Efficacy of Certain Insecticides and Neem Products against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Earias vittella (Fabricius)] of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]

A field trial was conducted at the research plot at Central Research Farm (CRF), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, during the Rabi Season of 2022-2023 where eight treatments were replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design (RBD) Eight treatments i.e., Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC @ 0.3ml/lit, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @0.5ml/lit ,Spinosad 45%SC@1.3 ml/lit, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC @0.5 ml/lit, Imidacloprid 17.80%SL @0.5ml/lit, Azadirachtin 1% EC @ 10ml/lit, NSKE 5% @ 50 ml/lit and untreated Control. The data on the percent infestation of the shoot and fruit borer on okra third, seven and fourth day after spray reveal that all the insecticides and neem products were significantly superior over control. Among all the different treatments lowest shoot and fruit infestation of okra was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole (10.21% ,9.98%) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (11.45%, 12.29%), Spinosad 45%SC (13.86%, 14.11%), Imidacloprid 17.80% SL (16.94,15.87%), Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5%EC (17.83, 16.03%), Azadirachtin 1% EC (19.25%, 17.04%) and NSKE 5% (20.35%, 18.75%), control (24.84%, 25.98%). The yields among the treatment were significant. The yield and benefit cost ratio was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (195.5 q/ha) (1:9.3) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (149.2q/ha), (1:8.2), Spinosad 45 % SC (140.2q/ha), (1:8.11), Imidacloprid 17.80SL (136.3q/ha), (1:7.9), Lambda cychalothrin 2.5 EC (133.2q/ha), (1:7.6), Azadirachtin 1% (96.3q/ha) (1:5.5) and NSKE 5% (92.4q/ha) (1:5.2) as compared to, control (72.2q/ha), (1:4.2).

Use of Selected Chemical and Biological Insecticides to Control Lepidopteran Pests of Maize Fields in Central Côte d'Ivoire

Control of lepidopteran larvae, the main pests in maize fields, has become necessary since the appearance and spread of Spodoptera frugiperda. The study was carried out at the Institut National Polytechnique Houphouët-Boigny in Yamoussoukro (Central Côte d’Ivoire). The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of three chemical - Viper 46 EC (Acetamiprid 16 g/l and Indoxacarb 30 g/l), K-Optimal 35 EC (Lambdacyhalothrin 15 g/l and Acetamiprid 20 g/l) and Ampligo 150 ZC (Chlorantanlipol 100 g/l and Lambdacyhalothrin 50 g/l) - and one biological insecticide Bio-Elit (Azadirachtin, Salanin, Nimbin and Melandriol) on lepidopteran larvae in maize fields using a randomized complete block design with five treatments and three repetitions. Data on insect identification, plant infestation, damage, and yield were collected. Insects’ identification was based on morphology using identification keys. Plant damage was assessed by visually estimating the plant health status (unattacked and attacked plants). Grain dry weight was used to estimate field yield. The encountered maize field insects belonged to 10 orders: Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Dictyoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Dermaptera, and Lepidoptera. Five lepidopteran pest larvae have been recorded. Three of them were classified as minor pests (Eldana saccharina, Ostrinia nubilalis, and Helicoverpa zea), one as important (Sesamia calamistis), and one as a major pest (Spodoptera frugiperda). On untreated plots, more than 76% of plants were moderately to heavily attacked. However, on treated plots, plants showed isolated to moderate attacks. Insecticide sprayings controlled pest populations, reduced damage, and increased yield. The yields obtained on untreated plots (2.26±0.21 t/ha) were lower than those on treated plots (3.29±0.11 to 3.60±0.09 t/ha). The yield increase rate ranged from 45.74 to 59.63%. The best control was recorded with Ampligo (59.63%) and Bio-Elit (50.83%) compared to Viper (49.41%) and K-Optimal (45.74%). Therefore, the alternating use of synthetic or biological insecticides, which are not very toxic for humans and the environment but are effective on insect pests, increases the effectiveness of the control and provides a positive response to the problem of pest resistance while protecting the environment.

Bio-Efficacy of Novel Insecticides and Biopesticides against Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.)

The present investigation entitled ‘bio-efficacy of Novel insecticides and bio-pesticides against Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.) was carried out on the cabbage, variety ‘Golden Acre’ during Rabi, 2021-22 and 2022-23. At Crop Research Centre, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (UP). The data were recorded on five randomly selected plants once in a standard week. Pooled data of both the year (2021 and 2022), After treatments, spinosad 2.50% SC at 600 ml ha-1 consistently showed the lowest larval count on days 3, 7, and 14, with 3.33, 2.17, 2.25 larvae per five plants followed by emamectin benzoate 5% SG at 200 g ha-1, diafenthiuron 50% WP at 600g ha-1, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki at 1000 g ha-1, Beauveria bassiana at 1500 ml ha-1 and Metarhizium anisopiliae at 2000 g ha-1, and nimbecidine 0.03% at 2500 ml-ha, respectively. The nimbecidine 0.03% at 2500 ml ha-1 recorded the lowest efficacy. Chemical and biological treatments varied significantly, while chemicals had similar efficacy, and biologicals were equally effective. Control plots had the highest larvae count.

Relative Toxicity of Different Insecticides to Asian Citrus Psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama)

Asian citrus psyllids Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) act as vector of the devastating citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB) also known as citrus greening which is widely spread in citrus growing regions. The use of insecticides for management of citrus phylla is one of the prominent and effective method to overcome their menace. However, recently very few insecticides have been found under label claim for this pest. The present investigation was conducted in order to know the toxicity of some new chemistry insecticides against D.citri. Bioassay experiments were conducted during 2022-23. The toxicity was assessed through uptake bioassay technique for systemic insecticides by using fresh citrus twigs. The results showed that, among the five tested insecticides imidacloprid 17.8 % SL was the most effective insecticide with lowest LC50 values for both nymph and adult psyllid i. e. 0.028 and 0.032, respectively. However, except spirotetramat 15.3 % OD, the LC50 values of thiamethoxam 25 % WG, abamectin 1.9 % EC, fenpropathrin 30 % EC were placed within the fiducial limit of most toxic insecticide i.e. imidacloprid 17.8% SL. They are considered as at par and equally toxic to D. citri. The relative toxicity trend against the adult psylla was imidacloprid > abamectin > thiamethoxam > fenpropathrin > spirotetramat and for the nymph, the trend was imidacloprid > thiamethoxam> abamectin > fenpropathrin > spirotetramat.

Assessing the Efficacy of Bio-rational Insecticides for Controlling Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) Infestations on Mustard Crops

Among the various treatments evaluated for their bio-rational effect against mustard aphid on Indian mustard during year- 2021-22 at C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology Kanpur Uttar Pradesh, the descending order are the followed treatments are NSKE @10% > NSKE @5% > Cow Urine @ 10% > Verticillium lecanii @ 1.5kg/ha. > Lantana leaf extract @ 10 % > Castor leaf extract @ 10% > Lantana leaf extract @ 5 % > Castor leaf extract @ 5% > Cow Urine @ 5%. India, the spray of NSKE 10% @ 60 lit/ha followed by NSKE 5 % @ 30 lit/ha was proved to be the best treatments with pooled mean aphid population of 5.42, 5.10, 4.96, 4.85, 5.39, 5.26, 5.42, 5.23, 5.13, and 7.29 aphid/pant in the control after 1, 3, 5 and 7 days of treatment, respectively. The treatment NSKE 10 % was proved best and significantly superior over all treatments with highest reduction of Infestation of Lipaphis erysimi kalt. in both the years.

Field Efficacy of Insecticides against Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on Maize (Zea mays L.)

The field investigation was carried out during the Kharif season 2021 and 2022 in Central Research Farm (CRF), Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experiment was laid in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments each replicated thrice viz., Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (0.5 ml/l), Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC (10 ml/l), Thiamethoxam 25 WG (10 gm/kg), Profenophos 50 EC (3ml/l), Cypermethrin 10 EC (4 ml/l), Neem oil 3% (30 ml/l), Verticillium lecani 1.15 WP (15 ml/l), Spinosad 45 SC (0.3 ml/l), Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.40 gm/kg), Indoxacarb 15.8 EC (1.5 ml/l), NSKE 5% (50 ml/l) and control plot. The result on Spodoptera frugiperda larval population after first and second spray in kharif 2021 and kharif 2022 evaluated that all the treatments were significantly superior over the control. Among the all treatments Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (2.24), (0.82) and (3.61), (2.33) was recorded minimum larval population of the both spray followed by, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (2.41), (1.01) and (3.82), (2.46), Indoxacarb 15.8 EC (2.53), (1.13) and (3.92), (2.55), Thiamethoxam 25 WG (2.66), (1.26) and (3.99), (2.66), Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC (2.73), (1.33) and (4.06), (2.73) and Spinosad 45 SC (2.86), (1.46) and (4.12), (3.79). In this Profenophos 50 EC (2.93), (1.53) and (4.19), (2.86), Cypermethrin 10 EC (2.99), (1.59) and (4.32), (2.99), Verticillium lecani 1.15 WP (3.06), (1.66) and (4.39), (3.06), Neem oil 3% (3.13), (1.73) and (4.46), (3.13), NSKE 5% (3.19), (1.79) and (4.55), (3.24) is found to be least effective than all the treatments and is significantly superior over the control (4.99), (6.19) and (6.40), (7.19).

Effectiveness and Activity of Essential Oils as Bio-insecticides against the Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) in Different Pulses

Callosobruchus chinensis L. is considered as the most destructive pest that attacks stored grains. The use of synthetic chemicals has many adverse effects on human health and results in environmental contamination. Essential oils can effectively combat this pest as a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides. The most frequently utilized techniques for evaluating insecticidal activity were the tests for contact toxicity, inhalation/fumigant toxicity, and repellency. As its primary mechanism of action, Acetyl cholinesterase, GABA receptors, and octopaminergic receptors are all impacted by essential oils, which also inhibit acetyl cholinesterase and play a part in GABA receptor regulation. The present review offers an overview on already published research and reports with regard to the utility of Essentials oils to combat the pulse beetle.

Acute Toxicity of Commonly used Insecticides to Red Pumpkin Beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis

Acute toxicity of commonly used insecticides viz., fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam were determined against Red pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora foveicollis collected from the unsprayed pumpkin fields in the orchard of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore using filter paper disc bioassay method. Based on the LC50 values (ppm) of different insecticides, the order of toxicity was found to be fipronil (6.822) > fluxametamide (11.953) > phenthoate (14.732) > cyantraniliprole (14.793) > thiamethoxam (29.465) at 24 and 48 hours after treatment (HAT). The respective LC95 values were 65.396, 87.077, 42.090, 203.017 and 205.013 against A. foveicollis at 24 HAT and 46.585, 54.242, 37.445, 223.682 and 146.267 at 48 HAT for fipronil, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide, phenthoate and thiamethoxam, respectively. The study results clearly indicated that the phenyl pyrazole insecticide, fipronil was highly effective against the pumpkin beetle, A. foveicollis.

Effect of Novel Insecticides on Sucking Pests and Pink Bollworm in Cotton Plants under Field Conditions

The study investigated that the effectiveness of various novel insecticides for controlling sucking pests and pink bollworm in cotton cultivation over a three-year period. The treatments were evaluated based on their impact on aphids, jassids, thrips, whiteflies and pink bollworm populations. During 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 years, among the tested novel insecticides, Fipronil + Imidacloprid @ 100g/ha has recorded lowest population of thrips, jassids. Similarly, Fipronil+ Acetamiprid @ 1000 ml/ha has recorded lowest aphid population whereas incidence of pink bollworm was least in Lamdacyhalothrin + Chlorantraniliprole @ 200 ml/ha.

Efficacy of Insecticides against Major Insects of Tomato in Manipur

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides viz., Emamectin benzoate 5% SG (11 ga.i./ha), imidacloprid 17.8% SL (22.5 g a.i/ha), Neem oil (3 ml/l), Beauveria bassiana (0.2 ml/l), fipronil 5% SC (50 g a.i/ha) against major pests of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). There were six treatments arranged in randomized block design with four replications. Fruit borer, whiteflies, aphids and leaf miner were found to be the major insect pests of tomato. Among the insecticide used, imidacloprid 17.8% SL was found to be the most effective for management of sucking pest viz., Whiteflies, Aphids, Thrips, Mealybugs, Jassids while emamectin benzoate was found more effective on tomato fruit borer. Beauveria bassiana was found least effective against all the insect pests.

Demographic profile and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with acute ocular burns

Purpose: To study and compare the demographic and clinical profile of acute ocular burns (AOB) in children and adults. Methods: This retrospective case series included 271 children (338 eyes) and 1300 adults (1809 eyes) who presented to two tertiary eye care centers within one month of sustaining AOB. Data regarding demographics, causative agents, severity of injury, visual acuity (VA), and treatment were collected and analyzed. Results: Males were more commonly affected particularly among adults (81% versus 64%, P < 0.00001). Among children, 79% sustained domestic injuries, whereas 59% of adults had work?place injuries (P < 0.0001). Most cases were due to alkali (38%) and acids (22%). Edible lime (chuna, 32%), superglue (14%), and firecrackers (12%) in children, and chuna (7%), insecticides, lye, superglue (6% each), toilet cleaner (4%) and battery acid (3%) in adults, were the main causative agents. The percentage of cases with Dua grade IV?VI was greater in children (16% versus 9%; P = 0.0001). Amniotic membrane grafting and/or tarsorrhaphy were needed in 36% and 14% of affected eyes in children and adults, respectively (P < 0.00001). The median presenting VA was logMAR 0.5 in children and logMAR 0.3 in adults (P = 0.0001), which improved significantly with treatment in both groups (P < 0.0001), but the final VA in eyes with Dua grade IV?VI burns was poorer in children (logMAR 1.3 versus logMAR 0.8, P = 0.04). Conclusion: The findings clearly delineate the at?risk groups, causative agents, clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of AOB. Increased awareness and data?driven targeted preventive strategies are needed to reduce the avoidable ocular morbidity in AOB

Management of Capsule Borer Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) on Castor Ricinus communis L. Using Some Plants Oil

The insecticides were tested under field conditions on the basis of percentage of capsule bore Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenee) infestation noticed under field condition. The capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) damage goes on decreasing among the chemical and plant based insecticidal treatments at first and second week after spraying. Among the eight treatments, the lowest capsule borer damage/plant recorded by T5 Mahua oil 2% with 43.55% reduction over control followed by T6 neem oil 2% recorded 36.05% reduction over control recorded during 1st week after spray. The percentage of capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) damage per plant was highest recorded by T1 treatment it was mainly due to, this treatment did not receive any insecticidal spray either chemical or plant based insecticides throughout the experimental period. Same trend was noticed after 2nd week after spray. During 2nd week after spray highest percent of reduction over control recorded by T6 neem oil 2% recorded 80.27% reduction over control followed by T7 pongamia oil 2% recorded 79.09% reduction over control. Lowest percentage of castor capsule borer C. punctiferalis (Guenee) per plant recorded by T6 neem oil 2%, T7 pongamia oil 2% and T5 mahua oil 2% which were statistically at par with throughout the observation. The T6 neem oil 2% and T7 pongamia oil 2% recorded as best treatments over rest of the treatments. The grain yield in the treatment significantly highest grain yield @3730.00 kg and 3627.63 kg recorded by T6 Neem oil 2% and T7 Pongamia oil 2% followed by T5 Mahuva oil recorded yield @ 3283.30kg. However, the chemical treatments viz., T3 Profenophos 50 EC @0.03% and T4 quinolphos 25 EC @ 0.05% recorded yield @ 2956.66 and 2936.00 kg/ha both at par with each other. Whereas untreated control recorded the lowest yield @2426.03 kg/ha.

Evaluación de la sensibilidad a organofosforados en poblaciones de Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera: Culicidae) del departamento de La Guajira, Colombia / Evaluation of susceptibility to organophosphates in populations of Aedes aegypti (L. ) (Diptera: Culicidae) in La Guajira, Colombia

Introducción. El dengue es un problema de salud pública para el departamento de La Guajira. El control se ha enfocado en el vector con el uso de insecticidas, entre ellos los organofosforados. Objetivo. Evaluar el estado de la sensibilidad a insecticidas organofosforados de quince poblaciones de Aedes aegypti (L.) en el departamento de La Guajira, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron bioensayos para temefos, malatión y pirimifos- metil en larvas de tercer estadio y mosquitos adultos de Ae. aegypti en los municipios de Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita y Villanueva, siguiendo la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y la técnica de botellas usando la guía de los de los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectivamente. Se determinó la sensibilidad por medio de la relación de resistencia a CL50 y CL95 (RRCL50, RRCL95) para temefos y a dosis y tiempo diagnóstico para temefos, malatión y pirimifos-metil en las poblaciones de campo evaluadas, usando como control la cepa sensible Rockefeller. Resultados. Las 15 poblaciones del departamento de La Guajira son sensibles a: temefos (relación de la resistencia a CL50<5,0; relación de resistencia a CL95<5,0; 98 a 100 % de mortalidad); pirimifos-metil (99 a 100 % de mortalidad) y malatión (100 % de mortalidad). Conclusión. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, es factible el uso de temefos, malatión y pirimifos-metil para el control de Ae. aegypti en las poblaciones evaluadas.

Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To evaluate the state of susceptibility to organophosphates insecticides in fifteen Aedes aegypti (L.) populations in La Guajira, Colombia. Materials and methods. We collected samples of third-instar larvae and adult mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti in the municipalities of Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita, Villanueva. Bioassays for temefos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were carried out following the methodology of the World Health Organization, and the bottle technique using the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Susceptibility to temefos was determined through the resistance ratio between lethal concentration 50 and lethal concentration 95; for the compounds temefos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, susceptibility was calculated using diagnostic dose and diagnostic time in the populations evaluated. Rockefeller susceptible strain was used as a control. Results. All evaluated populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira were found to be susceptible to temefos (ratio resistance to CL50<5.0; ratio resistance to CL95<5.0; 98 - 100 % mortality); pirimiphosmethyl (99 - 100 % mortality), and malathion (100 % mortality). Conclusion. Based on the results, the use of temefos, malathion, and pirimiphosmethyl is feasible for the control of Ae. aegypti in the evaluated populations.

Efficacy of Bio-pesticides and Newer Insecticides against Major Insect Pests of Cauliflower

A field trail Comprising of nine insecticides conducted at farmer’s field in endemic area of pests on cauliflower in Siwan district of Bihar during 2018-19. Data revealed that Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @1.0 ml/L of water was found to be most effective insecticides on major pests of cauliflower i.e. leaf webber (41.06% reduction), tobacco caterpillar (48.91% reduction), Diamond Back Moth (64.40% reduction) and aphid (69.96% reduction) over farmer’s practices (chlorpyriphas 20 EC @ 1.5 ml/L of water) i.e. 24.67% 27.86%, 32.47% and 34.81% reduction of leaf webber, tobacco caterpillar, Diamond Back Moth and aphid, respectively. Similarly, significantly highest yield (144.26 q/ha) produced cauliflower in treatment of Indoxacarb 14.5 SC. However, Cost-benefit analysis revealed that highest cost-benefit ratio of 1:11.15 in treatment of Cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 1.0gm/L of water followed by Thiodicarb 75 WP @ 1.0g/L (1:9.39), Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 1.0 ml/L (1: 7.96), Emamectin benzoate 5 WSG @ 0.25 gm/L (1:7.22), Novaluran 10 EC @ 1.0 ml/L (1:6.48), Spinosad 45 SC @0.33 ml/L (1:6.34), Avemectin 1.9 EC @ 0.5 ml/L (1:5.57), Azadirachtin 0.15% @ 4 ml/L ( 1:4.10) and farmer’s practices (1:3.10), respectively.

Levels and health risks of exposure to neonicotinoid insecticides among 5-year-old children: Based on Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort in Shandong Province / 环境与职业医学

Background Neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) are emerging synthetic insecticides that have been used in various pest management regimens worldwide as alternatives to conventional insecticides. Recently, several studies have indicated that humans are widely exposed to NEOs, but limited is known about the levels and associated health risks of NEOs exposure among children. Objective To estimate exposure levels of four kinds of NEOs in urine samples among 5-year-old children from Laizhou Wan, Shandong Province, and to evaluate health risks of single and cumulative exposure to NEOs among children in this area. Methods A total of 205 children who participated in the 5-year-old follow-up in Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort (LWBC) were included. Urinary concentrations of four NEOs [imidacloprid (IMI), acetamiprid (ACE), clothianidin (CLO), and thiamethoxam (THM)] were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Based on the detected NEOs concentrations, estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated, and the health risk of exposure to single NEO was assessed using hazard quotient (HQ, risk threshold=1). A relative potency factor (RPF) approach was used to standardize the concentrations of the four NEOs by IMI to calculate their cumulative concentrations. Then, the health risk of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was further evaluated based on the HQ method. Results The detection rates of the four NEOs in the 5-year-old children were all above 90%, and their median creatinine-adjusted urinary concentrations were in the order from high to low as follows: CLO (1.373 μg·g−1) > THM (0.628 μg·g−1) > IMI (0.310 μg·g−1) > ACE (0.073 μg·g−1). Of the four NEOs, the median EDI of IMI was 0.035 µg·kg−1·d−1, higher than those of CLO (0.032 µg·kg−1·d−1), THM (0.012 µg·kg−1·d−1), and ACE (0.002 µg·kg−1·d−1). The maximum HQ values of IMI, CLO, THM, and ACE were 0.168, 0.152, 0.055, and 0.022, respectively, which were all far lower than the risk threshold of 1. The median concentration of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs standardized by IMI was 21.241 μg·g−1, and its median EDI was 2.370 µg·kg−1·d−1. The maximum HQ of cumulative exposure to the four NEOs was only 0.694, which also did not exceed the risk threshold of 1. Conclusion NEOs exposure is common among the 5-year-old children in Laizhou Wan, Shandong. Although there is no obvious health risk associated with single and cumulative exposure to NEOs in the children in this area, their exposure levels of NEOs are higher than those in some foreign areas. The adverse health effects of long-term exposure to low dose of NEOs deserve our extensive attention.

Three cases of acute chlorfenapyr poisoning / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

This paper reported 3 cases of poisoning caused by chlorfenagyr. Chlorfenapyr poisoning has gradually increased in clinical practice. The early stage after poisoning is digestive tract symptoms, followed by sweating, high fever, changes in consciousness, changes in myocardial enzymology, etc. Its main mechanism of intoxication is uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Since there is no specific antidote after poisoning, the fatality rate of chlorfenapyr poisoning remains high. The therapeutic measures are early gastrointestinal decontamination, symptomatic and supportive treatments, and early blood purification may be an effective treatment.

Assessment of Cholinesterase inhibition activity of birds inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and protected area in hot semi-arid region of Pakistan / Avaliação da atividade de inibição da colinesterase de pássaros que habitam áreas cultivadas e áreas protegidas expostas a pesticidas na região semiárida quente do Paquistão

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels can be used as an indicator for AChE inhibition due to pesticide poisoning in bird species. We assessed the comparative brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity level of five bird species inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and Protected Area i.e. Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber by using a spectrophotometric method. AChE activity levels ranged from 56.3 to 85.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing DVNP. However, AChE activity levels ranged from 27.6 to 79.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing croplands. AChE activity levels observed in Jungle babbler, Common babbler, and Red-vented bulbul showed significant differences (P 0.05). Maximum inhibition was recorded in Jungle babbler (53%) followed by Common babbler (35%), Red-vented bulbul (18%), White wagtail (15%), and Black drongo (7%). The brain cholinesterase inhibition levels under-protected ecosystems (DVNP, Bhimber) and agricultural landscape suggest insecticidal contamination and its impact on avifauna diversity. The study also emphasizes on the importance of pesticide-free zones to protect the biodiversity of birds.

Os níveis de atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) podem ser usados como um indicador para a inibição da AChE devido ao envenenamento por pesticidas em espécies de aves. Avaliamos o nível de atividade comparativa da colinesterase cerebral (AChE) de cinco espécies de aves que habitam áreas cultivadas expostas a pesticidas e Área Protegida, ou seja, Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber, usando um método espectrofotométrico. Os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 56,3 a 85,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando DVNP. No entanto, os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 27,6 a 79,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando áreas de cultivo. Os níveis de atividade de AChE observados no tagarela da selva, tagarela comum e bulbul vermelho exalado mostraram diferenças significativas (P 0,05). A inibição máxima foi registrada no tagarela da selva (53%), seguido pelo tagarela comum (35%), bulbul vermelho (18%), alvéola branca (15%) e drongo preto (7%). Os níveis de inibição da colinesterase cerebral nos ecossistemas subprotegidos (DVNP, Bhimber) e na paisagem agrícola sugerem contaminação por inseticida e seu impacto na diversidade da avifauna. O estudo também enfatiza a importância das zonas livres de pesticidas para proteger a biodiversidade das aves.

Honey as a bioindicator of environmental organochlorine insecticides contamination / Mel como bioindicador de contaminação ambiental de inseticidas organoclorados

Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.

O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1μl cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.

Assessment of Cholinesterase inhibition activity of birds inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and protected area in hot semi-arid region of Pakistan

Abstract Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity levels can be used as an indicator for AChE inhibition due to pesticide poisoning in bird species. We assessed the comparative brain cholinesterase (AChE) activity level of five bird species inhabiting pesticide exposed croplands and Protected Area i.e. Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber by using a spectrophotometric method. AChE activity levels ranged from 56.3 to 85.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing DVNP. However, AChE activity levels ranged from 27.6 to 79.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue of birds representing croplands. AChE activity levels observed in Jungle babbler, Common babbler, and Red-vented bulbul showed significant differences (P 0.05) at two sites. However, White wagtail and Black drongo demonstrated non-significant differences (P > 0.05). Maximum inhibition was recorded in Jungle babbler (53%) followed by Common babbler (35%), Red-vented bulbul (18%), White wagtail (15%), and Black drongo (7%). The brain cholinesterase inhibition levels under-protected ecosystems (DVNP, Bhimber) and agricultural landscape suggest insecticidal contamination and its impact on avifauna diversity. The study also emphasizes on the importance of pesticide-free zones to protect the biodiversity of birds.

Resumo Os níveis de atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) podem ser usados como um indicador para a inibição da AChE devido ao envenenamento por pesticidas em espécies de aves. Avaliamos o nível de atividade comparativa da colinesterase cerebral (AChE) de cinco espécies de aves que habitam áreas cultivadas expostas a pesticidas e Área Protegida, ou seja, Deva Vatala National Park (DVNP), Bhimber, usando um método espectrofotométrico. Os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 56,3 a 85,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando DVNP. No entanto, os níveis de atividade da AChE variaram de 27,6 a 79,9 µmol / min / g de tecido cerebral de aves representando áreas de cultivo. Os níveis de atividade de AChE observados no tagarela da selva, tagarela comum e bulbul vermelho exalado mostraram diferenças significativas (P 0,05) em dois locais. No entanto, alvéola branca e drongo preto demonstraram diferenças não significativas (P > 0,05). A inibição máxima foi registrada no tagarela da selva (53%), seguido pelo tagarela comum (35%), bulbul vermelho (18%), alvéola branca (15%) e drongo preto (7%). Os níveis de inibição da colinesterase cerebral nos ecossistemas subprotegidos (DVNP, Bhimber) e na paisagem agrícola sugerem contaminação por inseticida e seu impacto na diversidade da avifauna. O estudo também enfatiza a importância das zonas livres de pesticidas para proteger a biodiversidade das aves.

Honey as a bioindicator of environmental organochlorine insecticides contamination

Abstract Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1l each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by -HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by -HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.

Resumo O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1l cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por -HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por -HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.