Infertility as a risk factor for breast cancer: Results from a hospital-based case–control study

Context: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and its prevalence is increasing. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which a history of infertility can present as risk factors for breast cancer. Settings and Design: This was a hospital-based case–control study. Subjects and Methods: In this study, 1177 women with breast cancer were participated for assessing the risk for this cancer. The control was 1204 women with self-reported free-cancer history who were matched in terms of age and residence. Statistical Analysis Used: Using logistic regression, it was examined whether infertility is a risk factor of case–control status in addition to marriage age, menarche age, body mass index, number of pregnancies, family history of breast cancer, and previous oral contraceptive use. The data were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Infertility history was reported in 12.5% (n = 147) of the cases and 5.8% (n = 70) of the controls. Infertility history was a relevant risk for case–control study in addition to other risk factors (odds ratio: 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 3.34–1.77). Conclusions: This study found that infertility may be as the main risk factor for breast cancer in Iranian women, therefore, doing breast screening in women who have one or more risk factors, must receive more emphasis

Enunciados diagnósticos enfermeros más frecuentes, que cumplen con la taxonom¡a II NANDA registrado en el servicio de medicina del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza / The most frequent nursing diagnoses statements that meet the criteria of the NANDA taxonomy II recorded in the medicine department at the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza

Objetivo: identificar los enunciados diagnósticos enfermeros más frecuentes, que cumplen los criterios de la taxonom¡a II DE North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), registrados en las notas de enfermer¡a por las enfermeras del Servicio de Medicina 4I del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza, de Lima, Perú. Material y m‚todos: estudio descriptivo, observacional y transversal. La muestra estuvo conformada por 424 diagnósticos de enfermer¡a realizados durante los meses de julio a septiembre de 2011. Para la recolección de datos el instrumento usado fue una ficha de diagnóstico enfermero elaborada por los autores; para la confiabilidad se realizó una prueba piloto. Resultados: EL 73,6% de diagnósticos que cumplan con la etiqueta según la taxonom¡a II de NANDA; el 34,7% de diagnósticos con laS caracter¡sticas definitorias; el 44,1% de diagnósticos con los factores relacionados o de riesgo, y el 33,7%de diagnósticos que cumplen con las tres dimensiones. Se identificó doce diagnósticos reales, de los cuales los m s frecuentes fueron: 82 diagnósticos de dolor agudo relacionado con agente lesivo biológico 19,3%; 16 diagnósticos de ansiedad relacionados con cambios en el estado de salud 3,8%, y otros. Conclusiones: se identificó que el total de diagnósticos de enfermeros evaluados y registrados se aprobaron solo 143 (33,7%) porque cumpl¡an con las tres dimensiones según la taxonom¡a II de NANDA, siendo la más frecuente dolor agudo relacionado con agente lesivo biológico debido a que los pacientes padecen enfermedades crónicas; se evidencia el dolor como s¡ntoma común a lo largo del proceso de su enfermedad.

Objective: To identify the most frequent nursing diagnoses statements that meet the criteria of the NANDA Taxonomy II recorded in the nursing notes by nurses of 4 I medicine department at the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza Lima-Per£. Material and Methods: This descriptive, observational and transversal study. The sample consisted of 424 nursing diagnoses made during the months of July to September 2011. For data collection instrument used was a nursing diagnosis from development by the authors, for reliability was piloted. Results: it was found 73.6% who met with the label according to NANDA Taxonomy II, 34.7% with the defining characteristics, 44.1% related factors od risk and 33.7% that meet the 3 dimensions identify 12 real diagnoses of which the most frequent are: 82 diagnoses of acute pain related biological offending agent 19.3%, 16 diagnoses of anxiety related changes in health status 3.8%. Conclusion: it was identified that of the total registered diagnoses were approved only 143 diagnoses (33.7%) because they met the 3 dimensions of the NANDA taxonomy II. Being the most frequent acute pain related biological agent, because patients with chronic diseases, evident pain as a common symptom during the process.