RESUMO
Objective:To explore the feasibility and accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) modeling methods based on ultrasound imaging data for normal and abnormal fetal cardiac structures, and to construct a methodology system for 3D printing of fetal heart based on ultrasound.Methods:A total of 93 fetuses examined in Tangdu Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University from January to December 2019 were selected. Fetal echocardiography was obtained using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC). Ninety-three hearts were 3D modeled by blood flow modeling, blood pool modeling and cavity modeling, and printed by stereolithography technique. The data measured on the 3D digital models and 3D printed solid models were compared with the corresponding fetal echocardiographic images respectively in order to evaluate the accuracy of the modeling methods.Results:The fetal cardiac blood flow models based on Doppler flow image data showed the malformation and trend of small blood vessels. The fetal cardiac structure models printed based on blood pool modeling displayed the malformation of heart and large blood vessels. Models printed based on cavity modeling method accurately displayed valve and structural defects.For 83 normal fetal hearts, the long diameters of left and right ventricles measured on echocardiography [(15.3±1.9)mm, (13.2±1.9)mm] were compared with those measured on digital models [(15.1±1.9)mm, (12.9±1.9)mm] and 3D printed models[(15.1±1.9)mm, (13.0±1.9)mm], respectively, and there were no significant differences between any two groups of them ( P>0.05). Bland-Altman showed good consistency for all measurements within and between operators. Conclusions:The three modeling methods, including blood flow modeling, blood pool modeling and cavity modeling, have their own advantages in displaying different types of fetal heart malformations. Appropriate modeling methods should be selected for 3D modeling and printing to make up for the limitations of single modeling method. The consistency between measurements on 3D models and those on echocardiography is high, and the repeatability between operators is good.
RESUMO
Melasma， as a kind of melanosis， often occurs over the face of young and middle-aged women， which seriously affects the physical and mental health of patients. At present， it is believed that the occurrence of melasma is related to various factors such as ultraviolet radiation and changes in sex hormone levels in the body. However， the exact pathogenesis of melasma is still unclear and its clinical efficacy is not ideal. Therefore， it is of great clinical significance and social value to carry out basic researches on melasma diseases. Among them， the animal model of melasma acts as an important tool for studying melasma， and it is particularly important to clarify the pathophysiological mechanism of the occurrence and development of melasma. The common modeling methods include ultraviolet modeling， progesterone modeling and ultraviolet combined with progesterone modeling. However， there are still some problems in the practical application of animal models of melasma due to many influencing factors in the preparation of such animal models， and there is still a lack of a more complete and recognized model preparation scheme to this day， which reduces the success rate of model preparation and limits its application and popularization to some extent. In view of the key problems in the establishment and application of animal models of melasma， we comprehensively summarized the research status of the models from such aspects as experimental animals， modeling methods and model evaluation， and discussed the effects of different modeling methods and animal species， animal age and other factors on animal model of melasma by referring to and sorting out the recent literatures at home and abroad in recent years. This is to provide references for the preparation of more scientific， reasonable， economic and convenient animal models of melasma， lay a foundation for in-depth researches on the pathogenesis， prevention and treatment of melasma， and also provide reference for other animal model research.