Germinación, crecimiento vegetativo y morfología floral de Dasylirion cedrosanum del matorral rosetófilo de Coahuila / Germination, vegetative growth and floral morphology of Dasylirion cedrosanum from the rosetophyllous scrub of Coahuila

RESUMEN El sotol (Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.), especie endémica del noreste de México, presenta interés económico y social por su aprovechamiento comercial. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar la germinación, crecimiento vegetativo y morfología floral de D. cedrosanum del matorral rosetófilo de Coahuila. Se sometieron 3 lotes de 100 semillas a un proceso de imbibición y se registró el porcentaje de germinación. La caracterización de la germinación se realizó a las plántulas cultivadas en laboratorio, mientras que la morfología vegetativa se determinó en plantas adultas tomadas de un jardín botánico, con fecha de siembra conocida y a las cuales no se les dio un manejo de cultivo. La descripción de la morfología floral se realizó en plantas silvestres del cañón de San Lorenzo, Saltillo, Coahuila, México. La primera fase de la imbibición duró 48 h e incrementó 52 % el peso; la segunda o de latencia duró 48 h alcanzando un 55 %; y la tercera concluyó a las 120 h con un incremento total del 60 % de peso. Las semillas emitieron el hipocótilo a partir del quinto día. En el décimo día se obtuvo 98 % de germinación. Entre las características morfológicas distintivas de la especie, las inflorescencias, conocidas como "escapos florales", registraron una altura promedio de 3.39 m. Las flores fueron actinomorfas y unisexuales. La flor estaminada presentó perianto sin diferenciación de tépalos y sépalos. Las flores pistiladas mostraron pedicelos y receptáculo corto. El polen fue elíptico, de abertura monosulcada, con dimensión de 15 μm x 30 μm. Los frutos fueron secos e indehiscentes, conocidos como samara. Las semillas fueron turbinadas de contorno trigonal. El análisis de las características de germinación y morfología vegetativa y floral del sotol permitieron comprender las adaptaciones que esta planta ha desarrollado para crecer en los ambientes semiáridos del país.

ABSTRACT Sotol (Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel.), endemic species of northeastern Mexico, has attracted economic and social interest due to its commercial potencial. The objective of this work was to characterize the germination, vegetative growth and floral morphology of D. cedrosanum from the rosetophyllous scrub of Coahuila. Three batches of 100 seeds were submitted to an imbibition process and the germination percentage was recorded. The characterization of the germination was carried out on the seedlings grown in the laboratory, while the vegetative morphology was determined in adult plants taken from a botanical garden, with a known planting date and which were not given a crop management. The description of the floral morphology was carried out on wild plants from the San Lorenzo canyon, near the municipality of Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. The imbibition showed the first phase of absorption within 48 h, with an increase of 52 % in weight. The third phase began at 96 h with an increase of 55 % in weight. The seeds emitted the hypocotyl from the fifth day. On the tenth day 98 % germination was obtained. Among the distinctive morphological characteristics of the species, the inflorescences, known as "floral scapes", recorded an average height of 3.39 m. The flowers were actinomorphic and unisexual. The staminate flower presented perianth without differentiation of tepals and sepals, while the pistillate flowers showed pedicels and a short receptacle. The pollen was elliptical, with a monosulcate opening, with a dimension of 15 μm x 30 μm. The fruits were dry and indehiscent, known as samara. The seeds were turbinated with a trigonal contour. The germination and characteristics of the sotol corresponded to adaptations that allow it to grow in the semi-arid environment of this region of the country.

Water uptake dynamics in soybean seeds: influence in seeds performance and DNA integrity / Dinâmica de absorção de água em sementes de soja: influência no desempenho de sementes e integridade do DNA

ABSTRACT: Relationships among water uptake rate and temperatures were investigated in five soybean seeds lots cv. M 6410 IPRO. Germination, field emergence and electrical conductivity tests were applied to determine seed performance after fast (complete immersion in water), control (moist substrate) and slow (moist atmosphere) imbibitions both at 20 °C and 30 °C. The fresh weight increment over time in soybean seeds during imbibition was recorded. In parallel, analysis of the DNA integrity of seedlings obtained from such seeds was performed in gel electrophoresis. Absorption pattern of soybean seeds were similar among temperatures, but absorption characteristics vary with time progress according to the way of water entrance into the seeds. Upon fast imbibition seeds germinated lower than non-fast-imbibed seeds, besides loss of seed performance. In contrast, slow-imbibed seeds showed high germination, low abnormal seedlings and maintenance of seeds performance. DNA isolation from fast imbibed seeds was highly degraded; although, some considerably degraded samples were reported in controlled imbibed seeds and the best preserved DNA was found in slow-imbibed seeds. The pattern of DNA degradation is typically passive or non programmed cell death. Our results showed it is important to consider the water uptake rate during germination test, since DNA integrity plays a critical role during seed imbibition, preserving soybean seed performance.

RESUMO: As relações entre a taxa de embebição em água e temperaturas foram estudadas em cinco lotes de sementes de soja cv. M 6410 IPRO. Testes de germinação, emergência a campo e condutividade elétrica foram aplicados para avaliar o desempenho das sementes após rápida embebição (imersão direta em água), controlada (substrato úmido) e lenta (atmosfera úmida), ambos a 20 °C e 30 °C. O incremento no peso fresco das sementes durante a embebição foi registrado. Paralelamente, a integridade do DNA de plântulas oriundas das sementes foi avaliado em gel por eletroforese. O padrão de embebição das sementes de soja foi similar entre as temperaturas, mas houve variações com o tempo de acordo com o modo de entrada de água nas sementes. Após a embebição rápida, as sementes apresentam menor germinação e desempenho que as sementes submetidas aos demais métodos de embebição. O DNA isolado a partir de sementes que embeberam rapidamente encontrava-se degradado, embora em sementes que foram hidratadas de forma controlada também fosse encontrada degradação do DNA. O DNA mais preservado foi encontrado em sementes que embebem lentamente. O padrão de degradação do DNA é típico de morte passiva ou não programada de células. Os resultados indicam que é importante considerar a taxa de embebição em água durante o teste de germinação, pois a integridade do DNA desempenha uma função importante durante a embebição, preservando o desempenho das sementes de soja.

GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE MORINGA (Moringa oleifera Lam.) EN DIFERENTES TIEMPOS DE IMBIBICIÓN EN AGUA

La siembra del cultivo de moringa con semillas gámicas tiene ventajas sobre la propagación vegetativa con estacas, por la buena disponibilidad de semillas, rapidez en la fase de semillero, facilidad de trasplante, economía en las labores y mejor anclaje definitivo; sin embargo, se ha reportado que las semillas maduras presentan bajo porcentaje de germinación, por lo cual, se hizo una investigación en la Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, con el objetivo de establecer el efecto de la imbibición de semillas en agua sobre el porcentaje de germinación. Se hizo un bioensayo con semillas extraídas de un árbol de un año de edad, sembrado en el campo experimental de cultivos de hortalizas. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar y se aplicaron tres tratamientos: semillas embebidas en agua 24h, semillas embebidas en agua 48h y semillas embebidas en agua 72h, teniendo como testigo semillas sin imbibición en agua. Los datos de porcentaje de germinación PG se ajustaron al modelo logístico y se obtuvieron la velocidad absoluta de germinación VAG y velocidad relativa de germinación VRG. De acuerdo con los resultados, se estableció que, a mayor tiempo de imbibición de las semillas, se disminuyó el porcentaje de germinación, desde 66 hasta 29% y la velocidad absoluta de germinación, desde 29 semillas∙día-1 hasta 7 semillas∙día-1.

Sowing of the moringa crop with gamic seeds has advantages over vegetative propagation with stakes due to the good availability of seeds, rapidity in the nursery phase, ease of transplantation, economy in the work and best definitive anchorage. However, it has been reported that mature seeds have a low percentage of germination, therefore a research was made at the Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia, with the objective of establishing the effect of the imbibition of seeds in water on germination percentage. A bioassay with seeds extracted from a one year old tree, planted in the experimental field of vegetable crops was carried out. The experimental design used was completely randomized and three treatments were applied, seed imbibition in water during 24h, seed imbibition in water during 48h and seed imbibition in water during 72h having as control seeds without imbibition in water. The germination percentage GP data were adjusted to the logistic model and the absolute rate of germination ARG and relative rate of germination RRG were obtained. According to the results it was established that the GP decreased at a longer seed imbibition time and AGR decreased from 29 seeds∙day-1 to 7 seeds∙day-1.

Loss of desiccation tolerance in Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. seeds during germination / Perda da tolerância à dessecação em sementes de Copaifera langsdorffii durante a germinação

This study evaluated the loss of desiccation tolerance in C. langsdorffii seeds during the germination process. Seeds were imbibed for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours and dried to the initial moisture content, kept in this state for 3 days after which they were submitted to pre-humidification and rehydration. Ultraestructural evaluations were done aiming to observe the cell damage caused by the dry process. Desiccation tolerance was evaluated in terms of the percentage of normal seedlings. Seeds not submitted to the drying process presented 61% of normal seedlings, and after 24 hours of imbibition, followed by drying, the seeds presented the same percentage of survival. However, after 48 hours of imbibition, seeds started to lose the desiccation tolerance. There was twenty six percent of normal seedlings formed from seeds imbibed for 96 hours and later dried and rehydrated. Only 5% of seeds imbibed for 144 hours, dried and rehydrated formed normal seedlings. At 144 hours of imbibition followed the dry process, there was damage into the cell structure, indicating that the seeds were unable to keep the cell structure during the drying process. Copaifera langsdorffii seeds loses the desiccation tolerance at the start of Phase 2 of imbibition.

Este estudo avaliou a perda da tolerância à dessecação em sementes de C. langsdorffii durante o processo germinativo. Sementes foram embebidas por 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 e 144 horas e depois secas até a umidade inicial, sendo mantidas neste estado durante 3 dias, quando então foram submetidas a pré-umidificação e reidratação. Avaliações ultraestruturais foram realizadas objetivando observar danos nas células causados pelo processo de secagem. A tolerância à dessecação foi avaliada pelo percentual de plântulas normais. Sementes não submetidas ao processo de secagem apresentaram 61% de plântulas normais, sendo que após 24 horas de embebição seguida de secagem, houve o mesmo percentual de sobrevivência. Contudo, após 48 horas de embebição, as sementes começaram a perder a tolerância à dessecação. Vinte e seis por cento de sementes formaram plântulas normais após embeberem por 96 horas e secas. Apenas 5% de sementes embebidas por 144 horas e secas formaram plântulas normais. Após 144 horas de embebição, seguida de secagem, verificou-se danos na estrutura celular, o que indica que as sementes não são capazes de manter a estrutura celular durante o processo de secagem. Verificou-se no presente estudo que sementes de C. langsdorffii perdem a tolerância à dessecação no inicio da fase 2 da embebição.

Morpho-anatomy, imbibition, viability and germination of the seed of Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae) / Morfo-anatomía, imbibición, viabilidad y germinación de las semillas de Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae)

Seed biology is a relevant aspect of tropical forests because it is central to the understanding of processes of plant establishment, succession and natural regeneration. Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil is a timber tree from South America that produces large seeds with thin weak teguments, which is uncommon among legumes. This study describes the morphology and anatomy of the seed coat, the viability, imbibition, and germination in this species. Seeds used during the essays came from 10 trees that grow naturally in Horco Molle, province of Tucumán, Argentina. Seed morphology was described from a sample of 20 units. The seed coat surface was examined with a scanning electron microscope. Transverse sections of hydrated and non-hydrated seeds were employed to describe the histological structure of the seed coat. Hydration, viability and germination experiments were performed under laboratory controlled conditions; and the experimental design consisted of 10 replicas of 10 seeds each. Viability and germination tests were conducted using freshly fallen seeds and seeds stored for five months. Morphologically the seeds of A. colubrina var. cebil are circular to subcircular, laterally compressed, smooth, bright brown and have a horseshoe fissure line (=pleurogram) on both sides. The seed coat comprises five tissue layers and a double (external and internal) cuticle. The outer cuticle (on the epidermis) is smooth and interrupted by microcracks and pores of variable depth. The epidermis consists of macroesclereids with non-lignified secondary walls. This layer is separated from the underlying ones during seed hydration. The other layers of internal tissues are comprised of osteosclereids, parenchyma, osteosclereids, and macrosclereids. The percentage of viable seeds was 93%, decreasing to 75% in seeds with five months old. Seed mass increased 76% after the first eight hours of hydration. Germination percentage was 75% after 76 hours. Germination of seeds stored for five months decreased to 12%. The results showed that seeds of A. colubrina var. cebil are highly permeable and germinate directly without a dormant period.

El cebil, Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Griseb.) Altschul, es un árbol forestal de América del Sur con grandes semillas de tegumentos delgados y débiles. Este estudio describe la morfología y anatomía de la cubierta seminal del cebil y evalúa la viabilidad, la imbibición y germinación de las semillas. Morfológicamente las semillas son circulares a subcirculares, comprimidas lateralmente, lisas, marrón lustrosas, con una línea fisural en forma de herradura en ambas caras. Histológicamente la cubierta seminal comprende cinco capas de células y una cutícula externa e interna. La cutícula externa es lisa y presenta microfisuras y poros de profundidad variable. La epidermis consiste de un estrato de macroesclereidas con paredes secundarias no lignificadas. Los siguientes tejidos internos incluyen, osteosclereidas, parénquima, osteoscleridas y macroesceleridas. El porcentaje de semillas viables fue del 93%, disminuyendo al 75% en semillas con cinco meses de almacenamiento. Las semillas incrementaron el 76% de su masa durante las primeras 8 horas de hidratación. El porcentaje de germinación en semillas nuevas fue del 75% al término de 76 horas y del 12% en semillas almacenadas por cinco meses. Los resultados confirman que las semillas de A. colubrina var. cebil son altamente permeables y germinan sin un período de reposo.

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de girassol influenciado pelo umedecimento artificial / Physiological potential of sunflower seeds as by the artificial moistening

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de girassol após a hidratação pelos métodos da atmosfera úmida e substrato úmido em temperaturas de 10 e 20°C visando a elevar o teor de água das sementes a 15, 20 e 25%. A qualidade fisiológica inicial e após o umedecimento das sementes foi determinada por testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem da germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas em areia, massa de matéria seca e comprimento de plântulas). O método do substrato úmido a 10°C visando a aumentar o teor de água a 15 e 20% foi favorável em sementes de elevada qualidade, embora com redução do vigor das plântulas.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the sunflower seeds physiological quality after hydration by the moist atmosphere and moist substrate methods at temperatures of 10 and 20°C aiming to the water content of seeds at 15, 20 and 25%. The initial physiological quality and after the wetting of the seeds was determined by testing germination and vigor (first count of germination, germination at low temperature, emergence speed index and seedling emergence in sand, dry weight and length of seedlings). The method of moist substrate at 10°C to increase the water content at 15 and 20% was positive for moistening the seeds of high quality, although it has been observed small decrease seedling vigor.

Armazenamento de sementes tratadas com cloreto de mepiquat e desenvolvimento de plântulas de algodoeiro / Processing of seeds treated with mepiquat chloride and the development of cotton seedlings

O tratamento de sementes de algodão com regulador de crescimento é utilizado para a obtenção de plantas com menor estatura, com a vantagem de assegurar o controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo desde a emergência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de plântulas de algodoeiro, provenientes de sementes tratadas com cloreto de mepiquat, em diferentes doses, formas de aplicação e armazenadas após o tratamento. Sementes da cultivar 'IPR 120' foram tratadas com soluções de cloreto de mepiquat nas doses zero; 5; 10; 15 e 20g i.a kg-1 de sementes, via embebição por 12 horas e via aplicação direta nas sementes. As sementes tratadas foram armazenadas em condições ambientais de laboratório e avaliadas mensalmente até 180 dias. Foram avaliados germinação, comprimentos da parte aérea, radicular e total e a massa seca das plântulas. Os dados, para cada período de armazenamento, foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias de formas de aplicação comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 5x2 (doses x formas de aplicação). Os dados de doses foram submetidos a estudos de regressão até 2° grau. Sementes tratadas com cloreto de mepiquat, independente da forma e dose utilizada podem ser armazenadas por até 180 dias após o tratamento sem comprometer o processo de germinação e a ação do regulador de crescimento. O tratamento via embebição de sementes com o cloreto de mepiquat proporciona maior redução do crescimento da plântula em relação à aplicação direta. O incremento nas doses de cloreto de mepiquat provoca a redução no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas de algodoeiro, proporcionando menor comprimento e massa seca.

The treatment of cotton seeds with growth regulator is used to obtain plants with reduced stature, with the advantage of ensuring control of plant development from emergence. The objective was to evaluate the development of cotton seedlings, grown from seeds treated with chloride mepiquat at different doses, application forms and stored after treatment. The seeds were treated with '120 IPR' solutions mepiquat chloride at doses of zero, 5, 10, 15 and 20g a. i kg-1 seed, via soaking for 12 hours and via direct application in seed. The treated seeds were stored in laboratory conditions and evaluated monthly until 180 days. We evaluated the germination, the length of shoot, root and total, the dry weight of seedlings. The data for each storage period, were subjected to analysis of variance and means of application methods were compared by Tukey test at 5%, under the completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial 5x2 (doses x application forms). The data were subjected to doses of regression studies until 2nd grade. Seeds treated with mepiquat chloride, independent of dose and can be stored for up to 180 days after treatment, without compromising the process of germination and growth regulator action. Treatment via soaking of seeds with mepiquat chloride provides the greatest reduction in seedling growth in relation to direct application. The increased rate of mepiquat chloride causes the reduction the growth and development of cotton seedlings, providing less length and dry mass.

Effect of drought stress on imbibition germination and seedling growth of Sophora alopecuroides / 中草药

Objective: To study the influence of drought stress on imbibition germination of Sophora alopecuroides and the drought resistance of its seedling. Methods: To measure the imbibition rate, germination rate, germination index, seedling growth, and relative tissue moisture content under the drought stress by PEP-6000. Results: With the increased level of stress, the imbibition rate, germination rate, germination index, vigor index, seedling hight, root length, and the relative tissue moisture content tended to decrease, while the seedling dry weight, root dry weight, and root-shoot ratio presented rising tendency then followed by the decrease. Conclusion: The appropriate drought stress could improve the drought resistance of seedling, which is beneficial to cultivate strong seedling.

Characterization of water distribution and activities of enzymes during germination in magnetically-exposed maize (Zea mays L) seeds.

Magnetic seed treatment is one of the physical pre-sowing seed treatments to enhance the performance of crop plants. In our earlier experiment, we found significant increase in germination and vigour characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds subjected to magnetic fields. Among various combinations of magnetic field (MF) strength and duration, best results were obtained with MF of 100 mT for 2 h and 200 mT for 1 h exposure. The quicker germination in magnetically-exposed seeds might be due to greater activities of germination related enzymes, early hydration of membranes as well as greater molecular mobility of bulk and hydration water fractions. Thus, in the present study, changes in water uptake during imbibition and its distribution and activities of germinating enzymes during germination were investigated in maize seeds exposed to static magnetic fields of 100 and 200 mT for 2 and 1 h respectively by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The magnetically-exposed seed showed higher water uptake in phase II and III than unexposed seed. The longitudinal relaxation time T1 of seed water showed significantly higher values and hence greater molecular mobility of cellular water in magnetically-exposed seeds as compared to unexposed. Component analysis of T2 relaxation times revealed the early appearance of hydration water with least mobility and higher values of relaxation times of cytoplasmic bulk water and hydration water in magnetically-exposed over unexposed seeds. Activities of -amylase, dehydorgenase and protease during germination were higher in magnetically-exposed seeds as compared to unexposed. The quicker germination in magnetically-exposed seeds might be due to greater activities of germination related enzymes, early hydration of membranes as well as greater molecular mobility of bulk and hydration water fractions.

Efeito da temperatura e do tegumento na germinação de sementes de Calophyllum brasiliense / Effect of temperature and coat in the germination of Calophyllum brasiliense seeds

A crescente demanda por informações de espécies com potencial para serem implantadas em ambientes degradados, torna fundamental o conhecimento fisiológico da germinação de sementes, visando sua exploração mais racional. Objetivou-se neste trabalho, estudar o comportamento da embebição das sementes, determinar a temperatura ótima da germinação e o efeito da retirada de tegumento sobre a germinação de sementes de Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. O teste de germinação foi realizado em rolos de papel, com quatro repetições de 25 sementes, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados da curva de embebição demonstraram que o envoltório (endocarpo + tegumento) dificulta a absorção de água pela semente. Quanto à temperatura, observou-se uma maior germinabilidade nos regimes térmicos de 30ºC (constante) e 30/20ºC (alternada), sendo que, o maior índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) também ocorreu a 30ºC. As sementes incubadas a 10ºC, 15ºC e 40ºC não germinaram. Menores valores de tempo médio de germinação foram observados nos regimes térmicos de 30ºC, 30/20ºC e 35ºC. Não foram verificadas diferenças significativas quanto à germinabilidade das sementes com e sem tegumento, porém, o tegumento reduziu a velocidade de germinação.

Due to the increasing demand for informations about species with potential for being introduced in degraded environment, it is important the physiological knowledge of seeds germination, aiming their rational exploration. The objective of this research was to evaluate the behaviour of seed imbibition, to determine the germination optimum temperature and the effect of coat seeds withdrawing in the germination of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. The germination was performed in paper rolls, with four replicates of 25 seeds each, disposed in a complete randomized design. The results of imbibition curve showed that seed-coat has as hindance for the water absorption by seed. In relation to temperature, it was observed a higher germination percentage at 30ºC (constant) and 30/20ºC (alternate). Higher speed germination index (IVG) was also observed at 30ºC. The seeds incubated at 10ºC, 15ºC and 40ºC did not germinate. The lowest values of germination mean time was at 30ºC, 30/20ºC and 35ºC. No significative differences were verified in relation to germinability with and without tegument, although the tegument reduced the germination rate.

Desempenho de sementes de soja peliculizadas em solo com diferentes teores de água / Performance of film coated soybean seeds in soil with different water contents

O uso de polímeros hidrofóbicos, tem sido recomendado para tratamento de sementes de espécies que absorvem água rapidamente, causando danos por embebição, como é o caso da soja. Quando a semeadura é realizada em solos com baixa capacidade de infiltração, pode ocorrer redução significativa do estande caso a semeadura coincida com alto índice pluviométrico. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de sementes de soja peliculizadas em solos com diferentes teores de água. As sementes foram tratadas com o fungicida Tegram (thiabendazole + thiram) na dosagem de 200 mL/100 kg de sementes associadas aos polímeros. Para peliculização das sementes foram utilizados os polímeros L201 e L204, os quais foram aplicados nas dosagens de 0 mL, 200 mL e 400 mL/100 kg de sementes. Após o tratamento as sementes foram semeadas em solos com 50, 70 e 90 por cento da capacidade de campo para avaliações nos testes de emergência em bandeja e teste de frio. Foram feitas ainda avaliações por meio do teste de germinação, submersão, emergência em canteiro. Verificou-se que a peliculização promove um aumento no índice e no percentual de emergência quando em condições ideais, independente do polímero utilizado. Em condições de estresse a peliculização reduz o vigor das sementes.

The use of polymers has been recommended for the treatment of seeds of those species that absorb water quickly, causing seed damage by imbibition, such as the soybean case. When the sowing is accomplished in soils with a low drainage capacity, a significant reduction in the seedling emergence may occur if sowing coincides with the high pluviometric index. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of film coated soybean seeds in soils with different water contents. Seeds were treated with the fungicide Tegram (thiabendazole + thiram) at a dosage of 200mL/100kg of seeds associated to the polymers. For the film coating of the seeds the polymers L201 and L204 were applied at the dosages of 0mL, 200mL and 400mL/100kg of seeds. After the treatment the seeds were sown in soils with 50, 70 and 90 percent of the field capacity for evaluations in the emergence tests in tray and cold test. Evaluations were also made using the standard germination test, submersion, emergence in flowerbed. According to the results it was observed that the film coating promotes an increase in seedling emergence when under ideal conditions, regardeless the polymer used. Under stress conditions, the film coating reduces the seeds vigor.

A Study on a Quantity of Imbibition of Natural Medicines at Boiling / 日本東洋医学雑誌

As many natural medicines absorb water at boiling, yields of the decoctions are affected by absorbed water. Therefore, we examined the quantity of imbibition of each crude drug at boiling. We used 75 kinds of crude drugs. After boiling 600ml of water, each natural medicine was boiled for 70 minutes. The medicine was left for 60 minutes, and then boiled again for 20 minutes. The quantity of imbibition of each natural medicine was measured at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 130, and 150 minutes. The maximum data among the quantity of imbibition at each point was labeled “maximum quantity of imbibition.” With regard to the maximum quantity of imbibition in natural medicines of plant origin, the range was from a maximum of 69.10g in Chrisanthemi Flos to a minimum of 3.26g in Persicae Semen. The average maximum quantity of imbibition was 22.51±13.00g, and there were large differences among each of the natural medicines. The quantity of imbibition at 10 minutes or 20 minutes was above 80% of each maximum quantity of imbibition on many crude drugs, but that gradually increased over the time course for some crude drugs.

Plasmatic imbibition and revascularization in venousisland flap

Several mechanisms about venous flap were proposed. Among them, plasmatic imbibition and early revascularization are supposed to be the most important factors for the survival of venous flap. Many reports about the role of plasmatic imbibition have used silastic sheet or other foreign material to block the plasmatic imbibition so that foreign body reaction might affect the survival of the flap. No experiment has been reported to examine the revascularization directly. We blocked the plasmatic imbibition by marginal resection around the venous island flap and delayed venous island flap and placing it onto the bare cartilage to exclude the effect of foreign body. We also examined the revasularization of the delay and non-delay venous island flap directly using microfil cast. As a result blocking of the plasmatic imbibition markedly decrease the survival of the flap but the survival of delay flap is about five times that of non delay flap. Revascularization was minimal at 1 week postoperative day. It is inferred that plasmatic imbibition is more important than revascularization.

Plasmatic imbibition and revascularization in venousisland flap

Several mechanisms about venous flap were proposed. Among them, plasmatic imbibition and early revascularization are supposed to be the most important factors for the survival of venous flap. Many reports about the role of plasmatic imbibition have used silastic sheet or other foreign material to block the plasmatic imbibition so that foreign body reaction might affect the survival of the flap. No experiment has been reported to examine the revascularization directly. We blocked the plasmatic imbibition by marginal resection around the venous island flap and delayed venous island flap and placing it onto the bare cartilage to exclude the effect of foreign body. We also examined the revasularization of the delay and non-delay venous island flap directly using microfil cast. As a result blocking of the plasmatic imbibition markedly decrease the survival of the flap but the survival of delay flap is about five times that of non delay flap. Revascularization was minimal at 1 week postoperative day. It is inferred that plasmatic imbibition is more important than revascularization.