RESUMO
Se presenta un modelo historiográfico crítico sobre la circulación de saberes psicológicos, psiquiátricos y psicoanalíticos, que contempla distintos planos de análisis: conexiones individuales e institucionales entre autores y de corrientes locales con otras foráneas; los medios específicos y las asimetrías en el intercambio de saberes; procesos de lectura, apropiación y uso de los mismos, así como su transformación según las características locales. Se ofrecen los resultados de este modelo historiográfico en investigaciones en la Argentina durante el siglo XX.
A critical historiographical model is present on the circulation of knowledge form psychology, psychiatry and psychoanalysis, which considers several levels of analysis: individual and institutional connections between local authors and disciplines with foreign ones; specific means and asymmetries in knowledge exchange; their reading processes, appropriation and uses, and their transformation according to local characteristics. The results of using this historiographical model in research in Argentina during XXth Century are shown.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Psicanálise , Psicologia , Psiquiatria , HistoriografiaRESUMO
This article explores the indigenization of licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) which was the most important medicine of the Oriental Medicine. There are a lot of records on licorice even before the Joseon Dynasty. The licorice had been used mainly in stomach related diseases such as food poisoning or indigestion. But the licorice was an imported medicine until the early days of the Joseon Dynasty. As the Joseon Dynasty began, the licorice production became necessary with the investigation and obtaining the herbs. And a large amount of licorice was needed when the epidemics outbroke under the reign of King Sejong. In particular, the licorice had been essential in treating the diseases of the Cold Damage which was focused in the Joseon Dynasty. That was why King Sejong ordered to plant the licorice in the Chollado province and Hamgildo province in 1448. But the licorice cultivation was not easy for two reasons. First, it was difficult to find the proper soil for proper soil for planting. Second, the people didn't actively grow the licorice, because they had to devote the licorice as the tax when the indigenization of licorice was succeeded. King Sejo and King Seongjong encouraged the people to plant the licorice. The recognition that the licorice is essential in pediatric diseases such as smallpox got stronger then before. Finally the indigenization of licorice was completed under the reign of King Seongjong. According to the Dongguknyeojiseungnam, edited in 1481, and Shinjeungdongguknyeojiseungnam, edited in 1530, the licorice was planted in seven districts. With the success of the indigenization of licorice, the approach of the people to the Oriental Medicine treatment had became much easier.
Assuntos
Glycyrrhiza uralensis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História Medieval , Coreia (Geográfico) , Medicina Tradicional Coreana/históriaRESUMO
The aim of this article is to analyze, under the reference of critical studies on transfer of knowledge between center and periphery, how the mental test was implemented in Brazil and came to be used in the students selection process of the Escola Técnica Nacional between 1942 and 1959. The methodology used set up an exploratory-descriptive study in the form of document analysis and has revealed that more than a strictly scientific procedure, the test served to give an appearance of scientific and modernity to the government projects.
El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, bajo la referencia de los estudios críticos sobre la transferencia de conocimientos entre el centro y la periferia, cómo se llevó a cabo la implementación del test mental en Brasil y llegó a ser usado en el proceso de selección de los estudiantes de la Escuela Técnica Nacional en el período comprendido entre 1942 y 1959. La metodología empleada estableció un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, en forma de análisis de documentos y han revelado que más allá de ser un procedimiento estrictamente científico, la prueba sirvió para dar una apariencia de modernidad científica y los proyectos del gobierno.
Assuntos
Psicologia/história , Educação , Testes de InteligênciaRESUMO
This study clarifies the causes of the repetitive occurrences of such phenomena as rinderpest, epidemic, famine, and tiger disasters recorded in the Joseon Dynasty Chronicle and the Seungjeongwon Journals in the period of great catastrophe, the late 17th century in which the great Gyeongsin famine (1670~1671) and the great Eulbyeong famine (1695~1696) occurred, from the perspective that they were biological exchanges caused by the new arrival of rinderpest in the early 17th century. It is an objection to the achievements by existing studies which suggest that the great catastrophes occurring in the late 17th century are evidence of phenomena in a little ice age. First of all, rinderpest has had influence on East Asia as it had been spread from certain areas in Machuria in May 1636 through Joseon, where it raged throughout the nation, and then to the west part of Japan. The new arrival of rinderpest was indigenized in Joseon, where it was localized and spread periodically while it was adjusted to changes in the population of cattle with immunity in accordance with their life spans and reproduction rates. As the new rinderpest, which showed high pathogenicity in the early 17th century, was indigenized with its high mortality and continued until the late 17th century, it broke out periodically in general. Contrastively, epidemics like smallpox and measles that were indigenized as routine ones had occurred constantly from far past times. As a result, the rinderpest, which tried a new indigenization, and the human epidemics, which had been already indigenized long ago, were unexpectedly overlapped in their breakout, and hence great changes were noticed in the aspects of the human casualty due to epidemics. The outbreak of rinderpest resulted in famine due to lack of farming cattle, and the famine caused epidemics among people. The casualty of the human population due to the epidemics in turn led to negligence of farming cattle, which constituted factors that triggered rage and epidemics of rinderpest. The more the number of sources of infection and hosts with low immunity increased, the more lost human resources and farming cattle were lost, which led to a great famine. The periodic outbreak of the rinderpester along with the routine prevalence of various epidemics in the 17thcentury also had influenced on domestic and wild animals. Due to these phenomenon, full-fledged famines occurred that were incomparable with earlier ones. The number of domestic animals that were neglected by people who, faced with famines, were not able to take care of them was increased, and this might have brought about the rage of epidemics like rinderpest in domestic animals like cattle. The great Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines due to reoccurrence of the rinderpest in the late 17th century linked rinderpester, epidemics and great famines so that they interacted with each other. Furthermore, the recurring cycle of epidemics-famines-rinderpest-great famines constituted a great cycle with synergy, which resulted in eco-economic-historical great catastrophes accompanied by large scale casualties. Therefore, the Gyeongsin and Eulbyeong famines occurring in the late 17th century can be treated as events caused by the repetition of various periodic disastrous factors generated in 1670~1671 and in 1695~1696 respectively, and particularly as phenomena caused by biological exchanges based on rinderpester., rather than as little ice age phenomena due to relatively long term temperature lowering.