Histogenesis of the Gubernaculum During Testis Descent in the Goat Fetus (Capra marghoz) / Histogénesis del Gubernaculum Durante el Descenso Testicular en el Feto de Cabra (Capra marghoz)

SUMMARY: Testicular descent is a complex process that only occurs in mammals. The role of the gubernaculum during testicular descent has been explained mainly by its capacity for dilatation and contraction. This study tried to investigate the changes in the structure of the fibers and cells of the gubernaculum in different age levels of testicular descent in goat fetuses. Embryo samples were collected and grouped in such a way that 60 male goat fetuses were obtained from 100 pregnant does (Capra marghoz). The samples were classified based on the average length (CRL) of the used embryos into 6 age groups. Tissues of the gubernaculum were stained using Masson's Trichrome method to observe collagen fibers under light microscopy. In the present study, growth and orientation of collagen fibers of gubernaculum were observed from the age of 51 days in a manner that the arrangement and order of fibroblasts and collagens to be associated with the onset of testicular migration order and collagen fibers until the end of the third month. Further, changes in the cell arrays and strings were observed after the age of 111 days in such a way that near the birth date, the gubernaculum converted into atrophy tissue. It can be said that from the beginning of the period of testicular descent until its completion, the tissue of the gubernaculum undergoes cellular changes, such as deformation and increase and secretion in connective fibers.

El descenso testicular es un proceso complejo que solo ocurre en los mamíferos. El papel del gubernaculum durante este proceso se ha explicado principalmente por su capacidad de dilatarse y contraerse. En este trabajo, se investigaron los cambios en la estructura de las fibras y células del gubernaculum en diferentes etapas del descenso testicular y edades en fetos de cabra. Se recolectaron muestras de embriones, agrupándose de manera que se obtuvieron 60 fetos de macho cabrío a partir de 100 hembras preñadas (Capra marghoz). Las muestras se clasificaron según la longitud media (CRL) de los embriones utilizados, dividiéndose en seis grupos de edad. Los tejidos del gubernaculum se tiñeron utilizando la técnica de Tricrómico de Masson para observar las fibras de colágeno bajo microscopía óptica. En el presente estudio, se observó el crecimiento y la orientación de las fibras colágenas del gubernaculum a partir de los 51 días de edad. La disposición y el orden de los fibroblastos y colágeno se asociaron con el inicio de la migración testicular, observándose las fibras colágenas hasta el final del tercer mes. Además, se detectaron cambios en las matrices y cadenas de células después de los 111 días de edad. Cerca de la fecha de nacimiento, el gubernaculum se convirtió en tejido atrofiado. En conclusión, desde el inicio hasta la finalización del período de descenso testicular, el tejido del gubernaculum sufre cambios celulares, como deformación y aumento de secreción en las fibras conectivas.

Prostate Gland in Human Foetuses: A Study of its Histogenesis

Background: To study the histogenesis of the prostate gland in human foetuses. ‘Prostates’ is a Greek word which literally means “one who stands before”, protector, guardian. It is important from a clinical point of view as it undergoes benign enlargement from the fifth decade, hence attracting the attention of males around this age and simultaneously the clinicians. Materials and Methods: 100 foetuses of different gestational ages ranging from 14 weeks (85 mm) to 40 weeks (440 mm), products of terminated pregnancies under Medical Termination of Pregnancy, MTP Act of India, 1971 and stillbirths were collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, RIMS, (Regional Institute of Medical Sciences), Imphal, Manipur and utilised for the present study with permission from the Institutional Ethical Committee. Results and Discussion: The first sign of differentiation is recognised as increased cellularity and denser mesenchymal cells. Cytoarchitecture at specific age period at different age groups are described. Conclusion: Cytoarchitecturally, differentiation of all the three components of the prostate gland was noted as the age changes. It is inferred that of the three components of the adult tissues, the glandular component is differentiated from the epithelial lining of the urethra. This further induces the early mesenchymal tissues to differentiate into muscles and fibrous components. And at term, it has all the three components of the adult tissues although it is not as mature as in adult.

Central Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor: A Literature Review of Cases Reported in the Last 71 Years with a New Case Report / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Central granular cell odontogenic tumors (CGCOTs) are rare, benign, slowly growing odontogenic neoplasms. Due to their uncertain histogenesis, CGCOTs are still not included as a distinct entity in the WHO classification (2017) of odontogenic tumors. We report a case of CGCOT involving the right side of maxillary anterior region of a 39-year-old white female. Immunohistochemical staining showed that granular cells positively expressed CD68 and vimentin, and negatively expressed S-100 protein. Meanwhile, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases to summary the clinico-pathological features of 51 reported cases of CGCOT. The results showed that the granular cells of 28.6% cases were immunopositive for vimentin and CD68, and odontogenic epithelial cells were positive immunoreactivity for cytokeratin. These findings reinforced the mesenchymal origin of granular cells and the odontogenic nature of epithelium islands.

Histogenesis of human fetal liver from 12 weeks to 36 weeks of gestation

Background: Fetal human liver developmental morphology is very important for diagnosis of congenital anomalies. The development of human liver is an ongoing process which begins after fertilization and continues into post-natal life. Liver is one of the organs of gastrointestinal tract having both exocrine and endocrine functions and capable of regeneration. Not only adult liver, the fetal liver is also an important organ with Haemopoietic functions. Pediatric liver transplants accounting for 10-15% of all liver transplants worldwide occur due to congenital defects.Methods: The study is conducted on 50 livers procured from 50 aborted fetuses (34 males and 16 females) ranging from 12 to 36 weeks of gestation .After confirming their age through CRL they were grouped. Then processed to form sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and seen under light microscope.Results: Histogenesis and development of human liver in prenatal period was observed under the microscope at various gestational age groups which was confirmed with lobular pattern, portal triad structures ,central vein and sinusoids showing fetal haemopoietic function which regress towards the term.Conclusions: The present study gave emphasis on all physical parameters and a detail histogenesis and development of human liver in prenatal period from 12 to 36 weeks of gestation. This work agreed with previous studies.

A Study On Histogenesis Of Thymus In Human Foetuses

Background: The Thymus is a lymphatic organ that exhibits certain unique structural features. The supportingreticular stroma arises from endodermal epithelium and produces a cellular reticulum. Lymphocytes are derivedfrom haematopoietic stem cells.Materials and methods: The present study was carried out with 20 human foetuses of gestational age varyingfrom 10 to 31weeks in the Department of Anatomy,Thanjavur medical college, Thanjavur. Histogenesis of variouscomponents of thymus was studied after staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin.Results: Lymphocytes appear by 10th week.Lobulation started appearing by 12th week and completed by 15thweek.Corticomedullary differentiation started by 15th week, and become more distinct by18th week. Blood vesselswere seen by 10th week and macrophages by 12th week. Hassall’s corpuscles appeared by 15th week. The numberand size of HC increased between 18 and 24 weeks.Conclusion: Precise knowledge of the histogenesis and histodifferentiation of the various components of thenormal thymus is essential in analyzing the different pathologies like thymic neoplasia, myasthenia gravis andcertain other autoimmune disorder

Treatment of forearm diaphyseal defect by distraction compression bone transport and continued distraction for radial head reduction: A case study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Treatment of infected forearm nonunion and defects represents a difficult task for the operating surgeons. Conventional methods like composite and vascularized fibular grafts and the induced membranes filled with cancellous autografts or the Masquelet technique have been reported to be useful and successful, but sometimes it is difficult to predict the outcome and cannot address simultaneous deformities or the need to apply gradual distraction for reduction of a chronically dislocated radial head. Ilizarov technique has an answer for such conditions. We report a 43 years old man with infected ulnar defect and dislocated radial head as a result of infected Monteggia fracture: the patient was successfully treated by Ilizarov bone transport after failed attempts by bone spacer and fibular graft.

Expression of ?-smooth muscle actin in benign and malignant salivary gland tumors: An immunohistochemical study

Background and Objectives: Myoepithelial cells (ME) are known to contribute in the patterning of salivary gland neoplasms (SGN) and possess cytoplasmic smooth muscle actin (SMA) revealed by alpha SMA (?-SMA). The present study aimed to assess the expression of ?-SMA in selected benign and malignant SGN (pleomorphic adenoma printarticle.asp?issn=0377-4929;year=2018;volume=61;issue=4;spage=479;epage=484;aulast=Ravi, mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA). Materials and Methods: The intensity and pattern of expression of ?-SMA were studied in 25 cases of SGN's ACC (n = 7), MEC (n = 8), PA (n = 8), and PLGA (n = 2), and correlated with the histological patterns. Results: Maximum expression of ?-SMA in the epithelial compartment was seen in ACC, followed by PA, whereas MEC and PLGA showed completely negative staining. The connective tissue expression was mild in ACC and MEC. The myxoid stroma of PA with “melting” pattern was weakly positive for ?-SMA. The stroma in PLGA showed complete negativity. In ACC, ?-SMA-positive cells were lining the cribriform spaces, small islands, and dispersed within large islands. Small nests showed complete positivity for ?-SMA. Interpretation and Conclusion: In ACC, ?-SMA expression supports the involvement of ME in epithelial organization explaining the histological patterns seen. In PA, the expression correlates with the predominantly secretory nature of ME. The absence of epithelial positivity in MEC and PLGA suggest that ME has less role to play in their histogenesis. The weak stromal positivity observed in MEC and ACC may be attributed to the positive immunoreactivity of myofibroblasts playing a role in modulating the course of SGN's.

Histogenesis Of Human Fetal Renal Medulla

Introduction: Histogenesis of kidney gives knowledge regarding histological maturity of kidney and its functionalstatus at the given gestational age. Kidney is developed from two parts, metanephrogenic blastema and uretericbud. Metanephrogenic blastema gives origin to secretory part i.e. nephron while ureteric bud forms the collectingpart i.e. collecting tubules and ureter. Both these parts fuse with each other and the development becomescomplete.Materials and Methods: 50 aborted human fetuses between 13-36 weeks of gestational age were used for thisstudy with no obvious congenital anomalies. The 2-3 mm thick cut sections of both kidneys were taken, processedand Paraffin blocks were prepared. 5-7 micron thick sections were taken with rotary microtome, mounted andthen stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Microscopic features were observed in low and high power and thendocumented.Results and Discussion: Differentiation between cortex and medulla was seen from 16-18 week onwards. Themedulla with collecting ducts, thick and thin segment of loop of Henle became well differentiated from 16 weekonwards. Vascularity of medulla increased with increase in gestational age while connective tissue decreasedwith increase in gestational age. Renal pelvis was lined by transitional epithelium.

Clinical Evaluation of A New Pathological Classification for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Based on Histogenesis of Bronchial Tree / 中国肺癌杂志

BACKGROUND@#Due in part to remarkable advances over the past decade in our understanding of lung cancer, there is a pressing need for a revised classification. The aim of this study was to explore and verify the clinical significance of a new molecular classification of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on the basis of anatomic site of bronchial tree.@*METHODS@#Double-immunohistochemistry were performed in 105 tumor samples paring with normal lung tissue from non-small cell lung cancer patients by using monoclonal antibody of P63/NapsinA and TTF-1/CK7. By comprehensively analyzing the express profiles of tumors and normal lung tissues, histological characteristics we proposed a brand new pathological classification based on histogenesis for NSCLC and divided them as: bronchiole epithelial cell carcinoma, bronchiole-alveolar cell carcinoma, alveolar cell carcinoma and secretory adenocarcinoma. And to analyze the relationship between this classification and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and ognosis.@*RESULTS@#Further investigation revealed that our new classification showed strong relevancy with EGFR mutations and effective indicators for prognosis.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The classification system for NSCLC proposed by our research group is convenient for pathological diagnosis and valuable in clinical application.

Desmoplastic fibroma of the bone: a clinicopathological analysis of seven cases / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathologic features of desmoplastic fibroma of bone (DF).Methods The clinical and pathologic profiles of 7 cases were retrospectively analyzed.Results Desmoplastic fibroma of bone was a rare neoplasm of bone,which typically occurred in young children and adolescents.The tumor showed infiltrative and locally aggressive nature,the most common sites were long tubular bones and mandible.Microscopically,the tumor was composed of sparse fibroblasts in a rich background of collagen fibers.Immunohistochemically,the tumor cells were positive for vimentin and SMA.Conclusion Desmoplastic fibroma is a rare,locally aggressive fibroblasticlesion of bone.It can make an accurate diagnosis by integrating the clinical location with histopathological features.Trauma,hormone and horomosome aberration may be related with its pathogenesis.

A Giant Pure Uterine Lipoma: A Case Report.

Aims: The authors present a case of a giant pure lipoma of the uterus revealed by a postmenoposal metrorrhagia and discuss the clinical, radiological, histological characteristics and the different histogenesis hypothesis of this entity. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with a pure uterine lipoma in which a preoperative diagnosis of ovarian teratoma was suggested by computed tomography. Conclusion: Pure uterine lipoma is extremely rare and only a few cases have been reported in the literature. It usually develops in postmenoposal women. Clinical symptoms and physical signs are similar to those found in leiomyomas. Nevertheless, preoperative diagnosis is difficult and requires pathological confirmation.

Distraction Osteogenesis.

Abstracts: Exploitation of the regenerative capacity of bone has spawned a diverse spectrum of modalities to correct osseous defects. Distraction osteogenesisis a process of new bone formation betweenthe surfaces of bone segments gradually separatedby incremental traction. Surgical methods of distraction osteogenesis represent a reliable biologic approach to correct difficult congenital, post-traumatic, or other acquired skeletal deformities. Distraction osteogenesis can be used to lengthen the ramus and the body of the mandible, as well as for ridge augmentation. It can also protract the maxilla or if necessary the entire mid-facial complex in cases of severe deformity.Distraction osteogenesis provides a viable alternate for the correction of transverse deficiencies through true skeletal mandibular widening providing a new paradigm for patients whose treatment alternative and results were previously limited.

Histological differentiation of human fetal kidney.

Introduction: The description of development of human kidney given in various textbooks doesn’t include detail microscopic appearance of kidney at various fetal ages. So an attempt was made in this study to gather information on this topic. Material and methods: The present study was carried out on 15 human fetuses of known gestational age (GA). The sections of kidney were processed and were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Results: At 12th week of GA various stages of developing glomeruli were observed in the substance of the kidneys. In the cortex, various cut sections of the tubules were observed without any differentiation as proximal (PCT) and distal tubules (DCT). The second trimester section showed well differentiated the PCT and DCT by 16th week. Distinct brush border was observed in PCT by the 16th week. Immature duct system was observed in the medulla. The nephrogenic zone was appreciated till 36 weeks. By 28 th week the sections of DCT were observed adjacent to the renal corpuscles indicating the developing juxtaglomerular apparatus. Conclusion: As it is essential to know the developmental morphology of kidney, the present study explains every component of it in detail.

Clinicopathological features of six cases of calcifying aponeurotic fibroma / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathologic features of calcifying aponeurotic fibroma (CAF). Methods The clinical and pathologic profiles of 6 cases of CAF were retrospectively analyzed. Results CAF appeared a firm, painless and slowly growing mass with a predilection for the distal portions of the extremities in young children and adolescents. Microscopically, the tumor consis-ted mainly of benign appearing spindle cells, chondroid cells and calcific debris. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, HHF-35, S-100, Calponin and CD68. Conclusion CAF is a rare, locally aggressive fibroblastic lesion. It can make an accurate diagnosis by integrating the clinical location with histopathological features. Repeated minor trauma to the extremities and some embryologic cell nests maybe its pathogenesis.

Congenital epulis: immunohistochemical findings of 12 cases

Congenital epulis is a fairly rare soft tissue tumour occurring exclusively on the alveolar ridge of newborns. The exact origin of congenital epulis is still debatable. The objective of the study is to determine the clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical findings of congenital epulis. A retrospective study was carried out to determine the clinicopathological features of congenital epulis, diagnosed histologically in the main oral histopathology laboratory in Malaysia from 1967 to 2014. Immunostaining using vimentin, muscle specific actin, smooth muscle antigen, desmin, S100, CD34, CD68 and CD1a was carried out. Twelve cases of congenital epulis were reviewed. All of the patients were females and the presentation age ranged from 2 to 90 days. The patients comprised of 6 Malays, 3 Chinese, 2 Indians and 1 Orang Asli. Most of the cases (n=7) involved the maxillary ridge and presented as pedunculated well-defined lumps (n=8). Excisional biopsy was performed in all cases. Via immunohistochemistry, vimentin expression was observed in all cases; but negative for CD34, muscle specific actin, smooth muscle antigen, and desmin. CD1a and S100 positivity was seen in five cases. The interstitial cells were highlighted by CD68. Although congenital epulis has been first described 130 years ago, the exact nature of its histogenesis remains a mystery.

Clinicopathological characteristics and immuophenotype analysis of pul-monary sclerosing hemangioma / 中国现代医生

Objective To observe the clinicopathological characteristics of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma(PSH) and to analyze its expression and significance in immunohistochemistry,in order to improve the understanding and diagnostic level of this diesease. Methods The clinicopathological features of 6 patients with PSH in Whenzhou Center Hospital from January 2011 to May 2015 were analyzed.Using immunohistochemical methods,the expression of NapsinA,P63, TTF-1,EMA,CK,Vimentin,SP-B,CgA,Syn,CD34 and MC were observed. Results PSH exhibited the following histo-logical features:papillary,solid,hemorrhagic,sclerotic,and mixed.The majority of tumors showed a mixed pattern of histology. The tumor was composed of two distinct cellular components,the cuboidal or surface cells and the round or polygonal or stroma cells.Immunohistochemical staining revealed the both kinds of cells expressed TTF-1 and EMA,the cuboidal cells expressed NapsinA, P63, CK and SP-B,the round or polygonal cells expressed Vimentin.Neither of these two types of cells expressed MC,CD34 and Syn.Sporadic expression of CgA was observed in one case. Conclusion PSH is a rare lung tumor,with various histologie appearance,and often misdiagnosed as lung cancer. The immunohistochemical detection not only suggested that the tumor originates from the multiple potential of the primary respiratory epithelium, but also had important value in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PSH.

Ontogênese foliar em Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae) / Leaf ontogenesis in Lavoisiera mucorifera Mart. & Schrank ex DC. (Melastomataceae)

A ontogênese foliar associada a análises histométricas podem fornecer respostas conclusivas sobre a obtenção da forma da folha, assim como detalhes estruturais que podem ser usados como subsídio taxonômico para Melastomataceae. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a ontogenia foliar de Lavoisiera mucorifera, elucidando os processos de origem e desenvolvimento dos tecidos e formato das folhas. Folhas de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento foram coletadas e processadas conforme técnicas usuais em anatomia vegetal. No primeiro nó nota-se a origem da lâmina a partir dos meristemas marginais e submarginais, bem como diferenças nos processos de divisão e expansão celular nas regiões mediana e apical, que proporcionam o formato lanceolado da folha. A partir do segundo nó observa-se que o sistema fundamental origina-se a partir das camadas adaxial, mediana e abaxial do mesofilo. Nos terceiro e quarto nós observa-se principalmente a formação de nervuras de terceira e quarta ordens. A partir do quinto nó, os tecidos estão completamente diferenciados sendo observados os caracteres: folhas isolaterais, cutícula espessa, epiderme unisseriada, estômatos anomocíticos, além de drusas e células esclerênquimáticas no mesofilo. Nossos resultados complementam os poucos estudos anatômicos na família, especialmente ao descrever a morfologia e desenvolvimento das emergências e tricomas.

The leaf ontogenesis associated to histometric analyzes can provide conclusive answers about the leaf shape formation, as well structural details that could be used as taxonomic subsidy in Melastomataceae. Our purpose was to describe the leaf ontogenesis of Lavoisiera mucorifera, and the processes cell elongation in leaf shape formation. Leaves of different developmental stages were collected and processed according to usual techniques in plant anatomy. At first nodethe origin of the leaf lamina from the sub-marginal and marginal meristems as well as differences in the processes of cell division and expansion in the middle and apical providing the format lanceolate leaf shape. At second node is observed that the ground system develops from adaxial, abaxial and median layers. At third and fourth nodes is observed mainly the vein ramification. From the fifth node the tissues are completely differentiated being observed characters like isobilateral leaves, thick cuticle, uniseriate epidermis, anomocytic stomata and druse e sclerenchymatic cells in the mesophyll. Our results also complement the few anatomical studies the family to describe the morphology and development of trichomes and emergences.

Granular Cell Epulis of a Newborn Male Child.

Congenital granular cell epulis is an uncommon benign tumor arising from alveolar ridges of the newborn sometimes interfering with mouth closure and feeding and when multiple the tumor may cause respiratory obstruction. It is mostly composed of nests of cells with granular cytoplasm set in a prominent vasculature. Here we report a case of CGCE observed in a newborn male due to its rare occurrence, with a brief review of literature pertaining to its histogenesis and differentiation from its adult counterpart.

Histogenesis of salivary gland neoplasms.

Salivary gland tumors are one of the most complex and relatively rare group of lesions encountered in oral pathology practice. Their complexity is attributed to heterogeneity of the cells of origin of these lesions. The problem is compounded by the ability of these cells to differentiate and modify into various morphological subtypes resulting in a myraid of histomorphological patterns. This also leads to a frequent overlap of microscopic features among various neoplasms and sometimes even between benign and malignant lesions causing significant diagnostic dilemma which sometimes may even not be resolved by immunohistochemical studies. Despite this the knowledge of histogenesis and morhogenetic concepts of salivary gland tumorigenesis greatly helps the pathologist in classifying these lesions as well as determining the prognosis. It will also help in development of newer strategies for differentiating these lesions and making an early diagnosis. The present article is aimed at reviewing and summarizing the current concepts regarding the histogenesis of salivary gland tumors and their relevance to routine diagnosis and classification of these lesions.

Características histopatológicas e inmunohistoquímicas de los mixomas cardiacos / Histopathological and immunohistochemical features of cardiac myxomas

Los mixomas son los tumores cardiacos primarios más frecuentes, con una incidencia estimada de 0,5-1 por 10(6) individuos por año. Estos tumores han generado interés debido a su peculiar localización (el lado izquierdo del septum auricular cerca de la fossa ovalis), su presentación clínica variable y su histogénesis que aún no ha sido definida. La mayoría de los mixomas cardiacos son esporádicos mientras que aproximadamente el 10% de los casos forman parte del complejo de Carney. Esta neoplasia es de histogénesis incierta, sin embargo, se ha propuesto diferenciación endotelial, neurogénica, fibroblástica, muscular lisa, muscular cardiaca y raramente puede presentar diferenciación glandular. Recientemente, por la expresión de algunos factores específicos cardiomiogénicos, se ha propuesto un origen en células progenitoras mesenquimatosas cardiomiocíticas. Histológicamente los mixomas cardiacos están compuestos por células estelares fusiformes y poligonales inmersas en una matriz mixoide amorfa. Por inmunohistoquímica algunos marcadores endoteliales están presentes como el CD31, CD34 y FVIIIAg. Ha sido también informada positividad a la proteína S-100, calretinina, vimentina, desmina, miosina de músculo liso, CD56, α1-antitripsina, y α1-antiquimiotripsina. La resección quirúrgica es actualmente el único tratamiento. Presentamos en este artículo una revisión histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica de los mixomas cardiacos.

Mixomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors with an estimate incidence of 0,5-1 per 10(6) individuals per year. These tumors have generated interest due to their unique location (left side of the atrial septum near the fossa ovalis), variable clinical presentation and undefined histogenesis. Most cardiac myxomas occur sporadically while approximately 10% of diagnosed cases develop as part of Carney complex. This neoplasm is of uncertain histogenesis, however, endothelial, neurogenic, fibroblastic, and cardiac and smooth muscle cells differentiation has been proposed, and rarely glandular differentiation has been observed. Recently, due to the expression of certain cardiomyocyte-specific factors, an origin of mesenchymal cardiomyocytes progenitor cells has been suggested. Histologically cardiac myxomas are mainly composed of stellated, fusiform and polygonal cells, immersed in an amorphous myxoid matrix. Immunohistochemically some endothelial markers, such as CD31, CD34, FVIIIAg, are present. Positive staining has also been reported for S-100 protein, calretinin, vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin, CD56, α1 antitrypsin and α 1 antichymotrypsin. Surgical resection is currently the only treatment of choice. We present in this article a histopathological and immunohistochemical review of cardiac myxomas.