Civil liability of orthodontists and aligner manufacturers in the treatment with orthodontic aligners

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of clear aligners as an alternative to fixed orthodontic appliances has become popular due to the aesthetic demands of adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment. However, orthodontists' lack of knowledge about the legal consequences of their activities, and the lack of solid scientific evidence raise concerns regarding civil liability in this type of treatment. Marketing campaigns of manufacturing companies often exaggerate promises of results, and ignore the lack of scientific evidence. Patients, as consumers, are protected by the Consumer Protection Code, whereas orthodontists are considered treatment providers. Therefore, they can be held liable for damage caused to patients, whether by subjective or objective fault. Objective: This article aims to identify the civil responsibilities of orthodontists and aligner manufacturing companies, by means of a literature review, providing basic legal guidance to help professionals protect themselves from possible lawsuits related to treatment with orthodontic aligners. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of knowledge of legal notions in treatments with orthodontic aligners by orthodontists, who should legally safeguard themselves through individual written contracts, avoiding obligation of results. In addition, in cases of legal claims, it is possible that the manufacturing companies are jointly and severally liable for possible damages claimed by the patient.

RESUMO Introdução: O uso de alinhadores transparentes como alternativa aos aparelhos ortodônticos fixos tem se tornado popular, devido às demandas estéticas dos pacientes adultos em busca de tratamento ortodôntico. No entanto, a falta de conhecimento dos ortodontistas sobre as consequências jurídicas de suas atividades, e a falta de evidências científicas sólidas levantam preocupações em relação à responsabilidade civil nesse tipo de tratamento. Muitas vezes, as campanhas de marketing das empresas fabricantes exageram nas promessas de resultados e desconsideram a falta de evidências científicas. O paciente, como consumidor, é protegido pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor, e o ortodontista é considerado um fornecedor de tratamento. Portanto, ele pode ser responsabilizado por danos causados ao paciente, seja por culpa subjetiva ou objetiva. Objetivo: Identificar, por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica, as responsabilidades civis dos ortodontistas e das empresas fabricantes de alinhadores, fornecendo orientações jurídicas básicas para ajudar os profissionais a se protegerem de possíveis demandas judiciais relacionadas ao tratamento com alinhadores ortodônticos. Conclusões: O estudo destaca a importância do conhecimento de noções jurídicas em tratamentos com alinhadores ortodônticos, devendo o profissional resguardar-se juridicamente por meio de contratos individuais por escrito, prevenindo-se de assumir uma obrigação de resultado com o paciente. Além disso, em casos de demandas judiciais, é possível que as empresas fabricantes respondam solidariamente a possíveis danos reclamados pelo paciente.

Meta-analysis of the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for maxillary molar distalization in adult patients / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances without brackets for the distal movement of maxillary molars to improve the ability of orthodontists to predict treatment outcomes.@*Methods@#Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Wanfang Database, CNKI Database, and VIP Database were searched for studies investigating the efficacy of invisible orthodontic appliances for distal movement of maxillary molars in adult patients and published from database inception to August 1, 2023. A total of three researchers screened the studies and evaluated their quality and conducted a meta-analysis of those that met quality standards.@*Results@#This study included 13 pre- and postcontrol trials with a total sample size of 281 patients. The meta-analysis revealed no significant differences in the sagittal or vertical parameters of the jawbone after treatment when compared with those before treatment (P>0.05). The displacement of the first molar was MD=-2.34, 95% CI (-2.83, -1.85); the displacement was MD=-0.95, 95% CI (-1.34, -0.56); and the inclination was MD=-2.51, 95% CI (-3.56, -1.46). There was a statistically significant difference in the change in sagittal, vertical, and axial tilt of the first molar before and after treatment. After treatment, the average adduction distance of the incisors was MD=-0.82, 95% CI (-1.54, -0.09), and the decrease in lip inclination was MD=-1.61, 95% CI (-2.86, -0.36); these values were significantly different from those before treatment (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Invisible orthodontic appliances can effectively move the upper molars in a distal direction and control the vertical position of the molars. When the molars move further away, there is some degree of compression and distal tilt movement, which is beneficial for patients with high angles. The sagittal movement of incisors is beneficial for improving the patient's profile.

Condições de trabalho e biossegurança dos profissionais de saúde e trabalhadores invisíveis da saúde no contexto da COVID-19 no Brasil / Work conditions and biosafety of health professionals and invisible health workers in the context of COVID-19 in Brazil

Resumo O artigo versa sobre as condições de trabalho na saúde no contexto da pandemia no Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal que utilizou dados de recorte das pesquisas "Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde no contexto da Covid-19 no Brasil" e "Os Trabalhadores invisíveis da saúde: condições de trabalho e saúde mental no contexto da Covid-19 no Brasil", objetivando conhecer as condições de trabalho e a biossegurança desses dois contingentes profissionais distintos e desiguais, socialmente. A análise dos dados comprova que as condições de trabalho foram extremamente afetas em função da infraestrutura inadequada, trabalho extenuante, biossegurança em risco, exaustão, medo da contaminação e da morte, fortes sinais de esgotamento físico e mental entre os trabalhadores. Aponta também para discriminação e desigualdades de direitos sociais e de valorização profissional que demarcam os mundos do trabalho apontados nas pesquisas, enfatizando as profundas desigualdades existentes no Brasil e em suas regiões. Conclui-se mostrando a importância de formulação de políticas públicas no âmbito da gestão do trabalho no SUS que assegurem a proteção, valorização e redução das desigualdades apontadas no artigo.

Abstract The present article addresses the work conditions in health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study that used data from the surveys "Working conditions of healthcare professionals in the context of Covid-19 in Brazil" and "Invisible healthcare workers: work conditions and mental health in the context of Covid-19 in Brazil", seeking to better understand the working conditions and biosafety of these two distinct and socially unequal professional contingents. Data analysis proves that work conditions were extremely affected due to inadequate infrastructures, strenuous work, biosecurity at risk, exhaustion, fear of contamination and death, strong signs of physical and mental exhaustion, among workers. It also points out the discrimination and inequalities of social rights and professional development that mark the worlds of work highlighted in the surveys, emphasizing the profound inequalities that exist in Brazil and in its regions. It concludes by showing the importance of formulating public policies within the scope of work management in SUS, which ensures the protection, appreciation and reduction of inequalities pointed out in this article.

Transformações no mundo do trabalho em saúde: os(as) trabalhadores(as) e desafios futuros / Transformations in the world of healthcare work: workers and future challenges

Resumo O artigo versa sobre o mundo do trabalho da saúde, especialmente no SUS no contexto da pandemia no Brasil. O artigo utilizou dados das pesquisas "Condições de trabalho dos profissionais de saúde no contexto da COVID-19 no Brasil" e "Os trabalhadores invisíveis da saúde: condições de trabalho e saúde mental no contexto da COVID-19 no Brasil". A análise dos dados comprova que a pandemia evidenciou problemas estruturais existentes no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde, envolvendo a gestão da FTS o que pode ser interpretado como mais um dos reflexos das desigualdades socioeconômicas já existentes no país. Destacam-se: a reduzida oferta de educação permanente, a regulação do cuidado híbrido, precarização, desproteção no ambiente de trabalho, frágil biossegurança levando a trágicas taxas de adoecimento e mortes de trabalhadores da saúde. Conclui mostrando a importância de formulação de políticas públicas no âmbito da gestão da educação e do trabalho no SUS que assegurem a discussão sobre cuidado híbrido como nova forma de atuar sem perder qualidade, a necessidade de se rever questões referentes a: educação permanente, proteção, valorização e redução das desigualdades apontadas entre os contingentes profissionais analisados nesse artigo.

Abstract This article addresses the world of healthcare work, especially in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System (SUS) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This study used data from the following surveys: "Working conditions of health professionals in the context of COVID-19 in Brazil" and "The Invisible health workers: working conditions and mental health in the context of COVID-19 in Brazil". Data analysis proves that the pandemic highlighted existing structural problems within SUS, involving the issue of healthcare workforce (HWF) management, which can be interpreted as another reflection of the socioeconomic inequalities that already exist in the country. This article highlights: the reduced provision of permanent education, the regulation of hybrid care, precariousness, a lack of protection in the work environment, as well as fragile biosecurity leading to tragic rates of illness and death of health workers. Our study concludes by showing the importance of formulating public policies in the scope of education and work management in SUS that ensure the discussion on hybrid care as a new way of acting without losing quality, together with the need to review issues related to permanent education, protection, valuation, and reduction of inequalities pointed out among the professional contingents analyzed in this article.

A mistificação do trabalho precarizado invisível e o crowdsorcing / The mystification of invisible precarious work and crowdsorcing

Resumo: Este artigo propõe-se a analisar o recente fenômeno do crowdsourcing, que se apresenta como um novo estatuto mistificador entre a terceirização e a informalidade, a partir da ação coletiva. Trata-se de uma massa humana que não atua sob a lógica fragmentada da ação individual, mas em conformidade com o coletivo. Sua existência está subordinada ao intenso uso de tecnologias informacionais, sendo as plataformas digitais o lócus privilegiado de seu desenvolvimento, além de possibilitar a inserção de usuários e consumidores e de atividades laborais invisíveis.

Abstract: This article aims to analyze the recente phenomenon of crowdsourcing, which presentes itself as a new mystifying status between outsourcing and informality, based on collective action. It is a human mass that does not act under the fragmented logic of individual action, but of a colletive whole. Its existence is subordinated to the intense use of informational Technologies. With digital plataforms being the privileged locus of its development, in addition to enabling the insertion of users and consumers and invisble work activities.

The birth of a Ministry of Public Health in Colombia, 1946-1953: Cold War, invisible government and asymmetrical interdependence / El nacimiento de un Ministerio de Salud Pública en Colombia, 1946-1953: Guerra Fría, gobierno invisible e interdependencia asimétrica

Abstract This article studies the shift from a Ministry of Hygiene in Colombia to a Ministry of Public Health, from 1946 to 1953. This was not only a new name for the ministry, but a transitional process from government policies based on European public hygiene towards institutionalizing the North American model of public health. The process involved negotiations between local government representatives and the Currie Mission, which was sent to Colombia by the Inter-American Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the Inter-American Cooperative Health Service. These negotiations took place via asymmetrical relationships of interdependence, within the framework of the "invisible government" implemented by the United States in Latin America during the Cold War.

Resumen Este artículo estudia el cambio de un Ministerio de Higiene en Colombia a un Ministerio de Salud Pública, de 1946 a 1953. Este no fue solo un nuevo nombre para el ministerio sino un proceso de transición de políticas gubernamentales basadas en la higiene pública europea hacia la institucionalización del modelo norteamericano de salud pública. El proceso involucró negociaciones entre representantes del gobierno local y la Misión Currie, que fue enviada a Colombia por el Banco Interamericano de Reconstrucción y Desarrollo y el Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Salud. Estas negociaciones se dieron a través de relaciones asimétricas de interdependencia, en el marco del "gobierno invisible" implementado por Estados Unidos en América Latina durante la Guerra Fría.

El cuidado invisible en pacientes críticos desde la perspectiva del equipo de enfermeria / nvisible care in critical patients from the perspective of the nursing team

Introducción: es cierto que existen cuidados que son visiblemente notorios y de hecho quedan asentados en los registros de enfermería e historia clínica. Sin embargo, existen otros cuidados, comúnmente llamados cuidados invisibles. Estos últimos son acciones y cuidados que la mayoría de las veces son intangibles pero que contribuyen al bienestar y mejoría de las personas, tanto o más que las acciones técnicas y/o delegadas, dirigidas al plano físico/clínico del paciente. Objetivos: Comprender e interpretar los cuidados invisibles de enfermería y su importancia en la evolución del paciente crítico en el servicio de Terapia Intensiva, de un hospital del departamento de San Martín, Mendoza, durante el mes de Junio de 2019. Material y Método: estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. La población estuvo dada por enfermeros del servicio de terapia intensiva de adultos. Muestreo por saturación. Se emplearon entrevistas abiertas en profundidad. Se registraron de manera manual escrita los datos y luego se realizó un análisis detallado de la información. Se entregó previamente a cada entrevistado un consentimiento informado explicativo. Conclusiones: El enfermero crítico ejerce un rol fundamental durante la estancia de sus pacientes, ya que su papel involucra muchas más cosas que solo los procedimientos técnicos. Esta relación vincular requiere no solo de conocimiento científico sino también de valores y cuidados éticos. El enfermero es por consideración, un buen acompañante terapéutico, ya que es capaz de ser educador, poseer actitud empática, ejercer escucha activa, contener frente a situaciones estresantes, brindar afecto y ser fiel frente a las necesidades de los pacientes[AU]

Introduction: it is true that there are care that are clearly visible and in fact are recorded in the nursing records and clinical history. However, there are other care, commonly called invisible care. The latter are actions and care that most of the time are intangible but that contribute to the welfare and improvement of people, as much or more than the technical and / or delegated actions, directed to the physical / clinical plane of the patient. Objectives: To understand and interpret the invisible nursing care and its importance in the evolution of the critical patient in the Intensive Therapy service of the Alfredo Italo Perrupato Hospital, in the department of San Martín, Mendoza during the month of June 2019. Material and Method: qualitative phenomenological study. The population was given by nurses of the adult intensive care service. Saturation sampling. Open interviews were used n depth. The data was recorded manually and then a detailed analysis of the information was made. An explanatory informed consent was previously given to each respondent. Conclusions: The critical nurse plays a fundamental role during the stay of his patients, since his role involves many more things than just the technical procedures. This relationship requires not only scientific knowledge but also values and ethical care. The nurse is, by consideration, a good therapeutic companion, since he is able to be an educator, have an empathic attitude, exercise active listening, contain stressful situations, provide affection and be faithful to the needs of patients[AU]

Introdução: é verdade que existem cuidados que são claramente visíveis e de fato estão registrados nos registros de enfermagem e na história clínica. No entanto, existem outros cuidados, comumente chamados de cuidados invisíveis. Estas últimas são ações e cuidados que na maioria das vezes são intangíveis, mas que contribuem para o bem-estar e a melhoria das pessoas, tanto ou mais do que as ações técnicas e / ou delegadas, direcionadas ao plano físico / clínico do paciente. Objetivos: Compreender e interpretar o cuidado invisível de enfermagem e sua importância na evolução do paciente crítico no serviço de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Alfredo Italo Perrupato, no departamento de San Martín, Mendoza, durante o mês de junho de 2019. Material e Metodo: estudo fenomenológico qualitativo. A população foi atendida por enfermeiras do serviço de terapia intensiva adulto. Amostragem de saturação. Entrevistas abertas foram usadas em profundidade. Os dados foram registrados manualmente e, em seguida, foi feita uma análise detalhada das informações. Um consentimento informado explicativo foi dado previamente a cada respondente. Conclusões: O enfermeiro crítico desempenha um papel fundamental durante a internação de seus pacientes, visto que sua atuação envolve muito mais coisas do que apenas os procedimentos técnicos. Essa relação requer não apenas conhecimento científico, mas também valores e cuidados éticos. O enfermeiro é, por consideração, um bom companheiro terapêutico, pois pode ser educador, ter atitude empática, exercer a escuta ativa, conter situações estressantes, proporcionar carinho e ser fiel às necessidades dos pacientes[AU]

Reflexiones y soluciones al bajo nivel de usabilidad de la producción científica cubana en la especialidad de reumatología / Reflections and solutions to the little use of Cuban Scientific Production in the context of the Specialty of Rheumatology

RESUMEN Se reflexiona sobre las causas del bajo nivel de usabilidad de la producción acreditada en salud, y sus implicaciones en el reconocimiento de nuestros autores, revistas médicas y centros de investigación nacional cuando se emplea el índice H como sistema para medir la productividad científica y el currículo de nuestros intelectuales. Se hacen sugerencias con el objetivo de revertir esta tendencia.

ABSTRACT Reflections on the causes of low usability of accredited health production level and its implications for the recognition of our authors, medical journals and national research centers when the H index is used as a system to measure scientific productivity and curriculum our intellectuals; suggestions are made in order to reverse this trend.

Ortodoncia Digital. Sistema de Alineación Mediante Placas Transparentes: caso clínico / Digital orthodontics. Alignment system using transparent plates: a clinical case

El tratamiento ortodóncico permite rehabilitar la función como también la estética facial y de la sonrisa. En muchos casos, esto puede realizarse sin la utilización de brackets. Las placas alineadoras realizan movimientos en las arcadas dentarias y las posibilidades y los resultados obtenidos cada vez son mejores. La utilización del sistema de alineación con placas permite que muchos pacientes, que no están dispuestos a utilizar brackets, encuentren una respuesta a sus problemas de oclusión (AU)

Invisible Protein State / 中国生物化学与分子生物学报

Conformation dynamics attributes to the biological functions of active proteins and conformation ensembles. The conformation ensembles include protein stable states (PSS) that can be measured by conventional structural biology approaches and the invisible protein states (IPS) that cannot be measured by conventional structural biology ones. The conformational exchange between IPS and PSS plays an important role in the biological functions of proteins. In this review, we briefly describe the basic properties of IPS and discuss its contribution to the development of the classical molecular recognition mechanism of “keylock hypothesis” and "induced fit hypothesis" into "conformational selection hypothesis". Furthermore, this review compares the advantages and disadvantages of the current structural biology approaches for investigating the conformational properties of IPS. Because of advanced NMR technology, the exploration of the conformational properties of IPS in experimental manner has become feasible. It is expected that the study of IPS and its function will not only help clarify the molecule recognition mechanism of proteins, but also provide a basis for guiding the design of targeted drugs.

The Construction of Coping of Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis

@#PURPOSE: People living with diseases where symptoms are not visible to the naked eye, such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), are frequently misunderstood by the public and consequently face numerous conflicts in their lives. The study aims to develop an explanatory framework towards the constructions of coping of adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DESIGN: The study made use of the Straussian Grounded Theory Method. 15 adults with ages ranging from 21 to 50 years old, diagnosed by a licensed physician with rheumatoid arthritis for at least six months at the time of the study, with an active social media account, and are in the convalescence or remission phase participated in the study. The study setting was based on the participants' preferences within the National Capital Region, Central Luzon, and Calabarzon areas. This study has been reviewed and approved by UP Manila Research Ethics Board (UPMREB). METHODS: Purposive sampling and theoretical sampling were used in selecting the participants. Unstructured interviews and observation played central roles in the data collection. Consistent with the Straussian Grounded Theory method, the analysis was based on data immersion and iterative open, axial, and selective coding. FINDINGS: The constructions of coping in persons with Rheumatoid arthritis was presented through a “coding paradigm” of causal conditions (disconnect and invisible suffering), context (isolation and psychosocial burdens), intervening conditions (cultural values and family attitude, values, beliefs, and dynamics), strategies (joining online RA group and sticking with people who understand), and consequences (regaining control and helping others with the same condition) which were further explained in this paper. CONCLUSION: The study presents experiences of persons with RA and their constructions of coping, shedding light on the often misunderstood course of symptomatology and the struggles the afflicted persons go through. Despite having social media as the milieu by which these concepts emerge, this study's theoretical model may help health practitioners understand persons afflicted with diseases with imperceptible symptoms. Understanding their experiences in the context of the theoretical model presented could suggest information and support modalities for these groups of people.

Common invisible symptoms of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) with its protean manifestations of central and peripheral nervous system pose a challenge to its management in different clinical scenario. The issue becomes much more complicated with occurrence of strange and unusual symptoms intermingling with common symptoms in people living with MS. The frequency and severity of these unusual symptoms changes overtime and raise a suspicion of other neurological disease. The occurrence of any of these symptoms at times may be a sign of active disease. A reasonable understanding of these strange symptoms both to the patient and healthcare team could be of help in taking appropriate steps to manage MS more efficiently

Effects of the changes of thickness and placement position of rectangular attachment on canine tooth torsion correction / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Using interproximal enamel reduction, adding attachments and over-correction are major methods to improve the efficiency of correcting tooth torsion when using clear aligners in the clinic. However, the choice and placement of attachments depend on the experience and habits of orthodontists, and whether the effects are different has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of rectangular attachment with different thicknesses and locations on the left maxillary canine tooth torsion in clear aligner by three-dimensional finite element analysis. METHODS: The finite element models of the clear aligner-attachment-maxillary canine-periodontal ligament-spongy bone-cortical bone and the clear aligner-maxillary canine-periodontal ligament-spongy bone-cortical bone were established according to the scanning data of in vitro maxillary canine. The models with attachments were divided into four groups based on different thicknesses of attachment, namely 0.5, 0.75,1.0, and 1.5 mm groups. The placement positions were divided into five areas: mesial, distal, occlusal, median, and gingival of canine. 2° clockwise rotation of the tooth axis (X axis) was applied to the clear aligner. The action of the appliance and the canine were calculated by MSC.Marc.Mentat software. Then, the nephograms of stress and displacement, and the maximum stress and displacement values were collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Whether the rectangular attachment was used or not, the two models’ distribution of canine’s displacement and periodontal stress were the same. The stress values of periodontal ligament were all higher than those without rectangular attachment. (2) With the thickness of rectangular attachment increasing, the maximum displacement values of the canine increased gradually, which were 42.94, 49.32, 52.52 and 59.39 urn, respectively. (3) When the rectangular attachment was placed in different positions, the maximal displacement of canine teeth the attachment of which was placed on the median was almost the same with that of the gingival side. While the changes in the mesial and distal directions were irregular. (4) The use of rectangular attachments makes no effect on the movement of instant canines, which only plays a synergistic role in the control of canine tooth torsion. The thickness of the attachment has a certain effect on the torsion of appliance. When the thickness increases, the maximum displacement of the canine tooth and the stress of the periodontal ligament are increased. In the vertical direction, the closer of the placement is to the crown, the better the control of the rotated canine is.

Tipo mais prevalente de abuso aos idosos e sua correlação com depressão do idoso / Tipo más prevalente de abuso a los ancianos y su correlación con depresión del anciano / Most prevalent type of elder abuse and its correlation with elder depression

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o tipo mais prevalente de abuso aos idosos na Coréia do Sul. Este estudo também analisou que tipo de abuso aos idosos mais afetou a depressão e depois discutiu contramedidas sociais em relação aos tipos prevalentes de abuso aos idosos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e os dados foram coletados por meio de amostragem por conveniência. Setenta e sete participantes tinham 60 anos ou mais e não tinham deficiência mental ou transtorno depressivo. Cinco tipos diferentes de abuso aos idosos (verbal, emocional, físico, financeiro e negligência) foram medidos, bem como sintomas depressivos. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva para determinar o tipo mais prevalente de abuso aos idosos na Coréia do Sul. Além disso, utilizaram-se testes de correlação bivariada e regressão múltipla para entender a relação entre os tipos de abuso aos idosos e depressão do idoso. Resultados: Entre os cinco tipos de abuso aos idosos, o abuso verbal, emocional e negligência foram mais prevalentes do que os abusos físicos e financeiros. De acordo com a análise bivariada, o abuso emocional e o abuso verbal foram significativamente relacionados à depressão do idoso. Conclusão Os tipos invisíveis de abuso aos idosos, como abuso emocional, verbal e negligência, foram mais prevalentes do que os tipos visíveis, como abuso físico e financeiro. Esses tipos de abuso também foram significativamente correlacionados com a depressão do idoso. Este estudo permite futuros estudos intervencionais para melhorar a percepção dos idosos sobre o abuso e, assim, prevenir o desenvolvimento da depressão dos idosos.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el tipo más prevalente de abuso a los ancianos en Corea del Sur. Este estudio también analizó qué tipo de abuso a los ancianos más afectó la depresión y después discutió contramedidas sociales con relación a los tipos prevalentes de abuso a los ancianos. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y los datos fueron recolectados a través de muestreo por conveniencia. Setenta y siete participantes tenían 60 años o más y no tenían deficiencia mental o trastorno depresivo. Cinco tipos diferentes de abuso a los ancianos (verbal, emocional, físico, financiero y negligencia) se midieron, así como síntomas depresivos. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva para determinar el tipo más prevalente de abuso a los ancianos en Corea del Sur. Además, se utilizaron pruebas de correlación bivariada y regresión múltiple para entender la relación entre los tipos de abuso a los ancianos y la depresión del anciano. Resultados: Entre los cinco tipos de abuso a los ancianos, el abuso verbal, emocional y la negligencia fueron más prevalentes que los abusos físicos y financieros. De acuerdo con el análisis bivariado, el abuso emocional y el abuso verbal fueron significativamente relacionados con la depresión del anciano. Conclusión: Los tipos invisibles de abuso a los ancianos, como abuso emocional, verbal y negligencia, fueron más prevalentes que los tipos visibles, como abuso físico y financiero. Estos tipos de abuso también se correlacionaron significativamente con la depresión del anciano. Este estudio permite futuros estudios intervencionistas para mejorar la percepción de los ancianos sobre el abuso y así evitar el desarrollo de la depresión de los ancianos.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the most prevalent type of elder abuse in S. Korea. This study also examined which type of elder abuse most affected elder depression and then discussed social countermeasures toward the prevalent types of elder abuse. Methods: This was a descriptive study and the data were collected via a convenience sampling method. Seventy-seven study participants were 60 years old or above and did not have mental disabilities or depression disorder. Five different types of elder abuse (verbal, emotional, physical, financial, and neglect) were measured along with their depressive symptoms. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the most prevalent type of elder abuse in S. Korea. Also, bivariate correlation and multiple regression were utilized to understand the relationship between types of elder abuse and elder depression. Results: Among the five types of elder abuse, verbal, emotional, and neglect abuse were more prevalent than physical and financial abuse. According to the bivariate analysis, emotional abuse and verbal abuse were significantly related with elder depression. Conclusion: Invisible types of elder abuse such as emotional, verbal, and neglect abuse were more prevalent than visible types such as financial and physical abuse. These abuse types were also significantly correlated with elder depression. This study warrants future interventional studies to improve elders' perception of elder abuse and thus prevent the development of elder depression.

Clear aligner therapy: risks and clinical strategies / 中华口腔医学杂志

Clear aligner, as a transparent and removable appliance, offers an alternative to conventional fixed appliance to patients with high demands for esthetics and comfort. Meanwhile, the rapid development of materials and techniques has made clear aligner more widely used in orthodontics. However, there are still several concerns and risks in clinical practice of clear aligners, which may result in unfavorable outcomes. Herein, we have discussed the clinical risks of clear aligner therapy, and provided some targeted strategies, in order to promote the clinical application of clear aligners.

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis on Invisible Dental Appliance under Different Moving Modes / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze effects of different elastic modulus, thickness and tooth movement on deformation of the invisible dental appliance by finite element method, so as to provide theoretical references for orthodontic doctor to formulate the orthodontic treatment scheme. Methods A total of 12 finite element models of invisible appliances were established with 4 kinds of thickness and 3 kinds of elastic modulus. The displacement load of the tilting movement was applied to the 12 models, and the maximum Von Mises stress and deformation of the appliance were analyzed; the deformation of the appliance was analyzed by applying the displacement load of inclined, parallel and intrusion to the optimal model. Results The maximum Von Mises stress increased with the elastic modulus and thickness of the invisible appliance increasing. The deformation decreased with the appliance thickness increasing. When the tooth was under inclined and parallel movement, the maximum deformation was found in the corresponding part of the tooth. Some of the corresponding parts of the immovable teeth were deformed to the lip convex side and some to the tongue side with internal concave deformation, and the appliance deviated seriously to top of the crown when the tooth was under intrusion movement. Conclusions The optimum thickness of invisible dental appliance was 0.75 mm, and the elastic modulus 816.31 MPa that currently used in clinic was suitable. In the digital model, the tongue side of the teeth corresponding to the labial protruding part and the lip side of the tooth corresponding to the concave side of the tongue side can be thickened, and the invisible appliance can be optimized by using the thickened digital model.

Factors related to the control of maxillary anterior teeth torque in invisible appliances / 口腔疾病防治

@#Invisible appliance technology is a novel orthodontic technology that uses computer aided design and polymer materials to achieve a more aesthetic and comfortable treatment. Compared with traditional lip-bracket orthodontic treatments, the greatest advantages of an invisible appliance are aesthetics. In the orthodontic process, the control of the anterior teeth may not be accurate, which often directly affects the patient′s postoperative side appearance; however, in clinical practice, there is still a large deficiency in the control of the anterior tooth torque by an invisible appliance compared to traditional lip-bracket orthodontic treatments. The factors related to the expression efficiency of anterior tooth torque include the combination of morphology and position of different types of brackets and wires, the tooth movement mode and clincheck design. This article reviews the factors that influence lingual orthodontics and clear aligner therapy in the treatment of anterior tooth torque.

Application of an individualized appliance in orthodontic treatment / 口腔疾病防治

@#More than 20 years have passed since the advent of individualized appliances, which are designed according to the corrective target position. Through a series of digital technology-aided design and production processes, individual appliances have been increasingly recognized and accepted by the public. At present, there are three types of individualized orthodontic appliances: individualized lingual orthodontic appliances, non-bracket invisible appliances and individualized labial appliances. Because of their good effects in orthodontics, these appliances have gradually become mainstream orthodontic treatment tools. However, many doubts persist regarding their use in clinical treatment. This article reviews the development history, design principles and characteristics of the three types of individualized appliances. The results of a literature review showed that CAD/CAM and CBCT provide a hardware foundation for personalized orthodontic appliances that simplifies the therapeutic process. Additionally, individualized appliances also place higher demands on orthodontists. This article could provide references for and help with the clinical selection and use of individualized appliances.

Application of digital technology in orthodontic clinic / 口腔疾病防治

@#The rapid development of digital technology has made the processes of orthodontic data collection, diagnosis, design and treatment more accurate, comprehensive, convenient and safe and has improved the clinical efficiency of orthodontists. Safe, non-invasive, rapid three-dimensional facial imaging and digital dental models have enabled orthodontists to collect accurately visualized case data. In addition, during diagnosis and design, orthodontists can comprehensively analyze teeth, jaws, and cranial surfaces in 3 dimensions. Through advances that range from digitized whole-dentition information to computer-replicated design and computer-aided manufacturing, invisible orthodontic technology without brackets has become one of the best manifestations of the combination of digital technology and oral orthodontics. In addition, individualized fixed orthodontic devices have become widely used in orthodontic clinics. In this paper, the applications of digital technology in orthodontic clinics is described. It is hoped that orthodontists will be able to use digital technology rationally to benefit increasing numbers of patients with orthodontic demands.

Research progress of orthodontic indirect bonding technology / 口腔疾病防治

@#Accurate positioning of brackets is a necessary condition for ideal orthodontic treatment. Traditional bracket bonding technology has certain limitations, such as long operation time and poor accuracy. Indirect bonding technology is a method that bonding brackets on the model through intraoral impression or scanning, and then the brackets are accurately bonded to the tooth crowns using a transfer tray. In this article, the progression of transfer trays and adhesive agents, the application of digital technology in indirect bonding technology, indirect bonding for invisible appliances, and the prospect of this technology are reviewed. The literature review results show that indirect bonding technology can locate the bracket accurately, the operation is simple, the patient’s experience is comfortable, and the clinical efficiency can be significantly improved, the photocurable adhesive is an ideal adhesive for indirect bonding technology. With the development of digital technology, indirect bonding technology will be able to locate the brackets with increasing accuracy, thus achieving the "digital precision movement" of the teeth. The bonding technology of invisible appliance accessories is essentially a type of indirect bonding technology, It requires indirect bonding technology and digital technology to highly fit the needs of computer design accessories for the visual tooth movement and the use of indirect bonding technology to accurately bond accessories, ultimately achieving the desired tooth movement. Indirect bonding technology will play an increasingly important role with the development of digital technology and invisible correction technology.