Uso de Hidróxido de Sodio como Alternativa en Técnica de Diafanización de Diente / Use of Sodium Hydroxide as an Alternative in Tooth Clearing Technique

Con el objetivo de conservar material cadavérico, se han creado diferentes técnicas y/o soluciones donde una técnica es la diafanización dental para estudiar la morfología interna del diente. Esta técnica consta en trasparentar el tejido calcificado del diente haciendo visible los conductos radiculares al inyectar una mezcla colorante en ellos. Se han descrito diferentes variantes de la técnica de diafanización como la técnica de Okumura y la técnica de Robertson, pero ambas técnicas utilizan reactivos tóxicos o de difícil acceso, por lo que se ha realizado una búsqueda de reactivos de bajo costo y fácil acceso para realizar la técnica de diafanización, reportándose que la técnica de diafanización por maceración con KOH es válida para diafanizar dientes. El objetivo del presente estudio fue utilizar NaOH en la técnica de diafanización dental por maceración, como una variante de KOH al ser una base de similar característica que el KOH. Se utilizaron 13 dientes (siete tercer molares, cinco premolares y un canino) para realizar tres variantes de la técnica de diafanización: técnica de Robertson, por maceración con KOH y por maceración con NaOH utilizando barra agitadora y agitador magnético en los dientes. Con la técnica de Robertson se obtuvo un diente completamente transparentado, mientras que los dientes diafanizados por maceración, tanto con KOH y NaOH, se transparentaron menos, aunque se hicieron visibles los conductos radiculares, por lo que el uso de NaOH en la técnica de diafanización por maceración es válida, aunque requiere más tiempo que la maceración por KOH.

SUMMARY: To preserve cadaveric material, different techniques, and solutions have been created where one technique is dental diaphanization to study the internal morphology of the tooth. This technique consists of making the calcified tooth tissue transparent and making the root canals visible by injecting a dye mixture into them. Different variants of the diaphanization technique have been described, such as the Okumura and the Robertson techniques. However, both techniques use toxic or difficult-to-access reagents, so a search has been made for low- cost and easily accessible reagents to perform the diaphanization technique, reporting that the diaphanization technique by maceration with KOH is valid for the diaphanization of teeth. This study aimed to use NaOH in the dental clearing technique by maceration as a variant of KOH since it is a base with similar characteristics to KOH. Thirteen teeth (seven third molars, five premolars, and one canine) were used to perform three variants of the diaphanization technique: Robertson technique, KOH maceration, and NaOH maceration using a stirring bar and magnetic stirrer on the teeth. With the Robertson technique, a completely transparent tooth was obtained, while the teeth cleared by maceration, with both KOH and NaOH, were less transparent, although the root canals became visible. Therefore, using NaOH in the diaphanization technique by maceration is valid, although it requires more time than KOH maceration.

The effect of extraction methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh extracts / Efecto de los métodos de extracción sobre los fenoles totales y las actividades antioxidantes de los extractos de Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh

Background: The edible green algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), also known as "sea grape", is an excellent source of phenolic compounds known for their activity to reduce free radicals. Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. racemosa (70% ethanol extracts) obtained from different extraction methods, such as maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasound. Methods: Total phenolics of the extracts were determined by the colorimetry method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Results: the ethanol extract of C. racemosa obtained from the ultrasonic methods had the highest phenolic content (39.38 mg GAE/g) compared to other extraction methods (Soxhlet was 36.88 mg GAE/g and maceration was 22.05 mg GAE/g). The IC50 value against DPPH of the C. racemosa ethanol extracts using ultrasonic, Soxhlet, and maceration was 352.95, 365.73, and 375.84 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: the variation of the extraction methods affected the total phenolics content of C. racemosa ethanol extracts and their antioxidant activity. We reported here the potential of C. racemosa extracts as an antioxidant raw material from marine plants for medicinal, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food products; however, more research is needed.

Antecedentes: El alga verde comestible Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), también conocida como "uva de mar", es una excelente fuente de compuestos fenólicos conocidos por su actividad para reducir los radicales libres. Objetivos: La investigación pretende evaluar el contenido fenólico total y la actividad antioxidante de C. racemosa (extractos de etanol al 70%) obtenidos a partir de diferentes métodos de extracción, como maceración, Soxhlet y ultrasonido. Métodos: Los fenoles totales de los extractos se determinaron por el método colorimétrico utilizando el reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu. El contenido total de fenoles se expresó como mg de ácido gálico equivalente (GAE) por g de extracto. Para evaluar la actividad antioxidante de los extractos se utilizó el radical libre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH). Resultados: el extracto etanólico de C. racemosa obtenido por ultrasonido presentó el mayor contenido fenólico (39,38 mg GAE/g) en comparación con otros métodos de extracción (Soxhlet fue de 36,88 mg GAE/g y maceración fue de 22,05 mg GAE/g). El valor IC50 frente a DPPH de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa mediante ultrasonido, Soxhlet y maceración fue de 352,95, 365,73 y 375,84 µg/mL, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la variación de los métodos de extracción afectó al contenido total de fenoles de los extractos etanólicos de C. racemosa y a su actividad antioxidante. Aquí reportamos el potencial de los extractos de C. racemosa como materia prima antioxidante a partir de plantas marinas para productos medicinales, nutracéuticos, cosméticos y alimenticios; sin embargo, se necesita más investigación.

Phenol compound content and antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract products (Aquilaria malaccensis)

Gaharu leaf extract produces yield extraction, phenol compound, and antibacterial activity in diverse quantities. The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of the extraction method and type of solvent on the extractability of the polyphenol component and the antibacterial activity of gaharu leaves. Extraction was done through maceration and Soxhlet methods by using solvents of hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. The extraction result showed that the highest yield value of 18.4% was found on the treatment of a combination of ethanol solvent and Soxhlet method. The total content of phenol and tannin of gaharu leaf extract was in the range of 11.2 to 18.62mg. mL-1 and 12.82 to 13.41%, respectively. Antibacterial activity of gaharu leaf extract on the Gram-positive test of Staphylococcus aureus was higher than that of the Gram-negative test of Escherichia coli having a value of zone of inhibition in the range of 5.33 to 6.33 mm and 4.00 to 5.00 mm, respectively.

Optimal method for the preparation of tincture from Paeonia Anomala L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#Due to social transition and change of many societal activities in Mongolia, there is an increasing need for pharmaceutical drugs to treat anxiety, stress, fatigue and insomnia. It is considered that medicinal plants used in traditional medicine as sedatives, anti-anxiety and anti-depressive activities could be effective. Our study focuses on exploring optimal methods for preparing tinctures from <i>Paeonia</i> L. genus species, a sedative in Mongolian traditional medicine, and studying their phytochemical compositions.@*Materials and methods@#Root and herb of <i>Paeonia anomala</i> L., grown in Mogod soum in Bulgan province, were used for the study.</br> Prepared herb and root were chopped and sieved into 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm sizes. Then from each size of two samples, a set was created with a 1:1 ratio. Finally 40 % ethanol (1:10 ratio with a set) was applied to prepare tincture through a traditional maceration method. The obtained tincture was analyzed for its color, quantity of biologically active compounds, dry residue, and absorption coefficient using an optimal particle size of samples, volume of the extractive liquid and tincture yield.</br> Tincture from the set of herb and root of <i>Paeonia anomala</i> L. was prepared using 3 methods, namely, by the traditional maceration; intensified maceration using the ultrasonic bath processing with 45 kHz at an ambient temperature; constant shaking in a heat of 30o-40oC. @*Conclusion@#The more optimal and effective method for preparing tincture from <i>Paeonia anomala</i> L. has been found to be the ultrasonic bath processing with 45 kHz for 6 h at an ambient temperature. Crude drug mixture of 2 mm sizes with 40% ethanol (where volume absorption coefficient was accounted to be 2.8) was mixed at a ratio of 1:10. In the obtained tincture, total phenols were determined as 0.58±0.003% in gallic acid equivalent and total monoterpene glycosides as 1.96±0.002% in paeoniflorin, which were the highest compared to other methods, indicating the method is the more optimal one.

Assessment of Propolis Treated by Different Extraction Methods

Abstract Propolis is a valuable bee product with rich phenolic compound content. Extraction procedures play an important role for the final composition of propolis and determine its properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different extraction techniques (maceration, ultrasound and microwave applications) and different solvents (ethanol and water) on some phenolic groups and antioxidant properties of propolis. The extraction of propolis was done by different solvents (70% ethanol and water) with ratio of 1/20 (w/v) propolis/solvent. After applications of these treatments chemical analyses as total phenolic compounds, total flavanol, tartaric ester content and antioxidant activities were performed. The highest antioxidant activity were determined in samples subjected to ultrasound application, whereas using of microwave-assisted extraction method lead to higher content of total phenolic compounds, total flavanol content and tartaric esters concentration. The results demonstrated the importance of used extraction techniques on propolis composition and consequently on its possible medical properties. These results demonstrated that the extraction of bioactive compounds in propolis could be optimized and properly used for healthy properties.

An optimization approach of dynamic maceration of Centella asiatica to obtain the highest content of four centelloids by response surface methodology

ABSTRACT Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Apiaceae, is commonly used as food, food supplement, and medicine. Development of the extraction process to obtain the high extent of the active compound is necessary. So, the response surface methodology was used in this work to optimize the dynamic maceration of C. asiatica to obtain the highest content of the four centelloids including asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside, and madecassoside. Two factors: extraction temperature and extraction time, were studied. The content of four centelloids was observed. After the extraction of C. asiatica using ethanol, the content of four centelloids was analyzed using validated high performance liquid chromatography. The optimization result showed that madecassoside and asiaticoside had a similar pattern of the contour plots and response surfaces. These two centelloids were highly extracted at a high extraction time and high extraction temperature. The other two centelloids had the same pattern, they had a high content at a high temperature and time as well as at a low temperature and time. The simultaneous highest content of four centelloids was achieved when extracted at 60 °C for 120 min. The optimal condition could be used as standard condition for extraction of C. asiatica to provide the highest content of four centelloids.

Histological Studies of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Root Infection Using Aspergillus niger Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Trichoderma viride

Histological studies were carried out to investigate the impact of some pathogenic organisms on infected cassava root after different periods of incubation. Cassava roots inoculated with Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus flavus, and Trichoderma viride showed progressive depletion of the starch grains in the cells and tissue maceration of the cassava root as the period of incubation increased. Cassava root inoculated with A. flavus showed tissue necrosis and slight fragmentation of the starch grains whereas, cassava tissues infected with A. niger showed tissue necrosis and general maceration of the starch grains within the tissue thereby creating empty spaces within the cells with no clear arrangement of the starch grains. Inoculation of the cassava tissues with R. stolonifer resulted in rapid loss of the starch grains and erosion of surrounding cell boundaries. Cassava tissue colonized by T. viride showed tissue necrosis and maceration of the starch grains. Healthy (uninoculated) cassava root tissue showed intact cells packed with large starch grains suggesting that in the host-parasite relationship, the pathogens established themselves inter and intracellularly in the parenchymatous cells of the cortex of the cassava root clearing them of starch grains, and resulting to poor yield and nutritional value of cassava and also economic loss.

In vivo potential hypoglycemic and in vitro vasorelaxant effects of Cecropia glazioviistandardized extracts

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Cecropia glaziovii Snethl, Urticaceae, extracts on the oral glucose tolerance curve, on glycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and vasorelaxant effect after the extraction process, and to standardize the extractive solutions. The effects of the process variables and their interactions were calculated in relation to dry residue, pH, total phenolic results and chemical marker content. Furthermore, the effect of the extracts (400 mg/kg), chlorogenic (2 or 15 mg/kg) and caffeic acids (2 mg/kg) were investigated on the oral glucose tolerance curve and on glycemia in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of ethanol extracts 4d20 and 8d20 significantly improved glucose tolerance in the hyperglycemic rats. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids, as well as the association of the compounds were able to significantly reduce glycemia after oral gavage treatments. On the other hand, the aqueous extracts did not alter the glycemia. The aqueous extracts (8020 and 9030) and only the higher dose of chlorogenic acid presented a significant effect on serum glucose lowering in diabetic rats. Additionally, the IC50 reveals that the ethanol extracts presented more potent vasodilator effects than the aqueous extracts in aortic rings. This study shows that C. glazioviistandardized extracts exhibits antihyperglycemic action, is able to improve glucose tolerance and has a potent vascular relaxing effect. These results are probably linked to concentrations of the main phenolic compounds of the extracts.

Aplicación de técnica de hidróxido de potasio y glicerina para diafanización dentaria / Application of potassium hydroxide and glycerin technique for dental clearing

La diafanización dentaria consiste en lograr transparentar la estructura mineralizada, permitiendo observar la arquitectura interna del diente. Se realiza principalmente a partir de métodos por deshidratación de la muestra. Por otro lado existen técnicas utilizadas para el estudio de centros de osificación basadas en métodos por maceración utilizando hidróxido de potasio y glicerina, de las cuales no se tiene antecedentes de haber sido utilizada en diafanización dentaria. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir una técnica de diafanizado por maceración de tejidos dentarios mediante hidróxido de potasio y mostrar el resultado obtenido con un seguimiento de 5 años. Se seleccionó una muestra de 40 dientes (10 incisivos, 6 caninos, 10 premolares y 14 molares). Se limpiaron los dientes (destartraje) y luego se descalcificaron parcialmente con ácido clorhídrico. El 25% de la muestra fue diafanizada con el método clásico de deshidratación. El 75% restante fue diafanizado con el método por maceración, que consistió básicamente en una maceración parcial del diente mediante baños en hidróxido de potasio de baja concentración, luego agregando glicerina en forma ascendente hasta terminar en glicerina pura por tiempo indefinido. La técnica por maceración logró diafanización adecuada de los tejidos con una óptima visualización del sistema de canales radiculares en las muestras diafanizadas. Con ambas técnicas se logró transparentar los dientes pero con diferencias evidentes. Con la primera los dientes lograron un tono amarillento, perdiéndose gran cantidad de tejido dentario en cambio las muestras diafanizadas por maceración conservaron mejor su estructura y obtuvieron un color más cercano al del diente original. Con el método por maceración se obtienen dientes diafanizados más similares a la realidad que lo logrado con el método por deshidratación.

Dental clearing objective is performed to obtain the translucency of the mineralized structure, allowing an appreciation of the inner architecture of the tooth. It is achieved mainly using the dehydration technique on the sample. On the other hand, there are other techniques used for the study of ossification centers based on the maceration methods using potassium hydroxide and glycerin, none of which have been reported for dental clearing. The purpose of this study was to describe the maceration technique of the dental tissue using potassium hydroxide with a five-year follow up. We selected 40 teeth to complete the sample (10 incisors, 6 cuspid, 10 bicuspids and 14 molars). The teeth were cleaned and then partially decalcified with hydrochloric acid. A quarter of the sample was cleared by classic dehydration method. The other three quarters were cleared with the maceration method, that consisted mainly in a partial maceration using potassium hydroxide baths at low concentrations, followed by the addition of glycerin at ascending concentrations and finally using pure glycerin for an undefined period of time. The maceration technique achieved an adequate clearing of the mineralized tissue with an optimal visualization of the root canal system in the cleared sample. With both techniques it was possibly to clear the teeth but with evident differences. With the first technique the teeth achieved a yellowish color, losing a great amount of dental tissue however the maceration technique sample allowed the preservation of more structure and obtained a coloration similar to the original tooth. With the maceration method the samples were more similar to the original ones than the cleared teeth obtained with dehydration.

Cytotoxic effect of Annona muricata Linn leaves extract on Capan-1 cells.

Annona muricata Linn has been reported to contain valuable bioactive compounds known as Annonaceous acetogenins.Theselong chain fatty acids were widely discussed for its potential in promoting anticancer and antiproliferative activity in various cancer cell lines. However, little study has been done on A. muricata effect in pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, the viability of Capan-1 after treatment with A. muricata extracts was determined by using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results displayed that only hexane and commercialized extract inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with IC25 varied ~7.8-8μg/ml and ~0.9-1.0μg/ml respectively. The data demonstrate that A. muricata hexane and commercialized extracts induced mild cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1).

Impact of pectolytic enzyme on the fermentation time and free-run juice rate of Sharad red wine.

We evaluated the effect of addition of commercially available pectolytic enzyme preparations in the must from Sharad variety, cultivated in India and its influence on some oenological parameters of red wine. The small scale fermentations demonstrated marked difference of organoleptic (colour) and rheologic characteristics (filterability, settling rates) and aroma between enzyme treated samples and control samples. We observed 29% enhancement in free-run juice yield and a remarkable 43% reduction in the fermentation time compared to the control. This biotechnological approach has demonstrated the economic feasibility and the benefits of adding 0.05 g. Kg-1 grapes pectolytic enzyme in terms of yield, aroma, colour, clarity and fermentation period.

Effectiveness of Maceration Periods with Different Extraction Solvents on in-vitro Antimicrobial Activity from Fruit of Momordica charantia L.

Momordica charantia L. also known as bitter gourd, is one of the medicinal plants that have a long history usage as medicine in Asia for the treatment of various ailments. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maceration periods with various extraction solvents against four gram positive bacteria(B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis and S. aureus), four gram negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa and Serratia spp.) and a fungus, C. albicans. Dried fruit powders were extracted at four maceration times (6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h) using different solvents (hexane, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol and distilled water). In the results, gram negative bacteria and fungus were found more susceptible as compared to gram positive bacteria. Solvents with low to intermediate polarity used such as hexane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate demonstrated better antimicrobial activity as compared to other solvents used. On maceration times used, 6h was found to give the best inhibition zone of the antimicrobial activity with economic feasibility, while on the microorganisms tested, E. coli was found to be the most susceptible, followed by C. albicans and K. pneumonia. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant difference (p < 0.05), where maceration periods, extraction solvents used as well as the type of microorganisms have significant effect on the inhibition zone. Thus, this study revealed the importance of appropriate maceration periods in combination with different extraction solvents used, in giving a satisfactory and reliable result on the antimicrobial activity of the nine potent microorganisms.

Desarrollo de un proceso tecnológico a escala de laboratorio para la extracción de polifenoles totales del fruto de la Punica granatum L / Development of a lab-scale technological process for total polyphenol extraction from Punica granatum L. fruit

Introducción: Punica granatum L., (Punicaceae) es una especie conocida en Cuba como granada. Algunos fitocomponentes presentes en la fruta muestran una fuerte actividad antioxidante. En la medicina tradicional esta planta es empleada en el tratamiento de infecciones parasitarias, diarreas y disentería, así como en el tratamiento de asma, catarro, fiebre, inflamaciones y otras. En años recientes, la actividad biológica de los polifenoles presentes en la fruta de esta especie, ha despertado el interés de los investigadores y la industria farmacéutica.Objetivo: establecer un proceso a escala de laboratorio que permita extraer los polifenoles totales de la fruta.Métodos: se aplicó un proceso de maceración para la extracción de los polifenoles de la fruta y se realizó la optimización de los parámetros mediante diseños experimentales. Se evaluaron las variables independientes: tiempo de extracción, relación droga-menstruo y concentración alcohólica.Resultados: las tres variables presentaron una influencia significativa sobre el proceso de extracción de polifenoles.Conclusiones: en las condiciones de trabajo establecidas, la extracción óptima es la siguiente: tiempo de extracción de 72 h, relación droga-menstruo de 1:20 y concentración alcohólica del 50 por ciento (v/v)

Introduction: Punica granatum L., (Punicaceae) is one species known in Cuba as granate. Some phytocomponents of the fruit show strong antioxidant activity. This plant is used in the traditional herb medicine to treat parasitic infections, diarrheas and dysentery, asthma, flu, fever, inflammation and other illnesses. In recent years, the biological activity of phenols present in the fruit has aroused the interest of both researchers and the drug industry. Objective: to set a lab-scale process that makes it possible to extract total phenols from the fruit. Methods: a maceration process was used to extract phenols from the fruit and the parameters were optimized through experimental designs. The independent variables were time of extraction, drug/menstruum ratio and alcohol concentration. Results: the three variables had significant influences over the process of extraction of polyphenols. Conclusions: under the set working conditions, the optimal extraction is as follows: time of extraction of 72 hours, drug/menstruum ratio of 1:20 and alcohol concentration of 50 percent(v/v)

Dynamic maceration of Copaifera langsdorffii leaves: a technological study using fractional factorial design

The Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Fabaceae, is a Brazilian native tree, known as copaiba, which oil is commonly used in folk medicine as muscle relaxant, wound healing, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory to respiratory and urinary tracts. Despite of the wide use of the oil of Copaifera species, scientific works related to the study of its leaves are rarely found. In fact, processes for flavonoid extraction from C. langsdorffii leaves have not been studied yet leaving a wide field to be investigated. In this work, the 2(5-2) fractional factorial design was selected in order to study how the factors of a dynamic maceration process influence the responses of total flavonoids, total phenols, quercetrin and afzelin contents, and antioxidant activity in extracts from C. langsdorffii leaves. The results demonstrated that the significant factors studied were the drug load in extractor, the ethanol/water ratio and the stirring speed whereas the temperature and the extraction time were not significant. In conclusion, this study allowed visualizing which factors were considered the most important in copaiba leaves dynamic maceration and their effect in extract antioxidant activity. Furthermore, this technological study gives directions to optimize future extraction experiments from C. langsdorffii.

Effect of different methods of bone preparation on the skeleton of the african giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) / Efecto de diferentes métodos de preparación ósea en el esqueleto de la rata gigante africana (Cricetomys gambianus)

This study was conducted using 12 Adult African Giant Pouched rats of both sexes to compare and to see the effect of three different methods of bone preparation on the bones of the African Giant Rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Five rats were used for maceration method, three for burial method and four rats for chemical method (involving two rats each for 3 percent and 5 percent solution of Sodium Hydroxide). Chemical preparation with Sodium Hydroxide was found to be the best method in terms of time required to complete the procedure, number of bones recovered, colour of the bones and odour of the preparation. However, the chemical method has the disadvantage of dissolving and cracking the bones if the concentration used is high and prompt attention is not given to the preparation.

Este estudio fue realizado en 12 ratas africanas gigantes adultas (Cricetomys gambianus) de ambos sexos, para comparar y ver el efecto de tres diferentes métodos de preparación ósea. Cinco ratas fueron utilizadas para el método de maceración, tres para el método de enterramiento y cuatro para el método químico (que implica dos ratas para solución de hidróxido de sodio al 3 por ciento y 5 por ciento, respectivamente). Se encontró que la preparación química con hidróxido de sodio era el mejor método en términos de tiempo requeridos para completar el procedimiento, el número de huesos recuperados, el color de los huesos y de olor de la preparación. Sin embargo, el método químico tiene la desventaja de la disolución y la formación de grietas en los huesos si la concentración utilizada es alta y no se le da el cuidado adecuado a la preparación.

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Punica granatum L. bark.

For thousands of years, Punica granatum L. has been used in traditional medicine all over the world and predate the introduction of antibacterial drugs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Punica granatum L. bark obtained by decoction and maceration. The different extracts of Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) bark have been tested for antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus stearothermophilus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by disc diffusion method. The ethanolic macerate extract showed the strong in vitro antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with zone inhibition of 24.4 mm. However, the results tests by disc diffusion method revealed the effectiveness of ethanolic decoctate against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus stearothermophilus) with diameter zone of inhibition varying with 21.1mm and 23.75 mm respectively.

Avaliação do potencial da planta Adiantum capillus-veneris (L) no controle de fitopatógenos / Evaluation of the potential of the medicinal plant Adiantum capillus veneris (L) for the control of phytopathogens

O uso de compostos secundários de plantas medicinais, com propriedades antimicrobianas, pode ser uma alternativa para o controle de fitopatógenos. Diante disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de derivados obtidos da planta Adiantum capillus-veneris (avenca) contra fungos e bactérias fitopatogênicos. Os derivados, obtidos do pó de folhas de avenca secas ao ar, foram preparados por infusão, maceração e decocção, autoclavados ou não, nas concentrações de 0,1%, 0,25%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, 10% e 20%. Foram avaliadas a germinação de esporos dos fungos Phakopsora euvitis e Pseudocercospora vitis, o crescimento micelial dos fungos Colletotrichum musae e Sclerotium rolfsii e a multiplicação das bactérias Erwinia sp. e Bacillus subtilis. O extrato obtido por maceração não autoclavado foi o que apresentou maior efeito sobre P. euvitis e P. vitis com reduções de 75% e 99% na germinação de esporos na concentração de 20%, respectivamente. O menor crescimento micelial de C. musae e S. rolfsii foi obtido pelo macerado autoclavado, com redução de 39% e 83%, respectivamente. Para Erwinia sp., o maior efeito inibitório foi obtido com o macerado autoclavado que, na concentração de 25%, inibiu 99% a multiplicação bacteriana. Para B. subtilis, não houve inibição significativa. Esses resultados indicam o potencial de derivados de avenca para o controle de fitopatógenos.

The use of secondary compounds of medicinal plants, with antimicrobial properties, can be an alternative for the control of phytopathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of derivatives obtained from the medicinal plant Adiantum capillus-veneris (maidenhair fern) against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. The derivatives, obtained from the powder of shadow-dried maidenhair fern leaves, were prepared by infusion, maceration and decoction, autoclaved and non-autoclaved, in the concentration of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20%. The germination of Phakopsora euvitis and Pseudocercospora vitis spores, the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum musae and Sclerotium rolfsii, and the multiplication of Erwinia sp. and Bacillus subtilis bacteria were evaluated. The extract obtained by non-autoclaved maceration presented the best effect against P. euvitis, with reduction of 75% on uredospores germination in the concentration of 20%. Against P. vitis, the derivative obtained by non-autoclaved maceration was more effective, presenting 99% of reduction on conidia germination in the concentration of 20%. The smallest mycelial growth of C. musae and S. rolfsii was obtained by autoclaved maceration with 39% and 83% reduction, respectively. For Erwinia sp., the greatest inhibitory effect was obtained with the 25% autoclaved maceration that inhibited the bacterial growth at 99%. For B. subtilis, there was no significant inhibition. These results indicate the potential of maidenhair fern derivatives for the control of phytopathogens.

Avaliação de parâmetros de extração da Cinchona Vahl por métodos farmacopéicos e não farmacopéicos / Extraction parameters from Cinchona pubescens Vahl using pharmacopeia and no pharmacopeia methods

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a otimização de parâmetros cinéticos de extração da Cinchona pubescens Vahl por ultra-som, usando métodos farmacopéicos e não farmacopéicos. Na extração por ultrasom variaram-se o tempo, a massa, a faixa granulométrica, o volume de solvente e o tipo de solvente. Na decocção, as extrações foram feitas no tempo e temperatura descrita na Farmacopéia Brasileira IV, variando-se o sistema solvente. Na extração por maceração variaram-se o tempo e o sistema solvente. O teor de alcalóides quinolínicos foi monitorado por espectrofotometria no UV a 325 nm. O método decocção foi o que apresentou o maior rendimento na extração dos alcalóides, dados equivalentes foram conseguidos com o método ultra-som, no tempo de 5 min e solvente acidificado pH 4, com um rendimento maior ao da maceração. Pela aplicação do planejamento fatorial para o método do ultra-som foi visto que há uma interação entre as variáveis, necessitando de um melhor ajuste entre elas a fim de melhorar a eficiência extrativa do método do ultra-som.

The present study for ultrasound had as objective the optimization of kinetic parameters of extraction of the Cinchona pubescens Vahl, using pharmacopeia and no pharmacopeia methods. In the extraction for ultrasound they had varied the time, the solvent type, the mass, the volume of solvent and grain size of the sample. In the decoction, the extractions had been made according to the time and temperature described in Brazilian Pharmacopeia IV, varying the solvent system. In the extraction for maceration the time and the solvent system had varied. The alkali of the Cinchona pubescens Vahl, was monitored by spectrophotometry in UV 325 nm. The method decoction was the one that presented the biggest income in the alkaloids extraction, given equivalent data had been obtained with the method ultrasound, in the solvent acidified pH 4 and time of 5 min, with a bigger income than the one of the maceration.

Study on optimizing human acellular dermal matrix and fluorescence labeling the Co-cultured fibroblasts / 解剖学报

Objective To optimize human acellular dermal matrix(ADM) and evaluate its biological characters. Methods Human skin was treated with hypertonic saline followed by NaOH maceration(group A), hypertonic saline followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent(group B) or Dispase Ⅱ followed by Triton X-100(group C), the resulting ADM were sectioned, and then were stained by special immunohistochemistry method. The cytotoxicity of them were evaluated by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetry and then cell compatibility was analyzed by cell culture;The optimized ADM resulted was choosen for use. Fibrablasts(FBs)were transfected with adenovirus vector encoding green fluorescent protein gene(Ad-GFP)and the growth of them on the optimized ADM was observed by fluorescent microscopy. Results Collagen and elastic fibers can still be observed in three kinds of ADM. The cells in dermis can be disintegrated both in group A and C, but not in group B. The cytotoxicity scores of the ADM prepared in group A and B were grade 0 or grade 1, while that of group C was more than grade 1.The ADM prepared by NaCl-NaOH maceration had good biocompatibility. There was statistical difference in adhering number of NIH3T3 cells in group A and B. NIH3T3 cells grew well in group A and the resulted ADM was optimized. FBs transfected with Ad-GFP grew well in the optimized ADM. Conclusion The ADM prepared by NaCl-NaOH maceration was a good tissue engineering biomaterial with a little cytotoxicity and rich in resouce.

Analysis of alternative processes of skeleton preparation for educational uses - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i4.5876 / Análise de processos alternativos na preparação de esqueletos para uso didático - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v30i4.5876

Zoology laboratories at institutions of research and education have shown great demand for anatomical parts for practical lessons. However, although the bibliography is not necessarily scarce, analyses of the cost/benefit relations of such processes are rare, considering aspects such as preparation time, quality of the anatomical parts, and material and human resources. In addition to the common techniques already used, new low-cost products, not cited in literature and easily found in the market, were also tested. The main objective of this work was to elaborate and organize information on techniques of bone parts maceration for study collections, making comparative analyses on the cost/benefit relations of each technique. Twelve products were tested, evaluating experimental conditions such as: concentration and combination of reagents, temperature, pH and time of exposure of the parts to the reagents. The results indicated that the products recommended for the use in the maceration processes were: water, hydrogen peroxide and papaya juice (Carica papaya).

Laboratórios de Zoologia em Instituições de Pesquisa e Ensino têm demonstrado grande demanda por peças anatômicas para utilização em aulas práticas. No entanto, embora a bibliografia voltada para este tema não seja escassa, são raras as análises das relações custo/benefício de tais processos levando em consideração aspectos técnicos, como tempo de preparo, qualidade das peças e recursos materiais e humanos. Além de técnicas usualmente utilizadas, novos produtos de baixo custo, não-citados na literatura e encontrados facilmente no mercado, também foram testados. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi a elaboração e organização de informações sobre técnicas alternativas de maceração de peças ósseas para coleções didáticas, realizando análises comparativas sobre as relações custo/benefício de cada técnica. Foram testados 12 produtos, dos quais foram avaliados os resultados a diferentes condições experimentais, tais como: concentração e combinação dos reagentes, temperatura, pH e tempo de exposição das peças aos reagentes. Os resultados indicaram que os produtos mais recomendados para a utilização nos processos de maceração foram: a água, o peróxido de hidrogênio e o suco de mamão (Carica papaya).