Importancia del VO2máx y la capacidad de recuperación de los futbolistas

El consumo máximo de oxígeno se considera un indicador directamente relacionado con la resistencia aeróbica, por lo que dicha capacidad se hace determinante en el rendimiento del futbolista. Conocer los criterios teóricos nacionales que sustentaron la importancia del VO2máx en la capacidad de recuperación en el fútbol constituyó un paso previo hacia conformar estrategias prospectivas de intervención directa para la toma de decisiones. En tal sentido, se planteó como objetivo de la investigación determinar, por consulta de especialistas, los criterios existentes de la importancia del VO2máx en la capacidad de recuperación de los futbolistas. La investigación fue descriptiva-correlacional de orientación exploratoria; se encuestaron a 13 especialistas que emitieron criterios sobre cinco indicadores. La importancia de la resistencia aeróbica en el entrenamiento del fútbol obtuvo un puntaje de (X4.62) y en relación al resto de las capacidades físicas aplicadas al fútbol un (X3.23); la importancia del VO2máx en el proceso de dirección un (X4.46); la correlación entre VO2máx y la recuperación un (X4.54) y la necesidad de perfeccionar la resistencia aeróbica en el fútbol ecuatoriano un (X4). El índice de concordancia entre especialistas obtuvo un nivel aceptable (w=0.527). Todos los indicadores de análisis obtuvieron una cualificación entre alta y muy alta, por lo que la investigación resaltó la importancia teórica brindada por los especialistas sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno como indicador directamente relacionado con la resistencia aeróbica y el vínculo entre este y la capacidad de recuperación de los futbolistas.

SÍNTESE O consumo máximo de oxigênio é considerado um indicador diretamente relacionado à resistência aeróbica, tornando esta capacidade um fator determinante no desempenho de um jogador de futebol. Conhecer os critérios teóricos nacionais que sustentavam a importância do VO2max na capacidade de recuperação no futebol foi um passo anterior para a formação de estratégias prospectivas de intervenção direta para a tomada de decisões. Neste sentido, o objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar, consultando especialistas, os critérios existentes sobre a importância do VO2max na capacidade de recuperação dos jogadores de futebol. A pesquisa foi descritivo-correlacional com uma orientação exploratória; 13 especialistas foram pesquisados e deram critérios sobre cinco indicadores. A importância da resistência aeróbica no treinamento de futebol obteve uma pontuação de (X4,62) e em relação ao resto das capacidades físicas aplicadas ao futebol a (X3,23); a importância do VO2max no processo de gerenciamento a (X4,46); a correlação entre VO2max e recuperação a (X4,54) e a necessidade de aperfeiçoar a resistência aeróbica no futebol equatoriano a (X4). O índice de concordância entre especialistas obteve um nível aceitável (w=0,527). Todos os indicadores de análise obtiveram uma qualificação entre alto e muito alto, portanto a pesquisa destacou a importância teórica dada pelos especialistas sobre o consumo máximo de oxigênio como um indicador diretamente relacionado à resistência aeróbica e a ligação entre esta e a capacidade de recuperação dos jogadores de futebol.

The maximum oxygen consumption is considered an indicator directly related to aerobic endurance, so this capacity becomes decisive in the performance of the soccer player. Knowing the national theoretical criteria that supported the importance of VO2max in the recovery capacity in soccer was a previous step towards shaping prospective strategies of direct intervention for decision making. In this sense, the objective of the research was to determine, by consulting specialists, the existing criteria of the importance of VO2max in the recovery capacity of soccer players. The research was descriptive-correlational with an exploratory orientation; 13 specialists were surveyed who issued criteria on five indicators. The importance of aerobic endurance in soccer training obtained a score of (X 4.62) and in relation to the rest of the physical capacities applied to soccer a (X3.23); the importance of VO2max in the direction process a X 4.46); the correlation between VO2max and recovery a (X 4.54) and the need to improve aerobic endurance in Ecuadorian soccer a (X 4). The concordance index between specialists obtained an acceptable level (w=0.527). All the analysis indicators obtained a qualification between high and very high, so the research highlighted the theoretical importance provided by specialists on maximum oxygen consumption as an indicator directly related to aerobic endurance and the link between this and the ability to recovery of footballers.

Cambios enzimáticos durante el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico y su influencia en la capacidad aeróbica / Enzymatic changes during lactic anaerobic training and their influence on aerobic capacity

Introducción: El entrenamiento deportivo es un proceso que requiere una planificación orientada a la adaptación del cuerpo a las cargas internas versus cargas externas; de allí, surge la necesidad de conocer el comportamiento de algunas enzimas musculoesqueléticas a través del control bioquímico y fisiológico del entrenamiento en el atletismo de medio fondo. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios enzimáticos de la creatinfosfoquinasa y la lactodeshidrogenasa durante el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico y su influencia en la capacidad aeróbica en atletas de medio fondo. Método: Se utilizó el método descriptivo comparativo con una muestra de 20 sujetos aleatorizados en dos grupos: experimental y control; el análisis se realizó bajo el modelo estadístico Anova descriptiva, pruebas T y diseño de medidas repetidas con un intervalo del 95 por ciento de confianza (p<0,05). Resultados: En las variables creatinfosfoquinasa y lactodeshidrogenasa inicial y final no hubo variaciones significativas intergrupos; se observaron diferencias en la creatinfosfoquinasa en varianza (p=0,022) del orden del 97,8 por ciento; que en promedio (p=0,088) representó los niveles alcanzados del 91,2 por ciento. En las medidas repetidas no se presentaron cambios estadísticamente significativos intergrupos. Para la variable del VO2máx se aplicó la prueba T para comparar los estados inicial y final en cada grupo y hubo diferencias en ambos grupos (control p=0,002; experimental p=0,000). Conclusiones: No hubo cambios enzimáticos importantes durante los entrenamientos anaeróbico láctico y aeróbico, a su vez, el entrenamiento anaeróbico láctico si tuvo influencia en la capacidad aeróbica(AU)

Introduction: Sports training is a process that requires a planning oriented to the adaptation of the body to internal loads versus external loads; from there, arises the need to know the behavior of some musculoskeletal enzymes through the biochemical and physiological control of training in middle-distance athletics. Objective: To analyze the enzymatic changes of creatine phosphokinase and lactodehydrogenase during lactic anaerobic training and their influence on aerobic capacity in middle-distance athletes. Methods: The descriptive comparative method was used with a sample of 20 subjects randomized in two groups: experimental and control; the analysis was performed under the descriptive Anova statistical model, T-tests and repeated measures design with a 95 percent confidence interval (p<0.05). Results: In the initial and final creatine phosphokinase and lactodehydrogenase variables, there were no significant intergroup variations; differences were observed in creatine phosphokinase regarding variance or standard deviation (p=0.022) in the order of 97.8 percent; which in average (p=0.088) represented the levels reached of 91.2 percent. In the repeated measures, there were no statistically significant intergroup changes. For the VO2max variable, the T-test was applied to compare the initial and final states in each group and there were differences in both groups (control p=0.002; experimental p=0.000). Conclusions: There were no important enzymatic changes during lactic anaerobic and aerobic training, and lactic anaerobic training had an influence on aerobic capacity(AU)

Utility of Amrut Pushti Vardhakpowder in enhancing physical fitness

Background:Physical performance depends on physical fitness. Fit persons can accomplish the tasks. Fitness is modifiable and hence the fitness level can be increased. In this background a need was felt to validate the efficacy of the Amrut Pushti Vardhak(APV)powder, a product developed by DFRL Mysore, for its physical performance enhancing activity by fitness tests. The result of pre-clinical study of the product was encouraging; hence clinical trial was taken up.Methods:All norms of good clinical practiceand ethics were abided. The subjects were assigned in two homogenous groups, as control and trial groups. The trial group was given APVpowder 30gms/day for 21 days in the morning. The other group served as negative control. To evaluate the efficacy modified Harward step test was conducted before and after the intervention.Results:The test group showed statistically significant increase in the duration of exercise with pvalue 0.027 and increase in physical fitness index(PFI)with p value 0.01. The test group also showed statistically significant increase in the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (p=0.004). The increase in physical fitness level can be attributed to ingredients of APVpowder.Conclusions:Healthy volunteers who received APVpowder 30 gms/day for the duration of 21 days reported statistically significant increase in their duration of exercise, PFIand VO2max. This indicates the APVpowder increases in the physical fitness level.

Superior Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Compared to Conventional Therapy on Cardiovascular and Psychological Aspects in Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on psychological symptoms, activity states, and cardiovascular functions in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) of low and moderate risk stratification. METHODS: This prospective study randomly allocated 44 patients with MI to 18 sessions of HIIT or conventional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after 18 sessions. RESULTS: Post-exercise cardiovascular and functional states, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), metabolic equivalents (METs), 6-Minute Walking Test (6MWT), and Korean Activity Scale/Index (KASI) scores were significantly improved in the HIIT group compared to those in the MICT group after 18 exercise sessions. In particular, VO2max was significantly (p < 0.005) improved in the HIIT group (7.58 mL/kg/min) compared to that in the MICT group (2.42 mL/kg/min). In addition, post-exercise psychological states (i.e., scores of Fatigue Severity Scale [FSS] and depression items of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS_D]) were significantly improved in the HIIT group compared to those in the MICT group after 18 exercise sessions. HADS-D was improved by 1.89 in the HIIT group compared to decrement of 0.47 in the MICT group. FSS was improved by 6.38 in the HIIT group compared to decrement of 0.77 in the MICT group (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that HIIT can improve cardiac function, psychological, and activity states in low and moderate risk MI patients. Compared to conventional MICT, HIIT can improve cardiovascular functions, activity states, depression, and fatigue more effectively.

The Effect of Different Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-intensity Aerobic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle's AMPK and PGC-1α of Rats / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To explore the effects of different weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity aerobic exercise on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and the expression of the skeletal muscle oxidative capacity related factor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferators γactivated receptor coativator-1-α (PGC-1α),so as to provide the basis for the choice of effective load intensity.Methods One hundred and twenty 6-week-old SPF male Wistar rats were equally randomized into 3 groups according to their body weight:a sedentary control group (not receiving any exercise),a moderate-intensity exercise group (undergoing 50-min continuous running at an intensity of 60％-70％ VO2max) and a HIIT group (conducting 3-min running at 90％ VO2max interspersed with 3-min recovery periods at 50％ VO2max and repeating that process 6 times,with a 7-min warm-up and cool-down period at 70％ VO2max).All rats except those in the control group exercised five days a week and 50min per day.All rats were measured their weight at 8:00-9:00am every Sunday.Soleus was taken from ten randomly chosen rats of each group at 2nd,4th,6th and 10th week after the onset of the intervention.The VO2max test was done before taking muscles.Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of AMPK and PGC-1α.Results (1) Both the exercise duration and mode had a significant impact on rats' body weight,and they had interaction with each other (P＜0.01).(2) The average PGC-1α expression in the skeletal muscle of 10-week HIIT group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05),and the average VO2max at the same time was also significantly higher than the other two groups.(3) In the HIIT group,the average VO2max at the 10th week was significantly higher than that at the 2nd,4th and 6th week (P＜ 0.05).The average protein expression of AMPK in the skeletal muscle at the 4th week in the moderate-intensity exercise group was significantly higher than that at the 2nd and 6th week of the same group,and that at the 2nd week of the control group (P＜0.05).The average protein expression of PGC-1α in the HIIT group from the 2nd to the 10th week was significantly higher than the control group at the 2nd week (P＜0.05).(4)The protein expression of PGC-1α was significantly correlated with temporal variation of VO2max in the HIIT group (P＜0.05).Conclusion Ten-week HIIT can effectively promote the expression of AMPK and PGC-1α in skeletal muscles and the maximal oxygen uptake.It plays a more quick and effective role in improving oxidant capacity and cardiorespiratory endurance of skeletal muscles than traditional moderate-intensity exercises.

Vo2max estimadoppor equações preditivas apresena baixa concordância com o obtiido pelo teste cardiopulmonar - padrão ouro / Vo2maxestimated by predictive equatios presents low concordance withh that obtained by cardiopulmonary test - gold standard

RESUMOO objetivo foi avaliar a concordância entre mensurações do VO2maxobtidas em teste cardiopulmonar de exercício versus obtidas por equações preditivas. Homens (21-55 anos) foram agrupados em praticantes de musculação (PM; n=31) e corridas (PC; n=28) e não praticantes (SE; n=35). Testou-se 5 equações, uma delas elaborada a partir de amostra brasileira. A concordância foi avaliada por Bland-Altman e as correlações pelo coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r). Os r entre medida padrão ouro vs. equações ficaram entre 0,27 a 0,75, com p<0,05 para a maioria. Entretanto, as concordâncias foram baixas. Na equação obtida em brasileiros, os valores menos concordantes foram, em ordem: SE, PM e PC; nas demais equações foram: PC, PM e SE. As piores estimativas foram para VO2maxmais elevados, principalmente >40 mL.kg-1.min1. Conclui-se que as equações preditivas avaliadas nesse estudo geraram medidas de baixa concordância quando comparadas ao padrão ouro, principalmente para VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

ABSTRACTThe aim was to evaluate the concordance between measurements of VO2max obtained by exercise cardiopulmonary test (gold-standard) vs. that obtained by predictive equations. Men (21-55 years-old) were grouped into Resistance training (RT; n=31), long-distance runners (R; n=28) and non-exercise practitioners (C; n=35). Five equations were tested, one of them made from Brazilian sample. The concordance was evaluated by Bland-Altman, and correlation analysis by Pearson's coefficient (r). The r between gold-standard vs. equations ranged 0.27 to 0.75, with p<0.05 for the most analysis, however, with low concordance. Regarding the equation obtained in Brazilians, the values with lower concordance were, following the order: C, RT and R. In relation to others equations, again with lower concordance, the order was R, RT and C. The worst estimates were to higher VO2max values, mainly for >40 mL.kg-1.min-1. In conclusion, the predictive equations tested generate low concordance when compared to VO2maxgold-standard test, mainly for VO2max>40 mL.kg-1.min-1.

Association Between Leisure Time Physical Activity, Cardiopulmonary Fitness, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Cardiovascular Workload at Work in Firefighters

BACKGROUND: Overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk factors are prevalent among firefighters in some developed countries. It is unclear whether physical activity and cardiopulmonary fitness reduce cardiovascular disease risk and the cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters. The present study investigated the relationship between leisure-time physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters in Hong Kong. METHODS: Male firefighters (n = 387) were randomly selected from serving firefighters in Hong Kong (n = 5,370) for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, known cardiovascular diseases). One-third (Target Group) were randomly selected for the assessment of off-duty leisure-time physical activity using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed, as well as cardiovascular workload using heart rate monitoring for each firefighter for four "normal" 24-hour working shifts and during real-situation simulated scenarios. RESULTS: Overall, 33.9% of the firefighters had at least two cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the Target Group, firefighters who had higher leisure-time physical activity had a lower resting heart rate and a lower average working heart rate, and spent a smaller proportion of time working at a moderateintensity cardiovascular workload. Firefighters who had moderate aerobic fitness and high leisuretime physical activity had a lower peak working heart rate during the mountain rescue scenario compared with firefighters who had low leisure-time physical activities. CONCLUSION: Leisure-time physical activity conferred significant benefits during job tasks of moderate cardiovascular workload in firefighters in Hong Kong.

Provável reserva neurofisiológica na execução de exercícios aeróbios máximos / Probable reserves neurophysiological in the execution of maximum aerobic exercises

O modelo tradicional de fisiologia do exercício assume que existe um limite periférico (muscular) em todo exercício aeróbio máximo, devido à hipóxia severa causada pela oferta inadequada de oxigênio ao músculo esquelético. Este evento seria coincidente com o recrutamento de todas as unidades motoras disponíveis no músculo ativo, no mesmo instante. Entretanto, evidências recentes não se ajustam a estas predições. Pelo contrário, um modelo de regulação central do esforço defende a existência de reserva neurofisiológica em todo exercício aeróbio máximo. Nessa nova interpretação, o sistema nervoso central (SNC) modularia o recrutamento muscular para impedir a ativação de todas as unidades motoras ao mesmo tempo, e evitar o excesso de dano à matriz celular. Tal modulação realizada pelo SNC seria um mecanismo natural de defesa do organismo contra a falha catastrófica e o rigor mortis. Alguns resultados obtidos pelo Grupo de Estudo em Psicofisiologia do Exercício poderiam ser interpretados de acordo com a presença de uma reserva neurofisiológica, pois a potência mecânica máxima (WMAX) num teste incremental máximo foi aumentada após ingestão de cafeína e placebo percebido como cafeína, porém, sem alteração no consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2MAX), sugerindo não haver limitação periférica. Entretanto, estudos devem ser desenhados para responder essa questão de forma mais consistente, incluindo medidas metabólicas e de excitabilidade dos músculos esqueléticos, mas também do SNC, durante exercício.

The traditional model of exercise physiology assumes that there would be a peripheral (muscular) limit in maximal aerobic exercises due to severe hypoxia derived from inadequate oxygen supply to the skeletal muscles. This event is to be coincident with the total recruitment of available motor units in the active muscles. However, recent evidence does not agree with these predictions. Rather, a centrally-regulated effort model argues that there is a neurophysiological reserve in all maximal aerobic exercises. In this new interpretation the central nervous system (CNS) would modulate the muscle recruitment to prevent the recruitment of all available motor units at the same time in order to avoid excessive harm in cellular matrixes. Such modulation performed by the CNS would be a natural mechanism to defend the body against catastrophic failure and rigor mortis. Some results obtained by the Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group may be interpreted according to this neurophysiological reserve as the peak power output (WPEAK) in a maximum incremental test was increased after caffeine and placebo perceived as caffeine ingestion, but without change in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MAX), suggesting no peripheral limitation. Yet, studies including measures of metabolic and skeletal muscle excitability in addition to the CNS function during exercise may answer this question closer.

Correlation between obesity and cardio respiratory fitness.

Background: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is considered the gold standard of cardio-pulmonary and muscle cell fitness. Reduced cardiopulmonary fitness is associated with increased cardiovascular disease. Low cardio respiratory fitness in young adults has emerged as an important factor for developing cardiovascular comorbidies later in middle age. Obesity is a serious & widespread problem globally. Increased body fat as predicted by body mass index is an additional factor for developing cardiovascular diseases. Aims & Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate cardio respiratory fitness in terms of VO2max in young healthy males and to correlate between obesity and cardio respiratory fitness. Material and Methods: Sixty young healthy male subjects in the age group of 18 to 22 years were included in this study group. Body mass index was measured as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters square. Cardio respiratory fitness in terms of VO2max was predicted by following the protocol of Treadmill Jogging Test (TMJ). Results: There was a highly significant negative correlation between obesity and VO2max, r= -0.88 p<0.05. In contrast, obesity shows a highly significant direct correlation with Treadmill Heart Rate, r=0.80 p<0.05. Conclusion: The result suggests that the reduced cardiac performance during progressive work rate exercise in obese individuals. Greater the BMI, more severe will be the functional impairment, suggesting excessive amount of body fat on cardio respiratory functions and oxygen uptake by working muscles.

Validity of heart rate based nomogram fors estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in Indian population.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) during a graded maximal exercise test is the objective method to assess cardiorespiratory fitness. Maximal oxygen uptake testing is limited to only a few laboratories as it requires trained personnel and strenuous effort by the subject. At the population level, submaximal tests have been developed to derive VO2max indirectly based on heart rate based nomograms or it can be calculated using anthropometric measures. These heart rate based predicted standards have been developed for western population and are used routinely to predict VO2max in Indian population. In the present study VO2max was directly measured by maximal exercise test using a bicycle ergometer and was compared with VO2max derived by recovery heart rate in Queen’s College step test (QCST) (PVO2max I) and with VO2max derived from Wasserman equation based on anthropometric parameters and age (PVO2max II) in a well defined age group of healthy male adults from New Delhi. The values of directly measured VO2max showed no significant correlation either with the estimated VO2max with QCST or with VO2max predicted by Wasserman equation. Bland and Altman method of approach for limit of agreement between VO2max and PVO2max I or PVO2max II revealed that the limits of agreement between directly measured VO2max and PVO2max I or PVO2max II was large indicating inapplicability of prediction equations of western population in the population under study. Thus it is evident that there is an urgent need to develop nomogram for Indian population, may be even for different ethnic sub-population in the country.

The Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Cardiopulmonary Function in Healthy Adults

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on cardiopulmonary function in healthy adults. METHOD: Thirty-six healthy adults without a cardiac problem were enrolled. All patients were randomly assigned to either a control (17 subjects, mean age 29.41) or an electrical stimulation group (19 subjects, mean age 29.26). The electrical stimulation group received NMES on both sides of quadriceps muscle using a Walking Man II(R) in a sitting position for 30 minutes over 2 weeks. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), metabolic equivalent (MET), resting, maximal heart rate (RHR, MHR), resting, maximal blood pressure (RBP, MBP), and maximal rate pressure product (MRPP), exercise tolerance test (ETT) duration were determined using an exercise tolerance test and a 6 minute walk test (6MWT) before and after treatment. RESULTS: The electrical stimulation group showed a significant increase in VO2max (p=0.03), 6MWT (p<0.01), MHR (p<0.04), MsBP (p<0.03), ETT duration (p<0.01) and a significant decrease in RsBP (p<0.02) as compared with the control group after two weeks. NMES induced changes improved only in RsBP (p<0.049) and ETT duration (p<0.01). The effects of NMES training were stronger in females. CONCLUSION: We suggest that NMES is an additional therapeutic option for cardiopulmonary exercise in disabled patients with severe refractory heart failure or acute AMI.

Avaliação da capacidade cardiorrespiratória (vo2máx) em policiais militares, com testes indiretos / Assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2máx) in the military police of, with indirect tests

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o (VO2máx) de militares com testes indiretos de 1600m (ALMEIDA et al., 2010) e 12min (COOPER,1968). Participaram 49 militares masculinos, aptos fisicamente, média de idade de 25,6 ±3,10 anos, IMC 23 ±1,4 Kg.m2, selecionados aleatoriamente. O (VO2máx) foi mensurado através das equações de Cooper e Almeida após os testes; coletados e analisados os parâmetros fisiológicos: frequência cardíaca, glicemia e lactato pré e pós-testes e percepção subjetiva do esforço ao final. Observou-se grande fidedignidade entre eles, sendo o valor do (VO2máx) de 1600m (43,63±3,21) superior ao de 12min (39,42±4,18), mostrando aumento significativo (p<0,0001), atribuída à potência de exercício desenvolvida durante o teste, que pode ser observada nos valores de lactato no de 1600m. A prova de 1600m, mostrou-se como uma alternativa eficaz na mensuração do (VO2máx) em militares, portanto sendo uma medida indireta de baixo custo e fácil uso e de grande valia sua aplicabilidade nas Instituições Militares.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the (VO2máx), in indirect tests of 1600m (Almeida et al., 2010) and 12 min (Cooper, 1968). 49 physically fit military aged 25.6±3.10 years, BMI23±1.4 kg.m2, where randomly chosen according to the inclusion criteria of the research took part of it. The (VO2máx) was measured through COOPER and Almeida equations after the tests of 1600m and 12min run, collected and analyzed physiological parameters of cardiac frequency glycemia and lactate were collected before and after the tests. Besides, the subjective perception of effort at the end of each test was evaluated. Through the physiological parameters, it could be observed a great reliability between the 1600m and 12min run tests, in which the (vo2máx) value in the former (43.63±3.21) was higher than in the latter test (39.42±4.18), showing a significant incriase (p<0.0001), attributed to the power developedduring the exercise test, which can be observed for lactate in the 1600m. The 1600m test, proved to be an effective alternative in measuring (vo2máx) in milytary, being an indirect measure of cost and ease of use and great value for their applicability in the military institutions.

Respiratory Function Training with Oxygen Inhalation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 中国康复理论与实践

@# Objective To compare the effect of breathing oxygen or air on respiratory function training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods 32 patients with stable COPD, pulmonary function Ⅱ～Ⅳ, were divided into 2 groups: oxygen (10males and 6 females and air (12 males and 4 females). All the patients participated in a standardized pulmonary rehabilitation program. They were assessed with St. George respiratory questionnaire, pulmonary function test, 6-minute walking distance, cardiopulmonary exercise test and Borg scale, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) before and after training. Results After 8 weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation, the VO2max in oxygen group increased compared with that of the air. Conclusion Supplying oxygen during training can increase the tolerance of COPD patients.

Alteraciones musculares periféricas en la enfermedad de Chagas

La enfermedad de Chagas sigue siendo un problema en Venezuela y en varios países de Latinoamérica. Este trabajo presenta datos sobre las alteraciones que esta enfermedad produce en los músculos esqueléticos periféricos, lo cual puede contribuir a la incapacidad funcional que presentan muchos de los pacientes. Fueron estudiados 19 pacientes con enfermedad avanzada, a quienes se les hizo evaluación cardiorrespiratoria, ecocardiograma, prueba de ejercicio y biopsia del músculo cuádriceps. El 42% presentó incapacidad funcional moderada a severa, medida por el consumo máximo de oxígeno, que estuvo relacionada con cambios morfológicos y metabólicos en las fibras musculares. Se hallaron alteraciones en la microvasculatura muscular compatibles con daño autoinmune. En conclusión, los pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas sufren alteraciones en la musculatura periférica que puede contribuir a la incapacidad funcional y al grado de afectación por esta enfermedad. La determinación de la capacidad funcional debería agregarse a la evaluación de la enfermedad

Chagas disease is still a problem in Venezuela and other Latin American countries, in spite of efforts to control the disease. Peripheral muscle alterations that contribute to decreased functional capacity in moderate to advanced Chagas’ disease patients are analyzed in the present work. Nineteen Chagas’ disease patients were studied, including cardio-respiratory evaluation, echocardiogram, exercise test and quadriceps muscle biopsy. The results showed 42% patients with moderate to severe decrease of maximal oxygen consumption. Muscle biopsies presented morphologic and metabolic alterations, some related to functional capacity. Capillary vessel damage in muscle was similar to that found in autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, Chagas’ disease patients showed peripheral muscle alterations related to decreased functional capacity. The functional capacity changes may contribute to the severity of the disease and should be added to the evaluation of the patients

Relationship Between Cardiopulmonary Exercise Capacity in Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Left Ventricular Systolic Velocities Assessed by DTI / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To analyse the relationship between the left ventricular longitudinal systolic velocities quantified by DTI and the cardiopulmonary performance in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM). Methods Maximal oxygen consumption(VO2max) and systolic velocities were assessed in 68 patients with DCM during their regular follow-up. Peak velocities during isovolumic contraction (is) and ejection (ez) were assessed at the site of anal, at the middle of the wall, and at the middle site between the two sites of interventricular septum (S), lateral wall (L) of LV in apical 4 chambers view. Results Peak velocities during IVC and ejection in group of patients(32cases) with VO2max