMs for the first time,thereby demonstrating wide applicability and value for the development of quality standards for TCMs.

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of heating physiotherapy goggles in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of heating physiotherapy goggles in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).Methods:A randomized controlled study was performed.Forty-four MGD patients were recruited in Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital from July 2021 to January 2022.Two patients were lost to follow-up.The patients were randomly divided into experimental group treated with heating physiotherapy goggles and control group treated with hot towels according to the random envelope method, with 21 patients (21 eyes) in each group.Throughout the study, the examiner was blinded.The data of the worse eye were analyzed.At baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after treatment, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear meniscus height (TMH), fluorescein breakup time (FBUT), corneal fluorescein staining score (CFS), lid margin hyperemia score and meibomian gland function scores were measured to evaluate the efficacy; visual acuity, intraocular pressure and slit lamp microscopy were examined to assess the safety.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University Eye Hospital (No.2021-177-K-153-01).Results:There were significant differences in OSDI scores between before and after treatment ( Ftime=16.528, P<0.001). No significant difference was found in OSDI scores between 30.46±17.31 at 2 weeks after treatment and 35.43±18.22 before treatment in control group ( P=0.405). The OSDI score at 2 weeks after treatment was 26.27±16.47, which was significantly lower than 39.24±17.96 before treatment in experimental group ( P=0.001). The eyelid margin hyperemia score was 0.0(1.0, 2.0) at 4 weeks after treatment in experimental group, which was significantly lower than 2.0(1.0, 3.0) in control group (Wald χ2=11.444, P=0.001). The morphologic scores of meibomian gland orifices at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were both 1.0(0.0, 1.0) in experimental group, which were significantly lower than 2.0(1.0, 3.0) and 2.0(1.0, 2.5) in control group (Wald χ2=15.082, 23.172; both at P<0.001). The scores of meibum quality at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were 1.0(0.5, 2.0) and 1.0(0.0, 1.5) in experimental group, which were significantly lower than 2.0(1.0, 2.0) and 2.0(1.0, 2.5) in control group (Wald χ2=4.638, 9.395; both at P<0.05). The scores of upper meibomian gland expressibility at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were both 2.0(1.0, 2.0) in experimental group, which were significantly lower than 3.0(2.0, 3.0) and 2.0(2.0, 2.5) in control group (Wald χ2=6.489, 11.562; both at P<0.05). The score of lower meibomian gland expressibility at 4 weeks after treatment in experimental group was 1.0(0.5, 2.0), which was significantly lower than 2.0(2.0, 3.0) in control group (Wald χ2=24.085, P<0.001). The FBUT at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were 3.00(1.75, 3.50) and 3.00(2.00, 4.00) seconds in experimental group, which were significantly longer than 1.00(0.75, 2.00) and 2.00(1.00, 3.00) seconds in control group (Wald χ2=8.576, 8.539; both at P<0.05). There were significant differences in TMH among different time points ( Ftime=8.874, P<0.001). In control group, the TMH at 4 weeks after treatment was (0.24±0.09) mm, which was significantly higher than (0.18±0.05) mm before treatment ( P<0.05). In experimental group, the TMH at 4 weeks after treatment was (0.23±0.09) mm, which was significantly higher than (0.17±0.05) mm before treatment ( P<0.05). Significant differences were found in CFS score among different time points (Wald χ2time=10.116, P=0.006). There was no statistically significant differences in CFS score between before and after treatment in control group (Wald χ2=1.781, P=0.410). In experimental group, the CFS scores at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were 0.0(0.0, 1.5) and 0.0(0.0, 0.0), which were significantly decreased in comparison with 0.00(0.00, 4.00) before treatment (both at P<0.05). In experimental group, the visual acuity converted to the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment were 0.10(0.00, 0.22) and 0.10(0.00, 0.22), which was significantly better than 0.10(0.00, 0.40) before treatment (both at P<0.05). There was no significant change in intraocular pressure at different time points between the two groups ( Fgroup=0.432, P=0.515; Ftime=0.329, P=0.721). No serious adverse effects occurred in both groups during the follow-up period. Conclusions:Compared with hot towel therapy, the use of heating physiotherapy goggles can relieve ocular discomfort of MGD patients more rapidly and improve the function and status of the meibomian gland more significantly.Heating physiotherapy goggles can treat MGD safely and effectively.

Accommodative Gain in Presbyopic Eye Using a New Procedure of Laser Scleral Softening (LSS): Part-II. Formulas for Volume Efficacy

Purpose: To derive and provide, for the first time, comprehensive analytic formulas for scleral softening volume efficacy (SVE) for accommodative gain (AG) via the increased space between ciliary body and lens (SCL) and mobility of the posterior vitreous zonules (PVZ).Study Design: To increase the AG of presbyopic eye by a new procedure, laser scleral softening (LSS).Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between June 2022 and July 2022.Methodology: The SVE is calculated based on the time and spatial integral of the scleral temperature profiles, T(z,t), solutions of a heat diffusion equation. Analytic formulas for SVE is derived based on the covered area given by a triangle area. The SVE of a 3-D model is governed by the "volume" covered by the laser beam, or its spot size area, the effective penetration depth (z"), which is an increasing function of laser dose, but a decreasing function of the absorption coefficient (A), due to the Beer's law of laser intensity, I(z)=I0exp(-Az). The efficacy depth-range (dZ) and time-ranges (dT) are defined for efficient softening with T(z,t)>T*, where T* is the scleral softening threshold temperature.Results: The accommodative gain is proportional to the 3-D SVE given by: SEV(3D) = SEV(1D) x laser beam spot (2-D area) x total number of spots (N) acting on the sclera, which is proportional to the efficacy ranges dZ and dT, in which dZ is an increasing of laser irradiation time, whereas dT is a decreasing function of depth. Softening of the scleral tissue after a thermal laser leading to the increase of PVZ mobility and SCL. However, the actual relation of SVE and the PVZ and SCL changes require measured data.Conclusion: Safety and efficacy of scleral softening for presbyopia treatment depend upon the laser parameters (intensity, dose, spot size, wavelength) and the effective depths. The SVE is proportional to the efficacy depth-range (dZ) and time-range (dT), in which dZ is an increasing of laser irradiation time and dT is a decreasing function of depth. The AG is proportional to the SVE(in 3-D).

Efficacy Theory and Proposed Protocol for Presbyopia Correction using Scleral Softening by Non-invasive Infrared Diode Lasers

Purpose: To derive and provide analytic formulas and proposed protocol for accommodative gain of presbyopia eyes via laser scleral softening, which causes increased space between ciliary body and lens (SCL) and mobility of the posterior vitreal zonules (PVZ).Study Design: To increase the accommodation of presbyopia by laser scleral heating/softening.Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, between April 2022 and June 2022.Purpose: To analyze the safety and efficacy of presbyopia treatment via scleral softening.Methodology: The scleral softening efficacy is calculated based on the rate equation of scleral tissue with a rate coefficient given by an Arrhenius formula, Temperature spatial and temporal profiles are given by the numerical solutions of a heat diffusion equation with a volume heating source. Various effective depths including tissue damage depth, temperature penetration depth and conversion depth, governed by tissue absorption coefficient, light intensity and dose (or irradiation time), and the related threshold values, are introduced in replacing the conventional penetration depth based on a Beer's law.Results: Given the the temperature spatial and temporal profiles, scleral softening efficacy can be calculated. Scleral surface damage can be prevented by cooling window. The suggested protocol for scleral softening treatments include: a diode laser at about 1.45 to 1.5 祄 or about 1.86 to1.9 祄, or about 2.0 to 2.15 祄, wavelength (with absorption coefficient about 20 to 100 cm-1); laser power about 0.2 to 0.8 W per spot, having a total of 4 to 16 spots; and irradiation time of 100 to 600 ms. Results of corneal thermal shrinkage are demonstrated by the topography changes of pig eyes, in which the scleral softening does not affect the corneal shapes. The accommodative gain is proportional to the softening efficacy (Seff) of the scleral tissue after a thermal laser leading to the increase of PVZ mobility and SCL. However, the actual relation of Seff and the PVZ and SCL changes require measured data.Conclusion: Safety and efficacy of scleral softening for presbyopia treatment depend upon the laser parameters (intensity, dose, spot size, wavelength) and the effective depths. By choosing the laser treated areas, a dual function treatment using scleral softening for presbyopia, and cornea stromal shrinkage for hyperopia is proposed and demonstrated by topography of pig eyes.

Efficacy Analysis of Corneal Photo-vitrification (CPV) for Improved Vision of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Eyes

Purpose: To analyze the safety and efficacy of corneal photovitrification (CPV) for improved visions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes.Study Design: Using CPV for improved visions of AMD eyes.Place and Duration of Study: New Taipei City, Taiwan, and Austin, TX, USA; between April, 2022 and June, 2022.Methodology: The CPV efficacy is calculated based on the rate equation given by dM/dt=-k(t) M(t), where M(t) is the PCV-treated corneal stroma; and k(t) is the rate coefficient given by an Arrhenius formula, k(t) = A0 exp[?Ea/(RT(t,z)], where t and z are the laser irradiation time and depth of the cornea stroma; Ea is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The temperature spatial and temporal profiles are given by the numerical solutions of a heat diffusion equation with a volume heating source. Various effective depths including the tissue damage depth, temperature penetration depth and conversion depth, governed by the tissue absorption coefficient, light intensity and dose (or irradiation time), and the related threshold values, are introduced in replacing the conventional penetration depth based on a Beer's law.Results: The suggested protocol for CPV treatments include: a diode laser at about 2 祄 wavelength (with absorption coefficient about 100 cm-1). The laser dose is about 25 J/cm2/spot and irradiation time of 150 ms.Conclusion: The efficacy of CPV may be predicted/calculated by our modeling based on rate equation and the corneal stroma temperature rise due to laser heating. The preferred retinal locus (PRL) movement observed post-CPV is caused mainly by neuroadaptation.

Cumplimiento de las medidas de restricción del uso residencial de leña en la ciudad de Valdivia / Compliance with the measures of restrict the residential use of firewood in Valdivia, Chile

BACKGROUND: Atmospheric pollution is a problem that causes great concern and health risks for the population and the earth, as it affects developed countries and third world countries. Locally, there are no studies that prove the fulfillment level of the restriction about the usage of residential firewood, considering that since 2014 there is a procedure called "The Environmental Decontamination Plan" in Valdivia (PDAV). Aim: To determine the fulfillment level of the restriction about residential firewood and its related factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The population study were 594 homes that were assigned randomly and proportionally according to 2 territorial areas (A and B) established in the PDAV. The sample's characteristics were described, comparison techniques were applied by subgroups (sociodemographic, home's structures and humidity's perception and percentage of the firewood) to identify factors related mainly with the fulfillment of measurements about firewood usage. RESULTS: 52% of households do not comply with the residential firewood use restriction measure, having sociodemographic factors related with this failure, such as schooling, health insurance and home structure. Besides, it is noted that the knowledge level of PDAV is associated with the accomplish level of restriction measures. When people know more about PDAV, there is a higher proportion of accomplishment. Conclusion: In more than half of the households, the restriction on the use of woodstove is not complied. The lack of knowledge of the population about the PDAV directly influences its compliance, which requires strategies to promote adherence to this program.

Rotas tecnológicas, desafios e potencial para valoração energética de resíduo sólido urbano por coprocessamento no Brasil / Technological routes, challenges and potential for municipal solid waste energetic valorization by coprocessing in Brazil

RESUMO Mais de dez anos depois da implantação da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, por meio da Lei federal n° 12.305/2010, a elaboração e a execução de políticas públicas com resultados positivos na gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos são precárias. O coprocessamento desses produtos em fornos de clínquer pode ser uma alternativa viável para melhorar esse cenário, mas encontra diversas dificuldades de ordem técnica e econômica. Neste trabalho, estimou-se a composição e a gravimetria dos resíduos no Brasil com base em dados secundários, de forma a estimar o poder calorífico inferior resultante de diferentes formas de pré-tratamento desses produtos: triagem de orgânicos, triagem de orgânicos e inertes, secagem para redução da umidade e combinação das três estratégias. Com base nos valores obtidos de poder calorífico, estima-se a capacidade de coprocessamento de resíduos pré-tratados pelas indústrias nacionais que possuem licenciamento ambiental para essa atividade. O tratamento prévio dos resíduos resultou em aumentos entre 20 e 56% em relação ao cenário-base. Observou-se que, para o cenário sem triagem, mas com secagem térmica do resíduo, até 8% dos resíduos com destinação inadequada no Brasil atualmente podem ser recebidos por indústrias de cimento para o coprocessamento, desde que haja viabilidade técnica para sua substituição e transporte.

ABSTRACT More than ten years after the implementation of the Solid Waste Nacional Policy by Brazilian Federal Law nº 12.305/2010, elaboration and execution of public policies with positive results in Municipal Solid Waste management is precarious. Coprocessing of Municipal Solid Waste in cement kilns can be a viable alternative for improving this scenario, but still encounters many technical and economical challenges. In this study, an estimate of the mean gravimetric composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Brazil is presented, based on secondary data, so as to estimate the resultant lower heating value resultant of different Municipal Solid Waste pre-treatment alternatives; separation of the organic fraction, separation of organic and inert fraction, drying of Municipal Solid Waste and all strategies combined. Based on the obtained lower heating value, an estimate of the yearly potential of Municipal Solid Waste coprocessing in industries already licensed for coprocessing of waste in Brazil is presented. Pre-treatment of Municipal Solid Waste resulted in lower heating value improvements ranging from 20 to 56% when compared to the base scenario. It is observed that, in the scenario where the Municipal Solid Waste is dried but not triaged, up to 8% of the Municipal Solid Waste that is currently disposed inappropriately in Brazil could be received by cement industries for coprocessing, as long as there is technical feasibility for the substitution and transportation.

Evaluation of the application of self-made lithotomy heating mask in radical resection of rectal cancer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of self-made lithotomy heating mask on intraoperative and postoperative body temperature and short-term postoperative outcome indicators in patients undergoing radical resection of rectal cancer.Methods:Using the method of quasi experimental research design, 100 patients with open rectal cancer in Ningbo Huamei Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences from February to July 2021 were selected as the research objects. The patients were divided into experimental group and control group with 50 cases in each group. The control group was kept warm by routine methods, and the experimental group was kept warm by self-made lithotomy heating hood. The changes of core temperature at different time points before, during and after operation were compared between the two groups. The incidence of accidental hypothermia and shivering, the recovery time of anesthesia, and the incidence of various complications within 48 hours after operation were compared between the two groups after operation from the beginning of the operation to 6 hours after returning to the ward.Results:From 30 minutes after anesthesia to 3 hours after entering the ward, the core temperatures of the experimental group at 10 time points were higher than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( t values were 3.48-37.30, all P<0.01). From the beginning of surgery to 6 h after returning to the ward, the incidence of perioperative accidental hypothermia in the experimental group was 2% (1/50), lower than 24% (12/50) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=11.06, P<0.05) . The number of cases of shivering in the experimental group was 10, lower than that in the control group of 22, the difference was statistically significant ( χ2=6.62, P<0.05) . The recovery time, extubation time and stay time in anesthesia recovery room of the experimental group were (8.44 ± 2.83), (13.05 ± 4.72), (74.51 ± 11.82) min, which were shorter than those of the control group (15.35 ± 2.09), (17.62 ± 3.28), (89.14 ± 9.19) min, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-13.89, -5.62, -6.91, all P<0.01). The number of cases of agitation, delirium and nausea and vomiting in the experimental group was 3, 1 and 2 respectively, which was lower than 13, 7 and 8 in the control group, and the difference were statistically significant ( χ2=7.44, 4.89, 4.00, all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse cardiac events between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:The application of self-made lithotomy heating mask in open rectal cancer surgery can effectively improve the risk of hypothermia at different time points during and after surgery, reduce the incidence of shivering, restlessness, postoperative nausea, vomiting and delirium, shorten the time of awakening and extubation, and prevent postoperative complications. It has practical value in clinic.

Thermal stability of avocado oil: A comparative study with rice bran and olive oils

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the thermal stability of avocado oil (Breda variety) compared to olive and rice bran oils. The oils were heated to a temperature of 180 °C for 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 h in a digester block. The evaluations performed were: acidity, indices of peroxides, iodine, p-anisidine, refraction, electrical conductivity, specific extinction coefficients, phenolic compounds, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity of the samples. Changes in the evaluated parameters were found as a function of the heating time. In general, olive oil was found to be more stable, followed by avocado oil. However, the avocado oil showed good maintenance of characteristics when subjected to heating. This work has shown that avocado oil is very similar to olive oil and that both show considerable stability after heating at the usual temperature of the frying process.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la estabilidad térmica del aceite de aguacate (variedad Breda) en comparación con los aceites de salvado de arroz y oliva. Se calentaron los aceites a una temperatura de 180 °C durante 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 y 6,0 h en un bloque digestor. Las muestras fueran sometidas a los siguientes análisis: acidez, índices de peróxidos, yodo, p-anisidina, refracción, conductividad eléctrica, coeficientes de extinción específica, compuestos fenólicos, clorofilas, carotenoides y actividad antioxidante. Se encontraron cambios en los parámetros evaluados en función del tiempo de calentamiento. Por lo general, se encontró que el aceite de oliva es más estable, seguido del aceite de aguacate. Sin embargo, el aceite de aguacate mostró un buen mantenimiento de las características bajo el calentamiento. Este trabajo ha demostrado que el aceite de aguacate es muy similar al aceite de oliva y que ambos muestran una estabilidad considerable al calentar a la temperatura habitual del proceso de fritura.

Effect of sample processing at 56℃ for 30 min on routine examination in Department of Blood Transfusion / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effect of sample processing at 56℃ for 30 min on routine examination in Department of Blood Transfusion. 【Methods】 A total of 40 cross matched blood samples submitted by clinical departments of our hospital, were collected, and each sample was equally divided into two. Before and after heating at 56℃ for 30 min, the ABO blood group was detected by manual method and card method (gel card and glass beadle card), antibody titer was detected by coagulant method, and cross-matching was conducted by anti-globulin card method. Chi-square test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare the differences between the two groups (before and after heating treatment). 【Results】 The blood group detection rates of the experimental group were 100% (40/40), 37.5% (15/40) and 80% (32/40) by manual test tube method, gel card and glass beads card, respectively, P0.05). The matching rate of two groups of samples, cross-matched with corresponding donor samples, was both 100% (40/40) by coagulant method, and 100% (40/40) vs 25% (10/40) respectively by the antiglobulin card method (P<0.01). The other 30 samples in the experimental group presented weak agglutination in the secondary side. 【Conclusion】 The treatment of virus inactivation at 56℃ for 30 min has little effect on blood group identification by test tube method, antibody titer and cross-matching by coagulant method, and reduceds the occupational exposure of staff in Blood Transfusion Department.

The effect of radiofrequency heating on the expression of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in osteoarthritic synovial membranes of the knee / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of radiofrequency heating on the morphology of articular cartilage in the knee and the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the synovium using a rabbit model of knee osteoarthritis (OA).Methods:Fifty-four male rabbits had OA induced in their right hind limbs using the modified Hulth method. They were then randomly divided into a model group, a cervus and cucumis polypeptide (CCP) group and a radiofrequency thermotherapy (RT) group, each of 18. The CCP group was injected with deer melon peptide intramuscularly every day, while the RT group was given daily radiofrequency hyperthermia treatment at 36.5-38.5 ℃. The model group was not provided with any special treatment. On the 6th, 12th and 18th day of the treatment, 6 rabbits in each group were sacrificed to resect the right femur′s medial condyle cartilage. The morphological characteristics of the cartilage were evaluated using modified Mankins scoring, while the contents of lL-1B and TNF-a in the synovial membrane were detected using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assays.Results:The average Mankins scores and the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α decreased significantly at each time point, and significant differences were observed among the three groups. In the RT group the average Mankins score as well as the IL-1β and TNF-α levels decreased significantly with time throughout the experiment.Conclusions:Radiofrequency hyperthermia is superior to the injection of deer melon polypeptide in knee osteoarthritis, at least in rabbits. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the control of IL-1β and TNF- α levels in the synovial membrane.

A study of effect and safety of different heating methods in continuous renal replacement therapy treatment / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect and safety of different heating methods in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) treatment.Methods:One-hundred and twenty critical patients, who hospitalized in the department of ICU of Nanjing University of TCM affiliated Hospital from Nov. 2018 to Aug. 2020, were enrolled in this study and divided randomly and equally into four groups: control group (heated by Prismaflex′s blood warming equipment), group A (heated by spiral-wound case blood warming equipment), group B (heated by 3M Bair Hugger warming carpet) and group C (heated by 3M displacement liquid warming equipment). All the patients were monitored levels of rectal temperature, forehead temperature, and temperatures of CRRT′s arterial and venous ends in 12 hours after CRRT treatment. The rates of low or high temperature and max fluctuation range of temperature were recorded.Results:The highest temperatures of rectal, arterial and venous ends of CRRT in three groups were (37.20±0.23)℃, (37.15±0.35)℃, (37.16±0.24)℃, (37.21±0.35)℃, (37.15±0.31)℃, (37.19±0.23)℃ and (36.49±0.52)℃, (36.36±0.46)℃, (36.68±0.22)℃, respectively. After CRRT treatment, the highest temperatures of rectal in each group were (36.85±0.31)℃, (36.75±0.35)℃ and (36.96±0.21)℃, respectively. The highest temperatures of arterial and venous ends of CRRT in each group were (36.81±0.32)℃, (36.65±0.31)℃, (36.99±0.20)℃, (36.34±0.41)℃, (36.20±0.42)℃ and (36.30±0.28)℃, respectively. The highest temperatures of rectal, arterial and venous ends of CRRT in Group A and C were higher than those in control group. The highest temperatures of rectal and arterial ends of CRRT in Group A and B were lower than those in Group C ( t values were 2.037-4.559, P<0.05). After CRRT treatment, the lowest rectal temperatures in three groups were (36.85±0.31)℃, (36.75±0.35)℃ and (36.96±0.21)℃, respectively. The lowest temperatures of arterial and venous ends of CRRT in three groups were (36.81±0.32)℃, (36.65±0.31)℃, (36.99±0.20)℃, (36.34±0.41)℃, (36.20±0.42)℃ and (36.30±0.28)℃, respectively. The lowest temperatures of rectal, arterial and venous ends of CRRT in Group A and C were higher than those in control group. The lowest temperatures of rectal and arterial ends of CRRT in Group A and B were lower than those in Group C ( t values were 2.032-6.194, P<0.05). After CRRT treatment, the fluctuation of rectal temperatures in three groups were (0.34±0.11)℃, (0.38±0.15)℃ and (0.26±0.11)℃, respectively. The fluctuation of arterial and venous ends of CRRT temperatures in three groups were (0.30±0.14)℃, (0.35±0.23)℃, (0.22±0.14)℃, (0.33±0.16)℃, (0.39±0.23)℃ and (0.26±0.09)℃, respectively. The fluctuation levels of rectal, arterial and venous ends of CRRT in Group A and C were higher than those in control group. The fluctuation levels of rectal and arterial ends of CRRT in Group A and B were lower than those in Group C ( t values were 2.032-6.194, P<0.05). After CRRT treatment, the fluctuation of △RBC in three groups were 0.11±0.07, 0.11±0.06 and 0.09±0.06, respectively. The fluctuation of △Fib in three groups were 0.83±0.32, 0.84±0.28 and 0.60±0.31, respectively. Correlation analysis showed C methods was most related with the fluctuation temperatures of venous ends of CRRT. Conclusion:Heating replacement fluid by 3M blood warming device is proved to be the best way to prevent heat loss in CRRT treatment.

Preparation and in vitro imaging of a magnetic heating phasetransition multimodal ultrasound contrast agent / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To prepare a novel magnetic heating phasetransition nanoparticle contrast agent (PFH-HIONS), and to study its performance on enhancing photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound imaging after phasetransition by magnetic-thermo in vitro.@*Methods@#Firstly, the superparamagnetic nano hollow iron spheres (HIONS) were prepared by a one-pot solvothermal method, and then the phasetransition liquid perfluorocarbon (PFH) was loaded on the HIONS by vacuum adsorption to obtain PFH-HIONS. After characterization of the nanoparticles, photoacoustic imaging, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound imaging after phasetransition with magnetic-thermo were performed in vitro, and the results were analyzed by a software.@*Results@#PFH-HIONS was successfully prepared with uniform particle size of (537.3±24.8)nm. PFH-HIONS could apparently enhance photoacoustic imaging and magnetic resonance imaging in vitro. In an alternating magnetic field, it could significantly increase the temperature, which promotes phasetransion of the PFH to produce microbubbles, thereby enhancing ultrasound imaging. Furthermore, as the concentration increased, the imaging intensity was enhanced, and the differences in imaging intensity between different concentration groups were statistically significant (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The PFH-HIONS can enhance the multimodal imaging including ultrasound, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance, and it also has obvious magnetic heating performance. It provides a new and efficient research platform for theranostics based on molecular imaging, therefore it has promising application prospects.

A magnetism/laser-auxiliary cascaded drug delivery to pulmonary carcinoma

Although high-efficiency targeted delivery is investigated for years, the efficiency of tumor targeting seems still a hard core to smash. To overcome this problem, we design a three-step delivery strategy based on streptavidin-biotin interaction with the help of c(RGDfK), magnetic fields and lasers. The ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONPs) modified with c(RGDfK) and biotin are delivered at step 1, followed by streptavidin and the doxorubicin (Dox) loaded nanosystems conjugated with biotin at steps 2 and 3, respectively. The delivery systems were proved to be efficient on A549 cells. The co-localization of signal for each step revealed the targeting mechanism. The external magnetic field could further amplify the endocytosis of USPIONs based on c(RGDfK), and magnify the uptake distinctions among different test groups. Based on photoacoustic imaging, laser-heating treatment could enhance the permeability of tumor venous blood vessels and change the insufficient blood flow in cancer. Then, it was noticed that only three-step delivery with laser-heating and magnetic fields realized the highest tumor distribution of nanosystem. Finally, the magnetism/laser-auxiliary cascaded delivery exhibited the best antitumor efficacy. Generally, this study demonstrated the necessity of combining physical, biological and chemical means of targeting.