Avaliação do desperdício de alimentos em unidade escolar em Niterói-RJ / Evaluation of food waste in school unit in Niterói-RJ

O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar as perdas geradas após o almoço e determinar se as taxas de sobras e resto-ingestão estavam dentro do padrão adequado em uma unidade escolar localizada em Niterói-RJ. A avaliação do desperdício foi realizada por meio da pesagem dos alimentos produzidos em 04 (quatro) dias não consecutivos, em um refeitório que atende em média 250 crianças com idade entre 3 a 12 anos, além de uma média de 22 funcionários, totalizando em 272 comensais. Os resultados apresentados estão acima dos 10%, sendo classificados como inaceitáveis como valores de sobras e resto-ingestão, respectivamente, de 76,29 kg e 68,88 kg de alimentos. Concluindo, portanto, que houve uma média elevada de desperdício do buffet durante os dias de estudo, sendo recomendável traçar estratégias para amenizar tal problema

The aim of the study was to quantify the losses generated after lunch and determine whether the rates of leftovers and rest-intake were within the appropriate standard in a school unit located in Niterói-RJ. The waste assessment was performed by weighing the food produced on 04 (four) non-consecutive days, in a school cafeteria that serves on average 250 children aged 3 to 12 years, in addition to an average of 22 employees, totaling 272 diners. The results presented are above 10%, being classified as unacceptable as values of leftovers and rest-intake, respectively, of 76.29 kg and 68.88 kg of food. Concluding, therefore, that there was a high average of buffet waste during the study days, and it is recommended to outline strategies to soften this problem

Cuantificación del desperdicio de alimentos en servicios de alimentación de la Universidad de Costa Rica / Quantification of Food Waste in Food Services of the Universidad de Costa Rica

Resumen Antecedentes: los alimentos desperdiciados en ventas al detalle en Latinoamérica (15 %) podrían suplir las necesidades alimenticias del 64 % de quienes sufren hambre en la región. Objetivo: determinar los desperdicios de alimentos en tres servicios de alimentación de la sede Rodrigo Facio de la Universidad de Costa Rica a partir de la guía de medición de la Red Costarricense para Disminuir la Pérdida y el Desperdicio de Alimentos. Materiales y métodos: los desperdicios en los servicios de alimentación N1 y N2 fueron medidos en 2018 y 2019 y en el N3 en 2019; se realizaron 15 mediciones siguiendo la metodología de la guía y se reportaron como porcentaje del total de producción de sólidos. Resultados: los desperdicios en la producción total fueron 15,0-16,6 % en 2018 y 6,4-11,5 % en 2019. No se encontraron diferencias entre los servicios de alimentación en la producción promedio (p=0,1467), en el desperdicio del área de almacenamiento (p=0,1293) ni en la producción de alimentos (p=0,7718). Se encontraron diferencias en el desperdicio entre los servicios de alimentación en el área de servicio: desperdicios en barra (p=0,0197), en plato/ desayuno (p=0,0075) y en plato/almuerzo (p=0,0362). Conclusiones: la cantidad de desperdicios encontrados son menores a los reportados en otros estudios.

Abstract Background: Food wasted in retail in Latinamerica (15%) could supply the nutritional needs of 64% of the hungry in the region. Objective: To determine food waste in three food services of the Rodrigo Facio campus of the Universidad de Costa Rica, using the measurement guide of the Costa Rican Network to reduce food loss and waste. Materials and Methods: Waste in food services N1 and N2 were measured in 2018 and 2019, and in the N3 in 2019. In total 15 measurements were made following the methodology of the guide and they were reported as a percentage of total solids production. Results: Waste in total production was 15.0-16.6% in 2018 and 6.4-11.5% in 2019. No differences were found between food services in average production (p=0.1467), in the waste storage area (p=0.1293), nor food production (p = 0.7718). Differences in waste were found between food services in the service area: Waste in the service bar (p=0.0197), in plate/breakfast (p=0.0075), and in plate/lunch (p=0.0362). Conclusions: The amount of waste found is lower than that reported in other studies.

Avaliação do desperdício de alimentos em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição na cidade de Botucatu, SP / Evaluation of food waste in a food and nutrition unit in the city of Botucatu, SP

[{"text": "A avaliação de parâmetros como sobras e resto-ingesta são comumente\r\nutilizados para conhecer e avaliar o desperdício em Unidades de Alimentação\r\ne Nutrição (UAN). O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e analisar o desperdício\r\nde alimentos a partir dos índices de sobra limpa, suja e resto-ingesta de\r\numa UAN da cidade de Botucatu/SP. Para aferir o peso da preparação distribuída\r\nfoi feita a pesagem de uma cuba de cada preparação, depois de pronta,\r\nsendo descontado o valor do recipiente. Para a sobra limpa foram pesadas as\r\npreparações que permaneciam nos pass through quente e frio e para sobra\r\nsuja foram pesadas todas as cubas que haviam sido encaminhadas para a distribuição,\r\nonde foi descontado o peso do recipiente para ambas as pesagens.\r\nO peso do resto foi obtido por meio da pesagem dos restos dos alimentos\r\ndas bandejas dos comensais da área de devolução da unidade. Os resultados\r\ndemonstraram alto índice de desperdício na unidade, especialmente com relação\r\nàs sobras sujas que atingiram em média 19,15% (±8,05). Com relação\r\nao resto,os resultados se enquadraram no que qualifica a unidade como de\r\nbom desempenho, com média de 8,73% (±3,12);enquanto a sobra limpa atingiu\r\nmédia de 3,46% (±4,15).Sendo assim, faz-se necessária a implementação\r\nde medidas que minimizem esses resultados, a partir da observação diária e\r\ndesenvolvimento de campanha relacionada ao tema para conscientização dos\r\ncomensais e colaboradores.(AU)", "_i": "pt"}]

Determination of parathyroid hormone content in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of normal parathyroid and cytological verification / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To determine the parathyroid hormone (PTH) content in ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration sample of normal parathyroid based on ultrasound characteristics previously screened out, so as to verify the reliability of the ultrasound characteristics of normal parathyroid. Methods Between Oct. 2012 and Jan. 2013, 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the present study after obtaining written informed consent and approval by the ethics committee of our institution. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous aspiration from both the ultrasonic parathyroid area and well-recognized neck lymph node was conducted by using 22G fine needles. The aspirates were taken for cytology purpose and the washing of the left-over in the canula was taken for PTH evaluation by electrochemiluminescence. Simultaneously samples of venous blood were obtained also for PTH evaluation as controls. Results The aspiration procedures were successfully for all the 10 subjects, and cytological examination all found cells, with no intraoperative or and postoperative complications. PTH level in the washing of left-over extracted from the parathyroid aspirates averaged (287. 12 ± 35. 41) pg/mL and ranged 232. 53-357. 38 pg/mL, and that from the lymph node averaged (16. 03 ± 8. 47) pg/mL and ranged 8. 67-34. 28 pg/mL; while the serum PTH level averaged (37. 44 ± 7. 26) pg/mL and ranged 32. 64-47. 85 pg/mL. Three of the ten aspirates of parathyroid did not have enough cells to make predication, and the other seven aspirates had enough cells, with four likely from parathyroid and three from indefinite origins. All the ten aspirates from the lymph node areas were confirmed to have definite lymphocytes. Conclusion PTH evaluation results by fine-needle washing after ultrasound-guided aspiration are highly consistent with the ultrasonic parathyroids and lymph nodes, which preliminarily proves the reliability of the previously identified ultrasound characteristics of normal parathyroids.

The Interrelations among Nutrition Education, Satisfaction with School Lunch, School Lunch Leftovers and Self-rated Mental or Physical Health: The Elementary School Children in Daejeon Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine the interrelations among current status of nutrition education, satisfaction with school lunch, school lunch leftovers and self-rated mental or physical health in order to find out the effective method of nutrition education. For this, a questionnaire survey of 623 primary school 5th and 6th-graders in Daejeon area was carried out. The eating places were classrooms (41.1%) and restaurants (58.9%). A 59.2% of students have received nutrition education and the opportunity of receiving nutrition education was more in 5th-graders than in 6th-graders (p < 0.001). The score of nutrition knowledge was 9.4 +/- 2.8 out of 15. When the score of nutrition knowledge was higher, the practical use of nutrition knowledge was higher (r = 0.134, p < 0.01); the score of school lunch leftovers were less (r = -0.116, p < 0.01); and the score of self-rated mental health was more positive (r = 0.198, p < 0.01). The practical use of nutrition knowledge was 2.9 +/- 1.1 out of 5. When the practical use of nutrition knowledge was higher, satisfaction with school lunch was higher (r = 0.105, p < 0.01); school lunch leftovers were less (r = -0.103, p < 0.01); the score of self-rated positive mental health was higher (r = 0.293, p < 0.01); and the scores of self-rated negative mental health (r = -0.119, p < 0.05) and physical health (r = -0.126, p < 0.01) were lower, thus rating their health more positively. The score of satisfaction with school lunch was 3.4 +/- 1.0 out of 5. When the satisfaction with school lunch was higher, the score of school lunch leftovers was less (r = -0.216, p < 0.01); the score of self-rated positive mental health was higher (r = 0.147, p < 0.01); and the score of self-rated negative health was lower (r = -0.121, p < 0.01). The score of school lunch leftovers was 2.9 +/- 1.4 out of 5. When the school lunch leftovers were less, self-rated positive mental health was significantly higher (r = -0.146, p < 0.01); and the scores of self-rated negative mental health (r = 0.135, p < 0.01) and physical health (r = 0.223, p < 0.01) were significantly lower, thus presenting positive health. Therefore, in order to maintain positive health condition, it is necessary to carry out nutrition education, which is able to raise the nutrition knowledge and practical use of nutrition knowledge, school lunch satisfaction and to reduce the school lunch leftovers.

Effect of obesity on the Satisfaction with School Lunches and the Behavior of Leaving Lunch Food in Elementary School Children / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity on the satisfaction with school lunches and school lunch leftovers of elementary school children in the Kyeonggi area. The study was carried out on 235 children(male : 111, female :124) in December of 2000. The results are summarized as follows. A Rohrer index was used to define obesity. The proportions of severe underweight, underweight, normal, overweight, and obese were 0.9%, 16.6%, 57.9%,17.0%, and 7.7% respectively. For the data analysis, the subjects were divided into 3 groups : an underweight group(Rohrer index 109 including severe underweight), a normal group(Rohrer index 110-140), and an obese group(Rohrer index 141 including overweight). With regard to the satisfaction with school lunches, the proportions of children who were satisfied, neutral, and unsatisfied were 27.2%, 59.6% and 13.2% respectively. The proportion of the satisfaction with school lunches was significantly higher in the male group than in the female group(p<0.05), and the proportion of the dissatisfaction with school lunches was significantly increased with obesity index(p<0.05). The largest proportion of children who were satisfied with school lunches answered they felt hungry(56.3%) and the food tasted good(42.2%). Children sho were not satisfied with school lunches answered that the food was not tasty(93.5%), they did not have ant appetite(9.7%), and others. The children not finishing school lunches(leftovers) occasionally or always were 47.7% of the subjects. The behavior of leaving lunch foods was not significantly related to the gender or the frequency of eating snacks, wile it was positively related with dissatisfaction with school lunches(p<0.01), obesity index(p<0.05), and the decreased frequency of eating meals per day(p<0.01). The reasons of school lunch leftovers were food dislikes(67.9%), excess of quantity(39.3%), tastelessness(31.3%), poor appetite(13.4%), and other. The children eating meals twice, 3 times, and 4 times per day were 18.7%, 74.9%, and 6.4% of the subjects respectively. The proportions of the obese and the satisfaction with school lunches were not changed significantly according to the frequency of eating meals, while the proportion of children leaving school lunches was significantly higher in the group of eating meals twice per day than in the other groups(p<0.01). The frequency of eating snacks was not related to the obesity index, the proportion of school lunch leftovers, or the frequency of eating meals, while the proportion of satisfaction with school lunches was significantly higher in the group of eating snacks 1-2 times per day than in the other groups(p<0.01). In conclusion, it is necessary to have children enjoy school lunches with efforts to improve the food's taste in the school food services and to reexamine the serving sizes for the children, in addition to the nutrition education for the children to eat a variety of foods.

Study on Effective Methods for Reducing Leftovers in the Food Service Business & Industry / 대한지역사회영양학회지

A large amount of food waste in known to bring about many problems including environmental pollution. This study was carried out to investigate effective methods for reducing leftovers in the food service business & industry. The reasons for producing leftovers in food service restaurants, customers perferences of foods, cooking methods the degree of saltiness, and serving size were surveyed using questionnaire and the menu was improved based on the customers perferences. Excessively large serving sizes and the unfavorable cooking methods is food service were the main reason for the leftovers of side dish and one=dish foods. Because the largest amount of leftover came from soups & stews, an effective way of reducing leftovers in food service would be to reduce the serving size of soups & stews. Total leftovers was reduced to about 60% after improving menu (p<0.01) and the each leftover or rice, soup&stew, and side dishes was also reduced significantly after improving the menu(p<0.001) The environmental campaign to reduced food waste by bulletin intra-net using personal computers slogans & posters, and new letters was conducted for one week each and then leftovers were measured 9 times for following three weeks regularly. The total amount of leftovers decreased slightly due to the environmental campaign, but the difference was not significant. When we adopted penalty or prize system leftovers were decreased by about 35%(p<0.001) and the penalty system was more effective than the prize system in reducing leftover (p<0.001) When we compared the leftovers under the three services, a tray service was more effective in reducing leftover than complete self-service of partial self-service(p<0.001).