RESUMO
Circular RNA(circRNA)is a novel type of endogenous non-coding RNA.Most circRNAs act as microRNA(miRNA)sponges to regulate the expression of functional genes.In addition,some circRNAs can be translated and interact with RNA-binding proteins to perform biological functions.The expression of circRNAs is prevalent in tissues and body fluids,and their abnormal expression is related to tumor progression.circRNAs are stable even under the treatment of RNase R because of their circular conformation.As circRNAs have construct stability,wide variety,specific regulation of tumor progression and high expression in body fluids,it is potential for circRNAs to serve as candidate diagnostic,prognostic and therapeutic targets.However,the knowledge about circRNAs remains poor.In addition to the not completely resolved functions and generation mechanisms of circRNAs,the annotations of circRNAs are also waiting for expanding.Here,we review the generation mechanisms,biological functions,and application of circRNAs in tumor research,aiming to provide integrated information for the future research.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , MicroRNAs , Prognóstico , RNA CircularRESUMO
Miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements transposon is a special transposon that could transpose by "cut-paste" mechanism, which is one of characteristics of DNA transposons. Otherwise, the copy number of MITEs is very high, which is one of characteristics of RNA transposons. Many MITE families have been reported, but little about active MITEs. We summarize recent advances in studying active MITEs. Most the MITEs belong to the Tourist-like family, such as mPing, mGing, PhTourist1, Tmi1 and PhTst-3. Additionally, DTstu1 and MITE-39 belong to Stowaway-like family, and AhMITEs1 belongs to Mutator-like family. Moreover, we summarize the structure (terminal inverse repeats and target site duplications), copy number, evolution pattern and transposition characteristics of these active MITEs, to provide the foundation for the identification of other active MITEs and subsequent research on MITE transposition and amplification mechanism.
RESUMO
PABAP (Palindrome Analysis by BLAST Program) is an analysis system that identifies palindromic sequences from a large genome sequence up to several megabases long. It uses NCBI BLAST as a searching engine, and data processing such as alignment filtration and detection of inverted repeats which satisfy user- defined parameters is performed by manipulating data after populating into a MySQL database. PABAP outperforms publicly available palindrome search program in that it can detect large palindrome with internal spacer at a faster speed from bacterial genomes. It is a standalone application and is freely available for noncommercial users. AVAILABILITY: This application was implemented with free software (Perl, Apache, MySQL, and NCBI BLAST) and is freely available to noncommercial users upon request. Analysis of user data can be carried out directly at http://chimp.kribb.re.kr/~javamint/palindrome.
Assuntos
APACHE , Filtração , Genoma , Genoma BacterianoRESUMO
To study the relationship between mutation of the inverted repeat sequence (IR) in the multiple transferable resistant system (mtr) of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and itsmultiple antibiotic resistance, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the clinically isolated strains were tested by agar-dilution-method. The mtr system's IR gene of NG was sequenced after amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Either two susce ptive or five penicillin-resistant strains had no base mutation in IR gene, while all of the 13 strains with multiple-antibiotic-resistance had a singlebase deletion (A/T). The result suggests that a single-base deletion of the thirteen-base IR sequence in mtr system of NG might result in multiple antibiotic resistance but is not associated with single antibiotic resistance.