Fundamentação da Linguagem Humana: A Primazia da Audição sobre a Visão segundo Herder / The foundation of human language: the primazy of the hearing on the vision by herder

A experiência do pensar passa necessariamente por um determinado jogo de palavras. É neste jogo que se põe em jogo e em causa o pensamento de Johann Gottfried Herder. Cada vez que se põe em jogo o jogo de palavras de Herder, põe-se em jogo o seu pensamento como uma experiência originária do pensar. A linguagem não é senão o próprio homem. Ela revela o modo de ser próprio do homem e do próprio homem. A linguagem é o que é desde que e como o homem se compreende em seu mundo, a partir e como ele experimenta o limite de sua esfera como dinâmica de sua própria constituição. A linguagem é o modo de ser do próprio homem como homem. No Ensaio sobre a origem da linguagem, Herder busca compreender e fundamentar filosoficamente o modo da essencialização da linguagem, isto é, próprio do homem e do próprio homem. O principal opositor com o qual Herder se confronta é Johann Peter Süssmilch. Lançamo-nos aqui à tarefa de acompanhar e compreender o pensamento deste pensador

The experience of thinking necessarily passes through a certain set of words. It is in this game that the game of Johann Gottfried Herder is brought into play. Each time Herder's play on words is put into play, his thinking is put into play as an original experience of thinking. Language is nothing but man himself. It reveals man's and man's own way of being. Language is what it is since and how man understands himself in his world, from and as he experiences the limit of his sphere as the dynamic of his own constitution. Language is man's way of being as a man. In the essay on the origin of language, Herder seeks to understand and philosophically substantiate the mode of the essentialization of language, that is, proper to man and to man himself. The main opponent with whom Herder confronts is Johann Peter Süssmilch. We are here to follow and understand the thinking of this thinker.

Multidimensional poverty of the ethnic tibetan farm and Herder households in Gansu province, China / Pobreza multidimensional da fazenda tibetana étnica e das famílias de Herder na província de Gansu, China

ABSTRACT: Ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households (FHH) in Gansu Province, China are stricken with poverty. Solving the poverty problem in this or other poverty pockets across China has special importance for the country's political stability, ethnic unity, social well-being, and ecological security. This paper calculates the multidimensional poverty situation of ethnic Tibetan farm and herder households of Gansu Province, China by using the Alkire-Foster method. Twelve indicators are included in the multidimensional poverty indicator system. Results showed that 1) in the single indicator measure, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), the home toilet type (x7), and the labor availability (x2) showed a higher incidence of deprivation, 2) many FHH in the Tibetan areas of the Gansu Province are facing multidimensional poverty but the proportion of extreme poverty is very small, and 3) from the perspective of contribution rate, the adult family members received at least 9th grade education (x3), labor availability (x2), self-health assessment (x1), home toilet type (x7), and school-age children dropout rate (x4) occupied the top five positions as obtained from the equal weight to dimensions (DEW) method.

RESUMO: As fazendas tibetanas e lares de pastores na província de Gansu, na China, são atingidas pela pobreza. Resolver o problema da pobreza neste ou em outros aglomerados em toda a China tem importância especial para a estabilidade política do país, a unidade étnica, o bem-estar social e a segurança ecológica. Esta pesquisa calcula a situação multidimensional da pobreza das famílias de fazendeiros e pastores tibetanos da Província de Gansu, usando o método Alkire-Foster. Doze indicadores estão incluídos no sistema multidimensional de indicadores de pobreza. Os resultados mostram que: 1) na medida de indicador único, os membros adultos da família receberam o grau de instrução até, pelo menos, a 9ª série (x3); o tipo de banheiro (x7) e a disponibilidade de mão-de-obra (x2) apresentam maior incidência de privação; 2) muitas FHH nas áreas tibetanas da Província de Gansu enfrentam pobreza multidimensional, mas a proporção de pobreza extrema é muito pequena e, 3) do ponto de vista da taxa de contribuição, os membros adultos da família receberam pelo menos a 9ª série (x3), disponibilidade (x2), a análise de auto-avaliação (x1), o tipo de banheiro domiciliar (x7) e a taxa de desistência de crianças em idade escolar (x4) ocuparam as cinco primeiras posições obtidas do método de peso igual a dimensões (DEW).

МАЛЧДЫН БИОЛОГИЙН НАСЫГ СУДАЛСАН ДҮН / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

@#BACKGROUND OF STUDY: Not only in developed countries but also in Mongolia it is vital problem to decide how to improve human life’s quality, to make clear the measurement to take, discover human body’s change, aging mechanism and predict from these diseases. The research on herders’ biological aging which is connected to the geography, nature, environment, climate, inhabitant, culture and labor’s specialty hasn’t been done yet. So it causes the basis to write this research. AIMS: Defining the nomadic herder’s biological aging MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY: All the herders in Gobi-Altai were included in this research. They wereclassified into ages such as 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69, and 202 female and 212 male herders were chosen accidentally. The model types of research “Cross-Sectional” method is used for this, the equipment called “Tanita” which is used for measuring body is used for collecting information and also SPSS-22programmis used for producing result. RESULT OF STUDY: 1. 49% of all research participants are male, 51% are female. 2. Herder’s biological aging is 50,4+9,4 and it shows that 6,3 older than calendar ages. 3. Herders’ aging was different for male and female herders. 81,8 percent of the male herders get older very fast whereas 69,4 of female herders get older slowly. CONCLUSION: • Male herder’s aging is 14 years older than womenThe older female and male herders get, the less their difference in their biological age becomes. • The percentage of the herders whose aging is getting fast is 21-26 % older than biological aging of the UB city’s people. • Biological age and sex’s connection (r=0,0001 p=0,00488) between biological age and weight’s index is (r=0,00488, p=0,001) is different and statistical significant.

Knowledge of rural herdsmen on non-communicable diseases and their needs in and availability of information / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

IntroductionAs prevalence of morbidity and mortality due to the non-communicable diseases is high, educationand communication are crucial in terms of reduction of the risk factors of these diseases amongstthe population. However, the sources and needs for information regarding NCDs among the generalpopulation, especially among the rural herdsmen, are still unknown.Materials and MethodsThe study used a population based cross sectional design selecting 500 herders in total by themultistage random cluster sampling method from 4 provinces and 12 soums of 4 the geographicalregions of Mongolia. Data collection methods included both quantitative and qualitative methodsfollowed by an analysis of the data using the by SPSS 17.0 software.ResultsA total of 228 herding families participated in the study and 78.5% of them were use television, 37.3%--radio and 10.1% -- newsletters. As for sources of health information, 53.4% of participants receiveinformation on NCDs from the television, 32.2% - from health care facilities, and 18.6% -- from radio.More than 65% of the participants state that the information on NCDs is “insufficient”, whereas 92%have never participated in trainings on NCDs, and 84.4% were have had no access to NCD-relatedbrochures and handouts. These results indicate that the NCD related information available to theherders and rural population is insufficient. In terms of demand for information on non-communicablediseases, 82.2% of the respondents answered that information is necessary, 60.4% of the herdersprefer to have information through television, 42.2%-- through soum doctors and bag feldschers,35.8%-- from health care facilities, and 31.4% -- from the radio.ConclusionInformation on NCDs available to rural herders and households is insufficient, thus more appropriatemethods for delivery NCD information should be used meeting their demands and their preferenceof the sources of health information.