Concepciones de usuarios sobre nuevas vías de administración de profilaxis pre-exposición para el VIH / Users' expectations of the new pre-exposure prophylaxis for the HIV modalities

Resumen Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir las concepciones de los Hombres Gay, Hombres Bisexuales y una Mujer Transgénero que usan o quieren usar profilaxis previa a la exposición por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana oral (PrEP) sobre nuevas vías de administración. Fueron entrevistados 17 usuarios del BCN Checkpoint. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas en audio, sometidas a análisis categorial temático teniendo en cuenta la perspectiva praxeográfica. Todos están adaptados al uso de la PrEP diaria y a demanda. En relación con las nuevas vías de administración (PrEP inyección intramuscular cada dos meses; pastilla mensual; inyección subcutánea cada seis meses) todos son muy receptivos a esas posibilidades, pero les falta información sobre las especificidades de cada una de ellas y una evaluación específica de sus necesidades. Tanto la satisfacción con el uso de PrEP oral, como las expectativas sobre las nuevas vías de administración son positivas. Sin embargo, lo más importante para los/a entrevistados/a es la garantía de que tendrán seguimiento para continuar cuidando de la salud afectivo-sexual, lo que no depende del tipo de vía de administración.

Abstract This article aims to discuss the expectations of Homosexual Men, Bisexual Men and a Transgender Woman, who use or want to use an oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about PrEP modalities. Sixteen PrEP users, who are followed up in the BCN Checkpoint, were interviewed,. The interviews were audio-recorded, subjected to thematic categorical analysis within the theoretical framework from the praxiographic perspective. They are all adapted to the use of daily oral and event-based PrEP. In relation to the new PrEP modalities (monthly pill; intramuscular injection every two months; subcutaneous injection every six months), they are all very receptive to these possibilities, but they lack information on the specificities of each and specific assessment of their needs. Comments about the use of oral PrEP are positive, and expectations regarding the new PrEP modalities are visibly high. However, the most important thing for the interviewees is the guarantee that they will have follow-up appointments to continue taking care of their affective-sexual health, which is not dependent on the type of PrEP modalities.

Longitudinal Trends in HIV-1 Subtypes and Drug Resistance in Children from Argentina over a 15-Year Period (2006-2021)

ABSTRACT Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in children and adolescents infected with the virus. Objectives: The objectives of the study are to investigate HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in patients who attended a referral care center in Argentina over a 15-year period and to compare mutational patterns between HIV-1 pol sequences characterized as B or BF recombinants. Methods: Individual resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) (to protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors) were identified according to IAS-USA guidelines in 374 HIV-1-infected children and adolescents. HIV-1 subtype was characterized by phylogenetic and recombination analysis using MEGA5.1 and Simplot. Poisson linear regression was used to model the dynamics of the RAMs over time. Results: The prevalence of RAMs to protease inhibitors (R2 = 0.52, p = 0.0012) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (R2 = 0.30, p = 0.0225) decreased over time. HIVDR to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors remained moderate to high, ranging between 33% and 76%. BF recombinants showed a higher frequency of thymidine analog mutation 1 RAMs profile and I54V mutation. Conclusion: In Argentina, HIVDR observed in children and adolescents has decreased over the past 15 years, regardless of the viral subtype.

Resistencia a los inhibidores de la integrasa en niños con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana por transmisión vertical: primeros casos en Uruguay / Resistance to integrase inhibitors in children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus: First cases in Uruguay

La resistencia a los antirretrovirales (ARV) es un problema de salud pública. Con el uso de inhibidores de la integrasa (INSTI) en pediatría, también comienzan a aparecer resistencias. El objetivo de esta comunicación es describir 3 casos con resistencia a los INSTI. Se describen 3 pacientes pediátricos con transmisión vertical del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Iniciaron ARV de lactantes y preescolares, con mala adherencia al tratamiento, cursaron con diferentes planes secundarios a comorbilidades asociadas y fallas virológicas por resistencia. Los 3 casos clínicos describen la rápida aparición de resistencia frente a la falla virológica y el compromiso de los INSTI. La adherencia debe ser supervisada para detectar precozmente el aumento de la viremia. La falla virológica en un paciente tratado con raltegravir obliga a un rápido cambio de esquema ARV, ya que continuar utilizándolo podría favorecer nuevas mutaciones y resistencia a los INSTI de segunda generación.

Antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance is a public health issue. Resistance has also been observed in the case of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) used in pediatrics. The objective of this article is to describe 3 cases of INSTI resistance. These are the cases of 3 children with vertically-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They were started on ARVs as infants and preschoolers, with poor treatment adherence, and had different management plans due to associated comorbidities and virological failure due to resistance. In the 3 cases, resistance developed rapidly as a result of virological failure and INSTI involvement. Treatment adherence should be monitored so that any increase in viremia can be detected early. Virological failure in a patient treated with raltegravir forces to a rapid change in ARV therapy because its continued use may favor new mutations and resistance to second-generation INSTIs.

SARS-CoV-2 shedding, infectivity, and evolution in an immunocompromised adult patient

ABSTRACT This study aimed to provide further insight into the evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 by analyzing the case of a 40-year-old man who had previously undergone autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation due to a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. He developed a persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection lasting at least 218 days and did not manifest a humoral immune response to the virus during this follow-up period. Whole-genome sequencing and viral cultures confirmed a persistent infection with a replication-positive virus that had undergone genetic variation for at least 196 days after symptom onset.

Human papillomavirus in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus: association with viral load and lymphocyte count

ABSTRACT Women living with human immunodeficiency virus are at an increased risk of developing cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Thus, it is important to combine clinical assessments, serological screening, and HPV data for planning prevention policies. This study aimed to identify HPV and its specific types in the cervical, anal, and oral mucosa of HIV-seropositive women, associating it with viral load and lymphocyte count. Sociodemographic characteristics, health data (CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and viral load), and biological samples (cervical, anal, and oral) were collected from 86 HIV-positive women undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Data were classified according to the presence or absence of HPV-DNA, HPV-DNA presence at one or more anatomic sites, and level of oncogenic risk, considering low- and high-risk oncogenic HPV-DNA groups. The presence of HPV in the cervicovaginal site was 65.9%, 63.8% in anal canal, and 4.2% in oral mucosa. A viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL was associated with the presence of HPV-DNA. There was an association between viral load and the low-risk HPV or high-risk HPV groups. We found a high prevalence of HPV infection in HIV-seropositive women, particularly in the cervical and anal mucosa, with viral load ≥75 HIV copies/mL being associated with HPV-DNA presence.

Estratégias educativas em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV: revisão de escopo / Estrategias educativas en salud para personas que viven con el VIH: revisión de alcance / Health educational strategies for people living with HIV: scoping review

Resumo Objetivo Mapear a produção científica sobre as estratégias educativas e os conteúdos abordados na educação de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Esta é uma revisão de escopo em que a seleção dos artigos foi realizada em abril de 2021 e atualizada em outubro de 2022 em dez fontes de dados; a revisão seguiu os pressupostos estabelecidos pelo Joanna Briggs Institute e o checklist dos Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Os resultados foram analisados descritivamente e sintetizados em um quadro. Resultados Foram selecionados 17 estudos com publicação predominante em 2017; Estados Unidos da América e Brasil foram os países com a maior quantidade de produções. A maioria dos estudos buscou avaliar o impacto e a eficácia das estratégias e desenvolver ou validar instrumentos de educação em saúde e atividades de prevenção. Em relação ao conteúdo abordado pelas estratégias, foram formadas cinco categorias: orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suporte emocional. As estratégias educativas que se destacaram em relação à maior adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento estão relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de sistemas, programas e multimídia. As cartilhas promoveram empoderamento e autonomia de pessoas vivendo com HIV. Conclusão Foram mapeadas as principais estratégias educativas, com destaque para cartilhas, material impresso, recursos multimídia, sistemas, formulários e oficinas/workshops, abordando orientação inicial sobre HIV/AIDS, tratamento farmacológico, cuidados gerais, vida saudável, saúde sexual e suportes social e emocional.

Resumen Objetivo Mapear la producción científica sobre las estrategias educativas y los contenidos abordados en la educación de personas que viven con el VIH. Métodos Esta es una revisión de alcance, cuya selección de artículos se realizó en abril de 2021 y se actualizó en octubre de 2022 en diez fuentes de datos. La revisión siguió las premisas establecidas por el Joanna Briggs Institute y la checklist de los Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Los resultados fueron analizados descriptivamente y sintetizados en un cuadro. Resultados Se seleccionaron 17 estudios con publicación predominante en 2017. Estados Unidos de América y Brasil fueron los países con mayor cantidad de producciones. La mayoría de los estudios buscó evaluar el impacto y la eficacia de las estrategias y elaborar o validar instrumentos de educación para la salud y actividades de prevención. Con relación al contenido abordado por las estrategias, se formaron cinco categorías: instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo emocional. Las estrategias educativas que se destacaron con relación a una mayor adhesión de los pacientes al tratamiento están relacionadas con el desarrollo de sistemas, programas y multimedia. Las cartillas promovieron empoderamiento y autonomía de personas que viven con el VIH. Conclusión Se mapearon las principales estrategias educativas, con énfasis en cartillas, material impreso, recursos multimedia, sistemas, formularios y talleres/workshops, que abordaron instrucciones iniciales sobre VIH/SIDA, tratamiento farmacológico, cuidados generales, vida saludable, salud sexual y apoyo social y emocional. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

Abstract Objective To map the scientific production on educational strategies and the content covered in the education of people living with HIV. Methods This is a scoping review in which the selection of articles was carried out in April 2021 and updated in October 2022 in ten data sources; the review followed the assumptions established by the Joanna Briggs Institute and the checklist of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The results were descriptively analyzed and summarized in a chart. Results A total of 17 studies were selected, predominantly published in 2017; The USA and Brazil were the countries with the largest number of productions. Most studies sought to evaluate the impact and effectiveness of strategies and develop or validate health education instruments and prevention activities. Concerning the content covered by the strategies, five categories were formed: initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and emotional support. The educational strategies that stood out concerning greater patient adherence to treatment are related to the development of systems, programs, and multimedia. The booklets promoted empowerment and autonomy for people living with HIV. Conclusion The main educational strategies were mapped, with emphasis on booklets, printed material, multimedia resources, systems, forms, and workshops, covering initial guidance on HIV/AIDS, pharmacological treatment, general care, healthy living, sexual health, and social and emotional support. Open Science Framework (OSF): https://osf.io/754uk/?view_only=6491865a3d12424d81af2c4099c112c3

HIV with initial ocular Kaposi sarcoma / HIV com sarcoma de Kaposi ocular inicial

ABSTRACT We present an interesting case of a 62-year-old black female, presented to the ophthalmological hospital with a little "nevus" on the left eye previously visualized at the mirror, with one month of development. Physical examination with slit lamp (biomicroscopy) showed a group of painless veins, with vascular redness, and a mass nodular aspect in the mid temporal bulbar conjunctiva, of approximately 2mmx4mm.

RESUMO Apresentamos o interessante caso de uma mulher negra de 62 anos, que deu entrada no hospital oftalmológico com um pequeno nevo no olho esquerdo previamente visualizado ao espelho, com 1 mês de evolução. O exame físico com lâmpada de fenda (biomicroscopia) mostrou um grupo de veias indolor e vermelhidão vascular, com uma massa de aspecto nodular na conjuntiva bulbar temporal média, de aproximadamente 2mmx4mm.

Validação do conteúdo de um recurso audiovisual para pessoas vivendo com HIV / Validación del contenido de un recurso audiovisual para personas que viven con el VIH / Content validation of an audiovisual resource for people living with HIV

Resumo Objetivo Validar o conteúdo do roteiro de um recurso audiovisual para pessoas vivendo com HIV. Métodos Estudo metodológico com abordagem quantitativa, norteado pelo referencial teórico metodológico da psicometria. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por juízes especialistas na área temática usando a técnica Delphi. A amostra foi composta por 22 juízes na primeira análise de validação e sete juízes na segunda análise. Resultados Todos domínios analisados apresentaram coeficiente de validade de conteúdo (CVC) >0,80, com CVC total (CVCt) de 0,96, consistência interna quase perfeita, Alfa de Cronbach de 0,988, ICC de 0,982 [IC95% 0,969-0,991] e p<0,005 significativo na primeira rodada de avaliação dos especialistas. Na segunda análise, os critérios usados para validação de conteúdo apresentaram CVCt de 0,97, com os critérios de objetividade, simplicidade, clareza, relevância, precisão, variedade, credibilidade e equilíbrio, atingindo 100% de aprovação. Conclusão O roteiro foi validado quanto ao conteúdo, mostrando ser um instrumento representativo e pertinente para construção do recurso audiovisual. Ele contribui para o avanço do conhecimento científico pois apresenta resultados com rigor metodológico, com inovações no campo da educação em saúde para pessoas vivendo com HIV.

Resumen Objetivo Validar el contenido del guion de un recurso audiovisual para personas que viven con el VIH Métodos Estudio metodológico con enfoque cuantitativo, norteado por el marco referencial teórico metodológico de la psicometría. La validación de contenido fue realizada por jueces especialistas en el área temática mediante el uso del método Delphi. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 22 jueces en el primer análisis de validación y siete jueces en el segundo análisis. Resultados Todos los dominios analizados presentaron coeficiente de validez de contenido (CVC) >0,80, con un CVC total (CVCt) de 0,96, consistencia interna casi perfecta, Alfa de Cronbach de 0,988, ICC de 0,982 [IC95 % 0,969-0,991] y p<0,005 significativo en la primera ronda de evaluación de los especialistas. En el segundo análisis, los criterios usados para la validación de contenido presentaron un CVCt de 0,97, con los criterios de objetividad, simplicidad, claridad, relevancia, precisión, variedad, credibilidad y equilibrio, con un 100 % de aprobación. Conclusión Se validó el guion en cuanto al contenido, lo que demuestra que es un instrumento representativo y pertinente para la elaboración del recurso audiovisual. Contribuye al avance del conocimiento científico ya que presenta resultados con rigor metodológico, con innovaciones en el campo de la educación para la salud para personas que viven con el VIH.

Abstract Objective The study aimed to validate the script content of an audiovisual resource for people living with HIV. Methods This methodological study had a quantitative approach and was guided by the methodological theoretical framework of psychometrics. Content validation was performed by expert judges in the thematic area using the Delphi technique. The sample consisted of 22 judges in the first validation analysis and seven judges in the second analysis. Results All domains analyzed had a content validity coefficient (CVC) >0.80, with a total CVC (CVCt) of 0.96, almost perfect internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha of 0.988, ICC of 0.982 [95%CI 0.969-0.991], and p<0.005 which was significant in the first round of expert evaluation. In the second analysis, the criteria used for content validation showed a CVCt of 0.97, with the criteria of objectivity, simplicity, clarity, relevance, accuracy, variety, credibility, and balance achieving 100% approval. Conclusion The script was validated in terms of content, showing to be a representative and relevant instrument for building the audiovisual resource. It contributes to the advancement of scientific knowledge as it presents results with methodological accuracy and innovations in the field of health education for people living with HIV.

Populações-chave ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana nos estudos da enfermagem: revisão integrativa / Key populations for human immunodeficiency virus in nursing studies: an integrative review / Poblaciones clave para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en estudios de enfermería: una revisión integrativa

Objetivo: evidenciar as populações-chave ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana abordadas em estudos científicos de enfermagem. Método: revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bibliotecas National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Scientific Electronic Library Online e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde; nas bases de dados Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Resultados: identificados 1.059 artigos, dos quais 18 foram incluídos. Os achados foram agrupados conforme as dimensões da vulnerabilidade (individual, social e programática). Conclusão: o papel da enfermagem diante das dimensões individuais, sociais e programáticas da vulnerabilidade, foi importante para identificar as especificidades dessas populações e para a compreensão dos aspectos que tornam estes indivíduos vulnerabilizados ao HIV/aids. Verifica-se a intervenção direta da enfermagem por meio de ações de promoção e prevenção de modo a contribuir para as boas práticas de cuidado.

Objective: to highlight the key populations for the human immunodeficiency virus addressed in scientific nursing studies. Methods: integrative literature review carried out in the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Scientific Electronic Library Online and Virtual Health Library; in the databases Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Results: 1,059 articles were identified, of which 18 were included. The findings were grouped according to the dimensions of vulnerability (individual, social and programmatic). Conclusion: the role of nursing in the face of the individual, social and programmatic dimensions of vulnerability was important to identify the specificities of these populations and to understand the aspects that make these individuals vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. There is direct nursing intervention through promotion and prevention actions in order to contribute to good care practices.

Objetivos:resaltar las poblaciones clave para el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana abordadas en estudios científicos de enfermería. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada en la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina, Institutos Nacionales de Salud, Biblioteca Científica Electrónica en Línea y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud; en las bases de datos Embase, Cummulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, Web of Science y Literatura Latino-Americana e del Caribe em Ciências da Saúde. Resultados: se identificaron 1.059 artículos, de los cuales 18 fueron incluidos. Los hallazgos se agruparon según las dimensiones de vulnerabilidad (individual, social y programática). Conclusión: el papel de la enfermería frente a las dimensiones individual, social y programática de la vulnerabilidad fue importante para identificar las especificidades de estas poblaciones y comprender los aspectos que tornan a esos individuos vulnerables al VIH/SIDA. Existe intervención directa de enfermería a través de acciones de promoción y prevención para contribuir a las buenas prácticas de cuidado.

Incomplete recovery of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio is associated with the late introduction of antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV infection

ABSTRACT Despite being subject to lower AIDS-related mortality rates and having a higher life expectancy, patients with HIV are more prone to develop non-AIDS events. A low CD4+/CD8+ ratio during antiretroviral therapy identifies people with heightened immune senescence and increased risk of mortality. In clinical practice, finding determinants of a low CD4+/CD8+ ratio may be useful for identifying patients who require close monitoring due to an increased risk of comorbidities and death. We performed a prospective study on the evolution of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in 60 patients infected with HIV (80% males), who were subjected to two different antiretroviral regimens: early and deferred therapy. The initial CD4+/CD8+ ratio was ≤1 for 70% of the patients in both groups. Older age, CD4+ cell count at inclusion, Nadir CD8+T-cell count, and Initial CD4+/CD8+ ratio ≤ 1 were risk factors for lack of ratio recovery. In the multivariate analysis, a CD4+/CD8+ ratio > 1 at the start of the treatment was found to be a determinant factor in maintaining a CD4+/CD8+ ratio > 1. The nadir CD4+T-cell count was lower in the deferred therapy group (p=0.004), and the last CD4+/CD8+ ratio ≤1 was not associated with comorbidities. Ratio recovery was not associated with the duration of HIV infection, time without therapy, or absence of AIDS incidence. A greater improvement was observed in patients treated early (p=0.003). In contrast, the slope of increase was slower in patients who deferred treatment. In conclusion, the increase in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio occurred mostly for patients undergoing early strategy treatment and its extension did not seem to be related to previous HIV-related factors.

Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Ghana

Introduction: sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing a boom in the number of adolescents and young adults living with HIV (AYALHIV). Existing HIV intervention programs are mainly for children and adults living with HIV, with little attention paid to AYALHIV. Characterizing this population is necessary for planning, and designing, AYALHIV-centered HIV intervention programs. Methods: a retrospective single-center, hospital-based chart review was conducted at the largest HIV clinic in Ghana. We examined routinely collected data for AYALHIV (aged 10-24 years) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 1 year and in active care from 1st January to 31st December 2019. Data was collected using a structured data extraction form. The Chi-square and the Student´s t-test were used to compare characteristics between adolescents and young adults. Results: of 252 AYALHIV, 68% (172/252) were adolescents with a median age of 17 years (IQR 13-19); 32% were young adults with a median age of 22 years (IQR: 20-24). Most (56.7% (143/252)) AYALHIV were female. Almost 40% were orphans. Eighty-six percent of AYALHIV had HIV type I infection. The commonest mode of HIV acquisition among adolescents was vertical transmission (70.5%) and that among young adults was via unprotected sex (31.3%). 88% of AYALHIV were on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors-based regimen. The viral suppression rate among AYALHIV was 78%. Conclusion: the study shows there is a growing population of AYALHIV most of which are adolescents. About two-fifths were orphans. Policymakers and HIV programs should ensure AYALHIV-centred interventions are developed for this vulnerable population.

Current status of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, practices and associated factors of high risk sexual behavior among college students in Tianjin City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To understand the current status of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) knowledge, attitudes, and practices of college students in Tianjin City and to further investigate the associated factors of high risk sexual behaviors, so as to provide a scientific and theoretical basis for accurate prevention and treatment of AIDS.@*Methods@#A stratified cluster random sample of 64 697 students in 56 colleges and universities in Tianjin City in November to December 2022 was investigated about the current status of AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practices. Information was collected using online survey via Questionnaire Star. Descriptive analysis was used for the current status of AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practices among college students. Chi square test and multiple Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of high risk sexual behavior among college students.@*Results@#The AIDS awareness rate of college students in Tianjin City reached 87.33%. The sexual openness rate was 70.73 %. Among the 3 463 students who had sex during the past year, 42.13% of students reported high risk sexual behavior. Multivariate Logistic regression showed that female, having a romantic partner, having received sex education and prevention and treatment knowledge of AIDS were negatively associated with high risk sexual behavior ( OR =0.66, 0.59, 0.81, 0.59, P <0.05). Being in sophomore year, non heterosexuality (homosexuality, bisexuality, not knowing), prejudice against AIDS, and misunderstanding the testing methods for AIDS showed positive correlations with highrisk sexual behavior ( OR =1.22, 2.49, 2.30, 3.17, 1.43, 1.22 , P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The awareness rate of AIDS in college students in Tianjin is high, but high risk sexual behaviors are still at a high level. Further targeted knowledge education and behavioral interventions are needed to scientifically prevent the spread of AIDS.

Current situation and related factors of AIDS discrimination among junior medical students in Jiangxi Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the current situation and related factors of AIDS discrimination among junior medical students in Jiangxi Province, so as to provide a reference for effective AIDS anti discrimination intervention measures in medical colleges.@*Methods@#Using a convenience sampling approach, 2 484 medical students were selected from five universities in Jiangxi Province from July to August 2023. An anonymous survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire, a AIDS knowledge questionnaire, and the Chinese version of Zelaya s AIDS Stigma Scale. Independent sample t-tests and analysis of variance were carried out to analyze the level of AIDS discrimination among medical students with different characteristics. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was performed to identify the related factors of AIDS discrimination.@*Results@#The total score of AIDS discrimination among medical students was (2.55±0.67). The dimension with the highest score was fear of contracting the disease (2.89±1.01). The results of the multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that the factors related to AIDS discrimination included gender ( β = -0.17 ), grade ( β =-0.08), being an only child or not ( β =-0.04), whether knowing about AIDS knowledge or not ( β =0.22), willingness to use condoms during sexual activity ( β =0.07), willingness to participate in school sexual health knowledge based activities ( β =0.05) and the perceived importance of selfhealth ( β =0.11) ( P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#AIDS discrimination is prevalent among junior medical students in Jiangxi Province. Efforts should be undertaken to enhance humanistic education and relevant knowledge dissemination among junior medical students to reduce the level of AIDS discrimination.

Changes of HIV knowledge and attitude among students in Beijing from 2018 to 2022 / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the change of HIV knowledge, information access and attitude among college students in Beijing from 2018 to 2022, so as to provide reference for the formulation of targeted comprehensive prevention and control mesures for AIDS.@*Methods@#A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 3 098 undergraduate students in Beijing from January 2018 to December 2022, and a questionnaire was used to understand knowledge of HIV/AIDS among participants, information access and the attitude towards AIDS patients.@*Results@#The questionnaire showed that the awareness rate of college students who were correct in more than 8 questions regarding HIV/AIDS related knowledge showed an increasing trend from 2018 to 2022, which were 66.93%, 70.10%, 72.14%, 75.04% and 76.89%, respectively ( P <0.05). In the 5-year survey, the awareness rate of "sharing toothbrush, razor or acupuncture apparatus with others can be infected with AIDS" was the highest, accounting for 82.67%, 83.01%, 84.06%, 84.99%, 87.16%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant ( χ 2=6.14, P >0.05). The awareness rate of "using new drugs will increase the risk of HIV infection" was the lowest, accounting for 50.08%, 50.98%, 52.98 %, 54.00% and 59.23%, and the difference was statistically significant ( χ 2=12.87, P <0.05). From 2018 to 2022, the main access to HIV/AIDS information were the Internet, AIDS publicity materials, and family and friends notification. The acquisition of HIV/AIDS knowledge through the Internet showed an increasing trend by year, accounting for 77.90%, 80.88%, 82.13%, 83.03 % and 86.04%, respectively, with statistical significance ( χ 2 trend =14.37, P <0.05). Items of "choosing to gradually distance themselves after knowing that their friends around them are AIDS patients" "accepting to shake hands with AIDS patients", and "supporting and restricting activities of AIDS patients in public places" accounted for a relatively high proportion. During the year of 2018-2022, the diffences were not statistically significant ( χ 2=7.95, 2.45, 2.17, P >0.05).@*Conclusions@#HIV/AIDS knowledge among college students in Beijing from 2018 to 2022 needs to be improved. The Internet is the main way for college students to obtain HIV/AIDS knowledge. HIV/AIDS related discrimination is high among participants. Comprehensive HIV related knowledge education should be implemented to change the attitude of college students in Beijing.

Functions of HIV-1 Tat and its association with diseases / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Acquired immune deficiency syndrome,or AIDS,has been a major infectious disease that troubles the public health in a global scale. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1)is the causative reagent responsible for AIDS development. Even though the highly active anti-retroviral therapy(HAART,or the cocktail therapy)that has been widely applied could effectively suppress the infection and replication of HIV-1,the infected people suffer from other related diseases,such as the HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder(HAND). This paper mainly focused on the function of an important regulatory protein of HIV-1,trans-activator of transcription(Tat),and its correlation with HIV-1 replication and HAND development,so as to clarify the importance of developing anti-AIDS drugs targeting Tat protein

Infecciones orales por VPH en personas HIV positivas de Corrientes, Argentina / Oral HPV infection in HIV-positive persons from Cor rientes, Argentina

Resumen Introducción : Las infecciones por virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en cavidad oral se asocian a un subgrupo de cánceres cuya prevalencia está en incremento en todo el mundo. Las personas portadoras HIV (PHIV) tienen un mayor riesgo de contraer una infección por VPH y eventualmente desarrollar cáncer. El presente estudio trata de relevar la frecuencia y variabilidad genotípica de dicho virus en cavidad oral y su asociación con pro bables factores de riesgo en una población HIV+ de la provincia de Corrientes. Métodos : Se tomaron enjuagados bucales de 133 participantes. Luego de la extracción de ADN se detectó por PCR anidada la presencia de VPH. Los casos positivos se tipificaron por Reverse Line Blot y por secuenciación. Resultados : En la serie analizada se detectó una fre cuencia global de VPH del 22% (29/133) en los enjuagados bucales. El 62% (18/29) de los casos positivos presentó al menos un genotipo de alto riesgo. Los participantes con más de 36 años (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, IC = 1.1-9,4) y una carga viral de más de 40 copias/mL (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, IC = 1.1-10.3) reflejaron mayor riesgo de infección por VPH. La edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales también resultó un indicador útil en los casos que presenta ron infecciones por genotipos de alto riesgo (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). Además, se observaron genotipos de bajo riesgo no reportados con anterioridad en cavidad oral de habitantes de la región (VPH-13 y VPH-114). Discusión : Relevar datos epidemiológicos basales en pobla ciones vulnerables y altamente expuestas a VPH ayuda a clarificar la historia natural del virus en localizaciones extragenitales y a focalizarnos en particularidades regio nales que permitan elaborar políticas de salud acordes a la magnitud del problema local.

Abstract Introduction : Oral cavity HPV infections are associ ated with a subgroup of cancers whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. HIV infected people are in an increased risk of contracting HPV infection and devel oping cancer. The present study reveals the frequency and genotypic variability of this virus in the oral cavity and its association with probable risk factors in an HIV+ population of the province of Corrientes. Methods : Mouthwashes were taken from 133 partici pants. After DNA extraction, the presence of HPV was detected by nested PCR. Positive cases were typed by reverse line blot or by sequencing. Results : HPV was detected in 22% (29/133) of the mouthwashes. In 62% (18/29) of the positive samples, at least one high-risk genotype was detected. Participants older than 36 years (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, CI = 1.1-9.4) and a viral load of more than 40 copies (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, CI = 1.1-10.3) had higher risk of infection by any HPV genotype. In relation to the age of initiation of sexual intercourse, it was a significant parameter in the case of patients with infections by high-risk genotypes (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). In addition, previously unreport ed low-risk genotypes were observed in the oral cavity of inhabitants of the region like HPV-13 and HPV-114. Discussion : Collecting baseline epidemiological data in this type of vulnerable population helps to clarify the natural history of the virus in extragenital locations and focus on regional particularities that allow the development of health policies in accordance with the magnitude of the regional problem.

Factores asociados a la mala adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en pacientes VIH positivo

Introducción: La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana representa un problema de salud pública en el mundo. La adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral es necesaria para alcanzar un estado de supresión viral máxima y disminuir la tasa de infecciones oportunistas. Sin embargo, diversos son los factores que pueden influir en la adherencia terapéutica. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en pacientes con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos: Se empleó un estudio con diseño observacional, analítico, de tipo casos y controles. El tamaño muestral fue de 276, a partir del cual 138 fueron casos y 138 controles. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados utilizando métodos de estadística descriptiva y estadística inferencial. Resultados: El análisis multivariado determinó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la variable adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral y las variables depresión (odds ratio OR ajustado= 2,15), esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo (OR ajustado= 2,40), efectos secundarios (OR ajustado= 4,24) y cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia (OR ajustado= 5,67), independientemente de las otras variables intervinientes. Conclusiones: La depresión, el uso del esquema de terapia antirretroviral alternativo, la presencia de efectos secundarios a terapia antirretroviral y el cambio en la adherencia durante el estado de emergencia aumentan el riesgo de mala adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral.

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection represents a public health public problem in the world. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy is necessary to achieve a state of maximum viral suppression and decrease the rate of opportunistic infections. However, there are several factors that can influence therapeutic adherence. Objective: To identify the risk factors associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: A study with an observational, analytical, case-control type design was used. The sample size was 276, from which 138 were cases and 138 controls. The collected data was analyzed using methods of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Results: The multivariate analysis determined a statistically significant association between the variable adherence to antiretroviral treatment and the variables depression (adjusted Odds Ratio OR = 2.15), alternative antiretroviral therapy scheme (adjusted OR= 2.40), side effects (adjusted OR= 4.24), and change in adherence during the state of emergency (adjusted OR= 5.67) independently of the other intervening variables. Conclusions: Depression, the use of alternative antiretroviral therapy regimens, the presence of side effects to antiretroviral therapy, and the change in adherence during the state of emergency increase the risk of poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Avances en políticas públicas y vigilancia epidemiológica relacionadas con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en Ecuador

El virus de inmunodeficiencia humana constituye uno de los principales problemas de salud a nivel mundial. Se reconoce como un fenómeno multifactorial, donde las políticas públicas en materia de prevención, diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento resultan claves. El objetivo del presente estudio es describir los avances en políticas públicas y vigilancia epidemiológica relacionadas con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en Ecuador. Se evidencian importantes pasos con respecto al compromiso político y responsabilidad social para conseguir frenar los estragos del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida, e infecciones de transmisión sexual, a partir de estrategias centradas en la prevención, así como en el tratamiento profiláctico, antirretroviral, y el seguimiento de los pacientes. Con vistas a ello se han implementado proyectos destinados a cumplir lo acordado en la declaración de las Naciones Unidas, y en el marco del plan nacional para el desarrollo. Persisten dificultades relacionadas con el acceso al diagnóstico del virus y pruebas de seguimiento, principalmente por la concentración de estas en una única institución.

The human immunodeficiency virus is one of the main health problems worldwide. It is recognized as a multifactorial phenomenon, where public policies regarding prevention, timely diagnosis and treatment are key. The objective of this study is to describe the advances in public policies and epidemiological surveillance related to the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in Ecuador. Important steps are evident in relation to political commitment and social responsibility to stop the injuries of the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, and sexually transmitted infections, based on strategies focused on prevention, as well as prophylactic, antiretroviral, and treatment patient follow-up. Some projects have been implemented aimed at fulfilling what was agreed in the United Nations declaration, and within the framework of the national development plan. Difficulties persist related to access to virus diagnosis and follow-up tests, mainly due to the concentration of these in a single institution.

Interconexão entre saúde planetária e resposta ao HIV/aids: uma reflexão sob a ótica do pensamento complexo / Interconnection between planetary health and HIV/AIDS response: a reflection from the perspective of complex thinking

OBJETIVO: Refletir sobre os pontos de interconexão entre saúde planetária e a resposta do mundo ao HIV/aids sob a ótica do pensamento complexo. MÉTODO: Trata-se de ensaio teórico do tipo reflexivo, ancorado no pensamento complexo proposto por Morin e na literatura atual e pertinente sobre saúde planetária e HIV/aids. RESULTADOS: Considerando que os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável se interconectam com as atuais discussões sobre a saúde planetária, a reflexão foi tecida a partir dos cinco Ps (isto é, pessoas, planeta, prosperidade, paz e parcerias), os quais tem refletido na resposta do HIV/aids entre as diferentes nações. CONCLUSÃO: As reflexões incitam alguns pontos importantes que envolvem a saúde planetária e o acesso e a adesão ao tratamento, com a finalidade de controlar e erradicar o HIV/aids até 2030. O cuidar da saúde planetária representará o cuidado com todos os seres humanos, em especial aqueles com maior vulnerabilidade, como pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids.

OBJECTIVE: To reflect on the connections between planetary health and the world's response to HIV/AIDS from the perspective of complex thinking. METHOD: This is a theoretical reflective essay anchored in the complex thinking proposed by Morin and in the current and relevant literature on planetary health and HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Recognizing that the Sustainable Development Goals are linked to current discussions on planetary health, the reflection was woven around the five Ps (i.e., people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships) that are reflected in the response of different nations to HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION: The reflections raise some important points related to planetary health and access to and treatment adherence, intending to control and eliminate HIV/AIDS by 2030. Caring for planetary health will mean caring for all people, especially those with greater vulnerability, such as people living with HIV/AIDS.

Características sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con inicio clínico de sida en Santiago de Cuba / Sociodemographic and epidemiological characteristics of patients with clinical onset of AIDS in Santiago de Cuba i: en

Introducción: Uno de los desafíos del milenio a nivel mundial es combatir el avance de la epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/sida. Objetivo: Caracterizar a la población de pacientes con inicio clínico de sida según variables sociodemográficas y epidemiológicas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo, desde el 2017 hasta el 2021, de 87 personas diagnosticadas con inicio clínico del sida en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. En el análisis estadístico se emplearon medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión, así como la distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas; también, se computaron intervalos de confianza de 95 % para las proporciones de las variables seleccionadas. Resultados: La edad promedio en la serie fue de 42 años (79,3 %); asimismo, predominaron el sexo masculino (91,9 %), el estado civil soltero (91,9 %), la vinculación laboral (72,4 %), los colores de la piel mestizo (52,8 %) y negro (39,3 %) y la procedencia urbana (73,5 %). El coito anal fue la principal forma de contagio (84,0 %), en tanto la mayoría de los afectados de ambos sexos (65,2 % en el masculino y 66,7 % en el femenino) no usaban el preservativo y en los hombres primó la homosexualidad (55,0 %). Conclusiones: El inicio clínico del sida predominó en hombres jóvenes solteros, con vínculo laboral, entre los cuales fueron muy significativas las conductas sexuales de riesgo.

Introduction: One of the millennium challenges worldwide is to fight the advance of the human immunodeficiency virus/aids. Objective: To characterize the sick population with clinical onset of AIDS according to sociodemographic and epidemiologic variables. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was carried out, from 2017 to 2021, of 87 people diagnosed with clinical onset of AIDS in Santiago de Cuba province. In the statistical analysis, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies; also, confidence intervals of 95% were computed for the proportions of selected variables. Results: The average age in the series was 42 years (79.3%), likewise, there was a prevalence of the male sex (91.9%), single as marital status (91.9%), working bond (72.4%), mixed race (52.8%) and black skin color (39.3%), and the urban origin (73.5%). The anal coitus was the main way of infection (84.0%), while the majority of the affected individuals of both sexes (65.2% in males and 66.7% in females) did not use condoms and homosexuality predominated among men (55.0%). Conclusions: The clinical onset of AIDS prevailed in young and single men, with working bond, among whom risky sexual behaviors were very significant.