The expression mechanism of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 and its role in immunomodulatory ability of mesenchymal stem cells / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important immunosuppressive molecule, which inhibits the function of T cells and other immune cells by binding to the receptor programmed cell death-1. The PD-L1 expression disorder plays an important role in the occurrence, development, and treatment of sepsis or other inflammatory diseases, and has become an important target for the treatment of these diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a kind of pluripotent stem cells with multiple differentiation potential. In recent years, MSCs have been found to have a strong immunosuppressive ability and are used to treat various inflammatory insults caused by hyperimmune diseases. Moreover, PD-L1 is deeply involved in the immunosuppressive events of MSCs and plays an important role in the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we will summarize the main regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 expression, and discuss various biological functions of PD-L1 in the immune regulation of MSCs.

Advances in mesenchymal stem cells therapy for tendinopathies / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Tendinopathies are chronic diseases of an unknown etiology and associated with inflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a viable therapeutic option to combat the pathological progression of tendinopathies, not only because of their potential for multidirectional differentiation and self-renewal, but also their excellent immunomodulatory properties. The immunomodulatory effects of MSCs are increasingly being recognized as playing a crucial role in the treatment of tendinopathies, with MSCs being pivotal in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment by modulating the immune response, ultimately contributing to improved tissue repair. This review will discuss the current knowledge regarding the application of MSCs in tendinopathy treatments through the modulation of the immune response.

Advances in methods and techniques for the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms / 药学学报

In recent years, polysaccharides have received much attention because of their high safety and good immunological activity. The study of polysaccharide in vivo process is a key scientific problem that needs to be solved for polysaccharide drug development. Some progress has been made in the field of polysaccharide pharmacokinetics and immunomodulation. However, due to the lack of both chromogenic and light-absorbing groups and the complex molecular structure of polysaccharides, the in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides have been slow to be investigated. The effective combination of multiple techniques can break the bottleneck of difficult tracing and unknown immunomodulatory mechanism of polysaccharides in vivo, and promote the development and utilization of polysaccharides. In this paper, we systematically summarize the key techniques in the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms in order to provide technical references and research ideas for the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Adiponectin restores the obesity-induced impaired immunomodulatory function of mesenchymal stromal cells via glycolytic reprogramming

Obesity has been known to negatively modulate the life-span and immunosuppressive potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC). However, it remains unclear what drives the compromised potency of obese MSC. In this study, we examined the involvement of adiponectin, an adipose tissue-derived hormone, in obesity-induced impaired therapeutic function of MSC. Diet-induced obesity leads to a decrease in serum adiponectin, accompanied by impairment of survival and immunomodulatory effects of adipose-derived MSC (ADSC). Interestingly, priming with globular adiponectin (gAcrp) improved the immunomodulatory potential of obese ADSC. Similar effects were also observed in lean ADSC. In addition, gAcrp potentiated the therapeutic effectiveness of ADSC in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, while obesity inhibited the glycolytic capacity of MSC, gAcrp treatment induced a metabolic shift toward glycolysis through activation of adiponectin receptor type 1/p38 MAPK/hypoxia inducible factor-1α axis. These findings suggest that activation of adiponectin signaling is a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of MSC against immune-mediated disorders.

Research advances in the immunomodulatory mechanism of galectin-9 and its role in liver diseases / 临床肝胆病杂志

Galectin-9 （Gal-9） is a member of the galectin family that can specifically recognize and bind to galactosides. Recent studies have shown that Gal-9 is highly expressed in the liver and can help to maintain intrahepatic immune homeostasis and perform biological functions in various liver diseases. This article reviews the immunomodulatory functions of Gal-9 and its role in different liver diseases. Studies have shown that Gal-9 has important biological functions in different liver diseases through multiple pathways. Research on the specific immunomodulatory mechanisms and functions of Gal-9 may help to discover the therapeutic role of Gal-9 in liver diseases.

Osteomielite maxilar associada ao COVID-19: mucormicose ou não? Uma série de casos / Maxillary osteomyelitis associated with COVID-19: mucormycosis or not? A series of cases

Aim: A series of cases have been presented involving the oral cavity focusing on the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis that can form a basis for successful therapy. Background: The management of severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in conjunction with comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, organ transplants, and immunosuppression have led to a rise of mucormycosis which is an opportunistic infection. Cases Description: The various forms that have been enlisted till date are rhino-cerebral, rhino-orbital, gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and disseminated mucormycosis. From the dentistry and maxillofacial surgery perspective, the cases depicting extension of mucormycosis into the oral cavity have been less frequently recorded and thus, require a detailed study. The patients that reported to our private practice had non-tender swelling, draining sinuses and mobility of teeth. A similarity was observed in the clinical signs both in osteomyelitis and mucormycosis. Thus, a histopathological examination was used to establish the definitive diagnosis. Conclusion: Mucormycosis is a life threatening pathology that requires intervention by other branches to make an early diagnosis and commence the treatment. The characteristic ulceration or necrosis is often absent in the initial stage and thus, histopathological examination and radiographic assessment are required to formulate a definitive diagnosis. Early intervention is a necessity to avoid morbidity. The treatment involves surgical debridement of the necrotic infected tissue followed by systemic antifungal therapy. Mucormycosis has recently seen a spike in its prevalence, post the second-wave of coronavirus pandemic in India. It was seen commonly in patients with compromised immunity, diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, or on corticosteroid therapy. Mucormycosis invading the palate mostly via maxillary sinus has been less frequently described. In the post-COVID era the features associated with mucormycosis involving oral cavity, should warrant a possible differential diagnosis and managed appropriately. (AU)

Objetivo: Apresentar uma série de casos com enfâse na apresentação, diagnóstico e tratamento da mucormicose oral, assim como uma revisão sistemática que sirva como base para estabelecimento de terapias de sucesso. Introdução: A forma severa da infecção por coronavirus (COVID-19) associada a diabetes mellitus, doenças hematológicas malignas, transplante de órgãos e imunossupressão levaram a um aumento das infecções oportunistas de mucormicose. Descrição dos Casos: As diversas apresentações clínicas que foram descritas até o momento são a rinocerebral, rino-orbital, gastrointestinal, cutânea e mucormicose disseminada. No que concerne a odontologia e a cirurgia maxillofacial, os casos que apresentam extensão de mucormicose para cavidade oral tem sido menos reportados e assim requerem mais estudos. Os pacientes que compareceram a nossa clínica apresentavam aumento de volume endurecido, drenagem de fluidos dos seios maxilares e mobilidade dentária. Clinicamente tanto a osteomielite quanto a mucormicose apresentaram-se de forma semelhante. Assim, análise histopatológica foi utilizada para estabelecimento do diagnóstico definitivo. Conclusão: A mucormicose é uma patologia grave que requer intervenção precoce para estabelecimento do tratamento. A ulceração e necrose características usualmente estão ausentes nos estágios iniciais da lesão, assim análise histopatológica e radiográfica são necessárias para o diagnóstico final. Intervenção precoce é necessária para diminuir a morbidade. O tratamento envolve o debridamento cirúrgico da área necrosada seguida de terapia antifúngica sistêmica. Recentemente, houve um aumento nos casos de mucormicose, após a Segunda onda da pandemia de COVID-19 na índia. Os casos acometiam principalmente pacientes imunocomprometidos, com diabetes mellitus, doenças hematológicas malignas e em uso de corticosteróides. A mucormicose invadindo o palato pelos seios maxilares foi raramente descrita. Na era pós-COVID a mucormicose envolvendo a cavidade oral deve entrar no painel de diagnósticos diferenciais para que o tratamento adequado possa ser instituído precocemente.(AU)

Reshaping neuroimmunology: diagnosis and treatment in the era of precision medicine / Remodelando a neuroimunologia: diagnóstico e tratamento na era da medicina de precisão

Abstract Precision medicine has revolutionized the field of neuroimmunology, with innovative approaches that characterize diseases based on their biology, deeper understanding of the factors leading to heterogeneity within the same disease, development of targeted therapies, and strategies to tailor therapies to each patient. This review explores the impact of precision medicine on various neuroimmunological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD), optic neuritis, autoimmune encephalitis, and immune-mediated neuropathies. We discuss advances in disease subtyping, recognition of novel entities, promising biomarkers, and the development of more selective monoclonal antibodies and cutting-edge synthetic cell-based immunotherapies in neuroimmunological disorders. In addition, we analyze the challenges related to affordability and equity in the implementation of these emerging technologies, especially in situations with limited resources.

Resumo A medicina de precisão está revolucionando o campo da neuroimunologia, com uma abordagem inovadora caracterizada pela classificação de doenças com base em sua biologia, compreensão mais profunda dos fatores que levam à heterogeneidade dentro da mesma doença, desenvolvimento de terapias com alvos específicos e estratégias para adaptar as terapias a cada paciente. Esta revisão explora o impacto da medicina de precisão em várias condições neuroimunológicas, incluindo esclerose múltipla (EM), distúrbio do espectro da neuromielite óptica (NMOSD), doença associada ao anticorpo anti-glicoproteína da mielina do oligodendrócito (MOGAD), neurites ópticas, encefalites autoimunes e neuropatias imunomediadas. Discutimos avanços na subclassificação de doenças, reconhecimento de novas entidades, biomarcadores promissores e desenvolvimento de anticorpos monoclonais mais seletivos e imunoterapias de ponta baseadas em células sintéticas para as condições acima. Além disso, analisamos os desafios relacionados com acessibilidade e equidade na implementação dessas tecnologias emergentes, especialmente em ambientes com recursos limitados.

Humoral and Cellular Immunology in Human Prostate Cancer: Plasma Cells and T and B Lymphocytes / Inmunología Humoral y Celular en el Cáncer de Próstata Humano: Células Plasmáticas y Linfocitos T y B

SUMMARY: In solid and malignant tumors, innate and adaptive immunity are combined in antitumor responses. This study aimed to analyze the activation of plasma cells and the correlation between the infiltration of B and T lymphocytes with the degree of malignancy or Gleason grade in human prostate biopsies diagnosed with cancer. Prostate cancer biopsies were obtained from the Clinical Hospital of Universidad de Chile (n=70), according to the bioethical norms of the institution. Histological sections of 5µm thickness were processed for immunohistochemistry with primary antibodies against BL and total TL (HRP/DAB). Recognition and quantification were performed under a Leica DM750 optical microscope. Microsoft Excel and GraphPad software were used for the statistical study. Correlation coefficient (Pearson) and mean comparison tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn) and p≤ 0.05 were developed. B and T lymphocyte populations were inversely interregulated in prostate cancer (Gleason) (r= -0.46). Their relationship with Gleason grade is variable according to lymphocyte type (LB vs. Gleason r= -0.0.47 and LT vs. Gleason r= -0.21). Histological diagnosis of prostate cancer correlates with a predominance of LT. The malignancy of the pathology correlates with a predominance of LTs, according to the Gleason grade. The increased knowledge of B and T lymphocyte infiltration and plasma cell activation could be used to better target clinical trials on treatments based on immune system responses. Immunotherapy could be a new paradigm to apply better antitumor therapy strategies.

En tumores sólidos y malignos, la inmunidad innata y adaptativa se combinan en respuestas antitumorales. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la activación de células plasmáticas y la correlación entre la infiltración de linfocitos B y T con el grado de malignidad o grado de Gleason en biopsias de próstata humana diagnosticadas con cáncer. Las biopsias de cáncer de próstata se obtuvieron del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile (n=70), de acuerdo con las normas bioéticas de la institución. Secciones histológicas de 5 µm de espesor fueron procesadas para inmunohistoquímica con anticuerpos primarios contra LB y LT total (HRP/DAB). El reconocimiento y las cuantificaciones se realizaron bajo un microscopio óptico Leica DM750. Para el estudio estadístico se utilizaron los programas Microsoft Excel y GraphPad. Se desarrollaron pruebas de coeficiente de correlación (Pearson) y comparación de medias (Kruskal-Wallis y Dunn) y p≤ 0.05. Los resultados muestran que las poblaciones de linfocitos B y T están inversamente interreguladas en el cáncer de próstata (r= -0,4578). Su relación con el grado de Gleason es variable según el tipo de linfocito (LB vs Gleason r= -0,47* y LT vs Gleason r= -0,21). Se concluye que la malignidad del cáncer de próstata se correlaciona con un predominio de LT, versus el grado de Gleason. El mayor conocimiento de la infiltración de linfocitos B y T y la activación de células plasmáticas podría aprovecharse para una mejor orientación de ensayos clínicos en tratamientos basados en las respuestas del sistema inmunitario. La inmunoterapia podría ser un nuevo paradigma para aplicar mejores estrategias de terapias antitumorales.

The Role of MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Chagas Disease

Abstract Chagas disease (CD) is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and affects about six to seven million individuals worldwide. The distribution of cases is concentrated mainly throughout Latin America, especially in rural areas. This study aims to evaluate microRNAs (miRNAs) as indicators in CD diagnosis for possible contributions to its management. This is a literature review study, carried out in the PubMed, SciELO, Bireme Library, NCBI, Science Direct, and Embase databases, through which a total of 12 articles were included for qualitative analysis. The discussion of this review was based on the thematic axes regarding the modulation of T. cruzi in the immune system and the expression of miRNAs, their production and action, the modulation mechanism of host gene expression, how they act as biomarkers, the importance of miRNAs in the diagnosis of CD, and how their regulation occurs in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC). Moreover, T. cruzi infection is associated with the downregulation of several miRNAs, which directly related to the findings of hypertrophy and fibrosis. When quantified, these could be used as consistent indicators for CD to support the diagnosis of patients with CD complications, as well as a possible therapeutic target. However, the need for clinical studies that evaluate the usefulness of this biomarker in humans is emphasized, considering that in the present study, only experimental in vitro studies were evaluated, reflecting a lack of studies with practical applicability.

A confirmed case of macrophage activation syndrome secondary to spotted fever rickettsiosis: Response to immunomodulation in a pediatric patient in northeastern, Mexico

An 8-year-old girl with a rash and high-grade fever for 6 days arrived at the emergency room. She had an erythematous macular rash on the face, trunk, arms, and legs. Further interrogation called attention to the presence of close contact with stray dogs. Her town had been recognized as a site of a rickettsiosis outbreak in the past year. Spotted fever rickettsiosis was suspected, and doxycycline treatment was initiated. Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) secondary to Rickettsia rickettsii infection was diagnosed according to the Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and EULAR/PRINTO/PRES 2016 criteria. As there are no clear guidelines on the treatment of MAS secondary to R. rickettsii. the course of action taken by the pediatric intensive care unit team was to avoid disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and treat MAS, both life-threatening conditions. Directed therapy with high doses of methylprednisolone and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy was initiated. The patient recovered, regaining her functional state before the illness. Few articles have described the association between MAS and rickettsiosis, an illness with high mortality, which makes it paramount to detect and treat promptly.

Bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels: construction strategies and applications / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To review the research progress in the construction strategy and application of bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels.@*METHODS@#The literature related to bone/cartilage immunomodulating hydrogels at home and abroad in recent years was reviewed and summarized from the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the construction strategy of immunomodulating hydrogels, and their practical applications.@*RESULTS@#According to the immune response mechanism of different immune cells, the biological materials with immunoregulatory effect is designed, which can regulate the immune response of the body and thus promote the regeneration of bone/cartilage tissue. Immunomodulating hydrogels have good biocompatibility, adjustability, and multifunctionality. By regulating the physical and chemical properties of hydrogel and loading factors or cells, the immune system of the body can be purposively regulated, thus forming an immune microenvironment conducive to osteochondral regeneration.@*CONCLUSION@#Immunomodulating hydrogels can promote osteochondral repair by affecting the immunomodulation process of host organs or cells. It has shown a wide application prospect in the repair of osteochondral defects. However, more data support from basic and clinical experiments is needed for this material to further advance its clinical translation process.

Exploration and practice of the detoxicating， stasis-resolving， and Yang-warming method in reconstructing immune balance in hepatitis B virus-related liver failure / 临床肝胆病杂志

Liver failure is an acute and critical disease in the field of liver diseases， and liver failure in China is mainly caused by hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection. Professor Mao Dewen has made remarkable achievements in the prevention and treatment of HBV-related liver failure in basic and clinical research by using the detoxicating， stasis-resolving， and Yang-warming method， and in particular， with this method as the technical core， the new clinical prevention and treatment regimen for reconstructing immune balance in HBV-related liver failure lays a foundation for synergistic integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy for HBV-related liver failure， highlights the therapeutic advantages of traditional Chinese medicine， and makes breakthroughs in the technical and therapeutic bottlenecks of current clinical treatment of HBV-related liver failure， thereby attempting to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of liver failure.

Progress of relationship between fentanyl family and immunomodulation / 肿瘤研究与临床

The abuse of opioids in the perioperative period has made the side effects of opioids increasingly prominent. So many anesthesiologists have proposed the concept of opioid-free anesthesia. Immunomodulation is an important field of modern medical research. With the introduction of the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery, the immunomodulatory effects of opioids have received increasing attention. Currently, the fentanyl family is commonly used opioid analgesics in clinical practice. This article reviews the research progress of the fentanyl family and immunomodulation, in order to provide guidance for clinicians to choose analgesic drugs.

Antagonism of Lentinan on sodium arsenite induced hepatotoxicity in mice / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the intervention effects of lentinan on sodium arsenite (SA) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods Healthy male C57BL/6 mice were used as experimental subjects and divided into 4 groups, namely control group, SA treatment group, lentinan intervention + SA exposure group, and lentinan intervention control group. The mice were given oral SA (10.0 mg/kg.bw, once every other day) for 14 days, and then the liver tissues and serum samples were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) was used to evaluate the characteristics of hepatic pathological damage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Flow Cytometry (FC) and Western-blotting (WB) were used to detect the levels of hepatic function, oxidative stress, CD4+ type 17 helper T cells (Th17), and inflammatory cytokines. Results Compared with the control group, the arsenic exposure group showed obvious hepatic pathological injury and increased levels of serum ALT (8.78±0.76 vs 5.47±0.49) and AST (12.42±1.87 vs 7.14±0.57), FC experiments showed that the Th17 content in liver tissues increased (67.70±4.94 vs 7.36±1.50), and ELISA showed that the antioxidant GSH content decreased (593.40±23.25 vs 730.94±30.81), and the levels of MDA (74.56±7.63 vs 49.90±6.42) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A (162.48±10.75 vs 118.53±7.92) and IL-1β (512.50±24.78 vs 462.48±22.15) increased in hepatic tissues (P < 0.05). Compared with the arsenic exposure group, the lentinan showed a significant antagonistic effect after intervention (P < 0.05). Compared to SA exposure group, WB analysis showed that compared with the arsenic exposure group, the expression levels of IL-17A (0.47±0.08 vs 0.89±0.11) and NLRP3 inflammasome (0.80±0.09 vs 1.09±0.16) in the liver tissues of the lentinan intervention group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusion Lentinan alleviates SA-induced hepatic injury in mice, which may be mediated through the inhibition of Th17-IL-17A inflammatory signaling.

S1P/S1P Receptor Pathway: A New Target for Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease / 胃肠病学

The development of targeted oral drugs that can stably treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still a clinical problem to be solved. In recent years, studies have confirmed that sphingosine⁃1⁃phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor pathway can regulate lymphocyte homing and immune regulation, inhibit intestinal inflammation, protect intestinal endothelial barrier, and affect intestinal microbial metabolism, which may play a key role in the treatment of IBD. This article reviewed the effect of S1P/S1P receptor pathway on IBD and its potential mechanism.

Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances

Cellular nanovesicles which are referred to as cell-derived, nanosized lipid bilayer structures, have emerged as a promising platform for regulating immune responses. Owing to their outstanding advantages such as high biocompatibility, prominent structural stability, and high loading capacity, cellular nanovesicles are suitable for delivering various immunomodulatory molecules, such as small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins. Immunomodulation induced by cellular nanovesicles has been exploited to modulate immune cell behaviors, which is considered as a novel cell-free immunotherapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of diverse diseases. Here we review emerging concepts and new advances in leveraging cellular nanovesicles to activate or suppress immune responses, with the aim to explicate their applications for immunomodulation. We overview the general considerations and principles for the design of engineered cellular nanovesicles with tailored immunomodulatory activities. We also discuss new advances in engineering cellular nanovesicles as immunotherapies for treating major diseases.

Let -7i : A key player and a promising biomarker in diseases / 中南大学学报(医学版)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding single-stranded small RNAs that regulate gene expression by recognizing homologous sequences and interfering with transcriptional, translational or epigenetic processes. MiRNAs are involved in a variety of disease processes, and regulate the physiological and pathological status of diseases by modulating target cell activity, migration, invasion, apoptosis, autophagy and other processes. Among them, let-7i is highly expressed in various systems, which participates in the process of tumors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrotic diseases, inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and other diseases, and plays a positive or negative regulatory role in these diseases through different signal pathways and key molecules. Moreover, it can be used as an early diagnosis and prognostic marker for a variety of diseases and become a potential therapeutic target. As a biomarker, let-7i is frequently tested in combination with other miRNAs to diagnose multiple diseases and evaluate the clinical treatment or prognosis.

Application progress in the role of vitamin D3 in transplantation immunity / 器官移植

Vitamin D3 is a kind of vitamin that plays important roles in maintaining the normal physiological function of the human body, and its metabolites and analogues exhibit strong anti-inflammatory activity. Vitamin D3 could be activated and converted into 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a kind of steroid hormone, in the human body, which participates in the regulation of cellular metabolism by activating vitamin D receptor (a kind of transcription factor), thus exerting immunomodulatory effects. This is essential for maintaining the physiological health of the body. Currently, there is a growing number of studies that suggest important roles for 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in organ transplantation immunomodulation and tolerance. Therefore, we reviewed the overview and physiological effects of 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D3 and the application of vitamin D3 in clinical organ transplantation, and summarized the value of applying vitamin D3 in inducing immune tolerance in transplantation, with the aim of providing a reference for promoting the application of vitamin D3 in transplantation immunity.

Immune regulation mechanism of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharide based on zebrafish model / 中国中药杂志

The immunomodulatory effect of Saposhnikoviae Radix polysaccharide(SRP) was evaluated based on the zebrafish mo-del, and its mechanism was explored by transcriptome sequencing and real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR). The immune-compromised model was induced by navelbine in the immunofluorescence-labeled transgenic zebrafish Tg(lyz: DsRed), and the effect of SRP on the density and distribution of macrophages in zebrafish was evaluated. The effect of SRP on the numbers of macrophages and neutrophils in wild-type AB zebrafish was detected by neutral red and Sudan black B staining. The content of NO in zebrafish was detected by DAF-FM DA fluorescence probe. The content of IL-1β and IL-6 in zebrafish was detected by ELISA. The differentially expressed genes(DEGs) of zebrafish in the blank control group, the model group, and the SRP treatment group were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing. The immune regulation mechanism was analyzed by Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment, and the expression levels of key genes were verified by RT-qPCR. The results showed that SRP could significantly increase the density of immune cells in zebrafish, increase the number of macrophages and neutrophils, and reduce the content of NO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in immune-compromised zebrafish. The results of transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that SRP could affect the expression level of immune-related genes on Toll-like receptor pathway and herpes simplex infection pathway to affect the release of downstream cytokines and interferon, thereby completing the activation process of T cells and playing a role in regulating the immune activity of the body.

Role of purine signaling in liver immune regulation / 临床肝胆病杂志

Purines are mainly composed of ATP, NAD + , and nucleic acid. In addition to their key intracellular functions, NAD + , ATP, and their hydrolyzed products (including ADP, AMP, and adenosine) are important extracellular signals involved in physiological processes and pathological conditions. Purine signaling plays an important role in immune regulation of liver microenvironment. This article mainly summarizes the regulatory effect of purine signaling on immune cells in the liver and the effect of purine signaling on the progression of liver diseases by regulating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of immune cells in the liver.