Pseudoscorpiones (arachnida) de isla fuerte y tortuguilla, caribe colombiano

En busca de contribuir al conocimiento de la fauna de invertebrados en la región Caribe de Colombia, se evaluó la fauna de pseudoescorpiones en dos zonas insulares continentales frente a la costa del departamento de Córdoba, la cual incluye a nueve especies, ocho géneros y seis familias. Se reporta por primera vez el género Solinus Chamberlin y se amplía la distribución conocida de Solinus corticola Chamberlin, 1923, hacia Colombia. Se efectúan consideraciones sobre las especies a los diferentes microhábitats (excepto Planctolpium arboreum Hoff, 1964). Se sugiere que el rafting y la foresia permitió la dispersión de estos géneros y especies desde el continente hacia las zonas insulares.

To contribute to the knowledge of the invertebrate fauna in the Caribbean region of Colombia, the pseudoscorpion fauna was evaluated in two continental islands zones in the coast of the department of Córdoba, which includes nine species distributed in eight genera and six families, the genus Solinus Chamberlin is reported for the first time and the known distribution of Solinus corticola Chamberlin, 1923 is extended to Colombia. Also, the adaptation of the species to the different microhabitats is considered (except for Planctolpium arboreum Hoff, 1964). It is suggested that the rafting and the phoresis allowed the dispersal of these genera and species from the mainland towards the insular zones.

Implicaciones sedimentológicas sobre el cambio en la cobertura del bosque de manglar en Boca Zacate, Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica / Sedimentological implications of the change in the coverage of mangrove forest in Boca Zacate, Térraba-Sierpe National Wetlands, Costa Rica

Resumen:En los últimos sesenta años han ocurrido cambios en el Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica. Los cambios en la geomorfología costera están asociados a la erosión o acreción de sedimentos, lo que ha favorecido la eliminación de sectores de bosque o a la formación de bancos de sedimentos que han sido colonizados por árboles de mangle. El estudio se realizó en los sectores Bocón, Brujo e isla Coco en Boca Zacate, Humedal Nacional Térraba-Sierpe, Costa Rica, entre 2008-2013, cuyo objetivo consiste en analizar el aporte de sedimentos y las implicaciones en la cobertura del bosque de mangle en el sector de Boca Zacate. Es este estudio se realizó un análisis multitemporal de la morfología litoral con fotografías aéreas e imágenes satelitales de 1948, 1960, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1992 y 2011. Y además, se cuantificó la tasa de sedimentación mensual (g/cm2/día) en los canales de los estuarios, la composición granulométrica y la concentración de elementos químicos en los sedimentos (mgL-1) en época seca y lluviosa durante los años de estudio. Los resultados indican que Boca Zacate ha mantenido en los últimos 60 años una tendencia hacia la erosión, perdiendo un 10.6 % de su espacio emergido entre 1948 y 2011 y aproximadamente un 8.9 % de su cobertura forestal; también ha experimentado una acreción en la zona de la isla Coco, uniéndose al continente por este sector. La tasa de sedimentación cuantificada en los esteros presentó diferencias con respecto al sitio y a la época. La mayor cantidad se presentó en el estero el Brujo y la menor cantidad en el estero Camíbar. Con respecto a la granulo-metría, el tipo de sedimento dominante es la arena, seguido por la arcilla y en menor cantidad el limo en todos los sitios de estudio. La mayor distribución de los elementos químicos corresponde al magnesio, calcio, potasio; mientras que el manganeso, hierro, aluminio, fósforo, zinc y cobre se encontraron en menor cantidad. El transporte, composición y cantidad de sedimentos en Boca Zacate aportados por el río Grande de Térraba asociados a las corrientes, mareas y oleaje, son factores determinantes en los cambios que han ocurrido en el litoral de la Boca, conllevando a un paisaje de bosque de mangle muerto en la zona. Por consiguiente, este tipo de análisis es importante para la recomendación de lineamientos y acciones en la conservación y la gestión integrada del espacio marino-costero en el Humedal Nacional Térraba Sierpe.

Abstract:In the last sixty years many geomorphological changes have occurred in Costa Rica's Térraba-Sierpe National Wetlands. Changes in coastal geomorphology are generally associated with erosion or accretion of sediment, which has led to the removal of sections of mangrove forests or sediment banks colonized by mangroves. The aim of this study was to analyze sedimentation as a leading process in the dynamics of coastal morphology and its implications for mangrove forest cover in the Boca Zacate area of Térraba-Sierpe wetlands. The study was conducted in the sectors of Bocón, Brujo and Coco Island in Boca Zacate, from 2008 to 2013. The research was based on a multi-temporal analysis of coastal morphology using aerial photographs from the years 1948, 1960, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1992 and 2011. The following measurements were also performed: monthly sedimentation rate (g/cm2/day), and granulometric composition and content of chemical elements in the sediments of the study area. These last two measurements were performed once each in the dry and rainy seasons during the years of study. The results indicated that over the past 60 years, Boca Zacate has witnessed a process of sustained erosion; from 1948 through 2001, losing 10.6 % of its land and approximately 8.9 % of its forest cover. It has also experienced accretion in the area of Coco Island. The Brujo sector showed the highest sedimentation rate and the Camibar estuary, the lowest. The dominant type of sediment in all study sites was sand, followed by clay and silt. The most widespread chemical elements (mg/L) included magnesium, calcium and potassium; others, such as manganese, iron, aluminum, phosphorus, zinc and copper, were measured in smaller amounts. Transport, composition and quantity of sediment in Boca Zacate are crucial to the changes that have occurred on the coastal area of La Boca, where the presence of dead trees was evident. This geomorphological analysis holds great importance for future guidelines and actions for the conservation and integrated management of the mangrove in Terraba- Sierpe National Wetlands.

Population dynamics of free living, nitrogen fixing bacteria Azospirillum in Manakkudi mangrove ecosystem, India.

Seasonal variations of population dynamics of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria, Azospirillum in relation to chemical parameters in Manakkudi mangrove eco system was assessed in root and rhizosphere soil samples of mangroves and mangrove associated plants. In rhizosphere soil and root samples, the counts of Azospirillum were recorded maximum in Acrostichum aureum as 8.63±0.92 x104 and 115.48±17.36 x 104 CFU g-1, respectively. The counts of Azospirillum in non-rhizosphere soil varied from 0.01±0.001x 104 to 5.77±0.92x 104 CFU g-1 and found maximum in February and minimum in March and September. Azospirillum counts in water samples were found maximum (2.24 x 104 CFU l-1) in February. During seasonal variations maximum counts of Azospirillum were recorded during southwest monsoon season in Avicennia officinalis (1.40 x 104 CFU g-1 ) followed by Rhizophora mucronata (1.07 x 104 CFU g-1). The average maximum population density of Azospirillum counts was found during non monsoon season (9.73 x 104 CFU g-1 ) and the average maximum population density of Azospirillum counts was found with the mangrove associated root samples (13.73 x 104 CFU g-1 ). Of the selected isolates Azospirillum lipoferum (60%) was found to be predominant followed by Azospirillum brasilense (25%), Azospirillum irakense (5%), Azospirillum halopraeferens (5%) and Azospirillum amazonense (5%). Of the isolated species, A. halopraeferens exhibited better growth at 35 g l-1 NaCl. The level of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were varied from 0.91 to 15.93 ppm. The level of Mn (12.13 ppm) was found maximum during non-monsoon of rhizosphere soil sample. Highest rainfall (192.80 mm) and atmospheric temperature (25.10 oC) were recorded during south west monsoon and non monsoon seasons. The increased population density was greatly influenced by the pH (r=+0.686). The present finding provides enough information on the nitrogen flow through biological process in Manakkudi mangrove ecosystem which can be useful for the effective implementation of mangrove management plan.

Dinámica de las propiedades del suelo en bosques de Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) en Isla de Margarita, Venezuela

Dynamics of soil properties in forests of Rhizophora mangle L. (Rhizophoraceae) in Margarita Island, Venezuela. Biochemical and microbiological properties of soils can provide information related to ecosystems environmental status. With the aim to determine the response of microbial biomass, and enzymatic and microbial activity in hypersaline (IS≥55ups) and saline (IS<55ups) mangrove soils exposed to interstitial salinities (IS) greater than 36ups, these properties were measured in mono-specific forests of Rhizophora mangle at Laguna de la Restinga National Park (Margarita Island, Venezuela). During three seasons (dry, wet and transition), a total of 120 soil samples were collected from ten (5 hypersaline and 5 saline) randomly-selected sites of 1000m² each. Four soil samples (400-500g) per plot were randomly collected with a corer at a depth of 10cm using a 1m² quadrat; each sample consisted in the combination of 8 sub-samples (50-60g ea.). Physical, chemical, enzymatic, biochemical and microbiological properties of soil samples were determined using standard laboratory protocols. The response of microbial biomass and microbial and enzymatic activity was analyzed taking into account spatial and climatic factors and interstitial salinity. Microbial biomass was linked to each locality conditions, and was not sensitive to seasonal or salinity differences. Microbial activity remained functionally active during the study period and presented variable responses. Dehydrogenase activity proved to be a good indicator for flooded and anoxic environments, and arginine ammonification resulted to be the more sensitive microbial activity to changes in salinity. Regarding enzyme activities, spatial variability was the most widespread response. We did not find a unique general pattern between enzymatic activities and spatio-temporal variation; and only the enzyme phosphatase was negatively affected by salinity. We conclude that microbial populations of mangrove soils and their activities have functional adaptations to flooded and highly-saline environments typical of a negative estuary, subjected to drastic changes due to weather and water dynamics. Future studies are needed to determine the relation between the "health" of mangrove forest and microbial populations, and their activities in mangroves soils. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (2): 547-564. Epub 2010 June 02.

Propiedades bioquímicas y microbiológicas de los suelos pueden proporcionar información relativa al estado de los ecosistemas. Se determinaron las propiedades microbianas (biomasa y actividad) y bioquímicas (actividad enzimática) en suelos de bosques mono-específicos de Rhizophora mangle en Laguna de la Restinga (Isla Margarita, Venezuela), con el objeto de cuantificar cambios en áreas expuestas a salinidades intersticiales (SI) superiores a 36.0ups, clasificadas como salinas (IS<55.0 ups) e hipersalinas (SI≥55.0 ups). Se ubicaron al azar 5 localidades salinas y 5 hipersalinas, y durante tres épocas climáticas se tomaron 4 muestras de suelo por localidad (120 muestras en total). Se utilizó análisis de varianza por permutaciones multivariadas (PERMANOVA) para el análisis de los resultados. La biomasa microbiana se vio afectada por las condiciones particulares de cada localidad, y no fue sensible a los cambios de época climática o salinidad. La actividad microbiana se mantuvo funcionalmente activa. Se destacó el diacetato de fluoresceina (DAF) y la enzima (ß-glucosidasa), como probables indicadores tempranos de degradación. La deshidrogenasa resultó ser un buen indicador de ambientes inundados y anóxicos. Se concluye que las poblaciones microbianas muestran actividades que sugieren su adaptación funcional a ambientes altamente salinos e inundables, sujetos a cambios drásticos debido a las dinámicas climáticas e hídricas propias de un estuario negativo.

Accumulation of lead and copper in Rhizophora apiculata from Setiu mangrove forest, Terengganu, Malaysia.

The accumulative partitioning of Pb and Cu in the Rhizophora apiculata was studied randomly in the Setiu mangrove forest, Terengganu. Samples of leaves, barks and roots were collected randomly from the selected studied species. Sediments between the roots of the sampled mangrove plants were also collected. The results from analysis for Rhizophora apiculata shows that the concentration of Pb and Cu were accumulated higher in root tissue compared to bark and leaf tissue but lower than surrounding sediment level. The average concentration of Cu for Rhizophora apiculata in leaf, bark, root and sediment was 2.73 , 3.94 , 5.21 and 9.42 mg l-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the average concentration of Pb in leaf, bark, root and sediment was 1.43 , 1.38 , 2.05 and 11.66 mg l-1, respectively. Results of concentration factors (CF) show that the overall the concentration of Pb and Cu were accumulated much higher in roots system of Rhizophora apiculata.

Length-weight relationship and condition factor of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Crustacea, Brachyura, Ucididae)

The relationship of wet weight (WT) to cephalothorax width (CW) and temporal and seasonal variations in the condition factor were analyzed for each sex of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus, using specimens collected monthly from September 1998 through September 2000, at Iguape, state of São Paulo. The WT/CW relationship, determined by the regression analysis and the condition factor were evaluated individually, monthly and seasonally, for each sex. The WT/CW relationship indicated isometric growth in males and negative allometric growth in females. Body weight was higher in males than in females of equivalent size and this difference was associated with the males' faster growth and heavier chelipeds. On the other hand, the means for condition factor were always higher for females than for males; the mean condition factor was lower in spring and summer and higher in autumn and winter.

A determinação da relação do peso úmido (WT) pela largura cefalotorácica (CW) do caranguejo U. cordatus e a análise da dinâmica temporo-sazonal do fator de condição foram realizadas com machos e fêmeas coletados mensalmente no período de 1998/2000, em Iguape (SP). A relação WT/CW foi determinada por análise de regressão, enquanto o fator de condição foi determinado individualmente para cada animal, bem como pela média mensal e sazonal para cada sexo. A relação WT/CW evidenciou um crescimento isométrico nos machos e alométrico negativo nas fêmeas, indicando que os machos atingem um peso corpóreo superior ao das fêmeas para um mesmo tamanho de referência. Tal fato está associado ao maior crescimento e peso dos quelípodos do macho. As médias do fator de condição das fêmeas foram maiores que as dos machos. Os menores valores do fator de condição ocorreram durante a primavera e verão, atingindo os maiores níveis durante o outono e inverno.

Results of medical arthropod surveys in the natural conserve zone- Can Gio mangrove forests, Ho Chi Minh city

Background: Can Gio mangrove forest is bio-diversified area. There is few studies on medical arthropod in Can Gio mangrove forest until now. Objective: To study bio-diversified feature and identify species with disease transmitting role. Subject and Method: In 2007, medical arthropod surveys were conducted at 3 sites located in the natural conserve zone- Can Gio mangrove forest. A cross-sectional study was used. Results and Conclusions: A total of samples of 6178 individuals of medical arthropod belonging to 65 species have been collected, including 3 species of flea (Siphonaptera), 1 species of ticks (Ixodidae), 6 species of chiggers (Trombiculidae), 6 species of mites (Gamasoidea), 25 species of flies (Muscoidea) and 24 species of mosquitoes (Culicidae). They belong to 37 genus, 17 families, 3 orders (Siphonaptera, Acarina and Diptera), and 2 classes (Insecta and Arachnida). 20 species having epidemiological role were found in Can Gio mangrove forest. The rate of Anopheles epiroticus biting human at night indoor, outdoor and daytime indoor is rather high, especially at the end of dry season at centre of the forest.

Planktonic primary production in a tidally influenced mangrove forest on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica

The seasonal variation of planktonic primary productivity was measured during one year in the main channel in the interior part of the mangrove forest of the Estero de Morales (Estero de Punta Morales), a mangrove system located in the Golfo de Nicoya at the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Samples were incubated at the surface, 0.5 m and 1.0 m depth and the [quot ]light and dark bottle technique[quot ] was employed. The annual gross primary productivity (PPg) was 457 and the net primary productivity (PPn) was 278 g C m(-2) a(-1). Daily PPg ranged from 0.29 to 3.88 and PPn from 0.12 to 2.76 g C m(-2) d(-1). The highest rates observed in May and September were due to red tide blooms. The seasonal variation of primary productivity inside the mangrove forest depends closely on the PP in the adjacent area of the upper Golfo de Nicoya. Obviously the PP was light-limited since the compensation depth in the ebb current was found at only 1 m depth. In the flood current it was somewhat deeper. The planktonic primary productivity inside the mangrove forest was completely restricted to the open channels. A simultaneous measurement demonstrated that PPn of the phytoplankton could not take place under the canopy of the mangroves. Additional studies on the time course of the oxygen concentration in the mouth of the main channel over 24 hrs demonstrated a relation between the O2 and the tidal curves. The ebb current had always lower O2 concentrations than the flood current, regardless of the time of the day. The difference to the foregoing high tide, however, was much smaller when the low tide occurred during the day. This indicates that under the canopy the net primary production and hence O2 liberation of the attached macro- and microalgae, together with the high PPn of the phytoplankton in the channels, helped the oxygen concentration not to decrease as far as during the night. Nevertheless it shows that the consumtion of organic material in the submersed part of the...