Enrichment of Gluten-free Cakes with Grape Molasses and Bioactive Rich Ingredients

Abstract In this study, the sugar used in the gluten-free cake was substituted with 75% grape molasses. In addition, the gluten-free flour mixture used in the cake formulation was prepared as a combination of rice flour (75%), chickpea flour (15%)and carrot flour (10%). This mixture was replaced separately with 5% grape seed, pomegranate seed, flaxseed, poppy seed and turmeric to improve the nutritional composition of gluten-free cakes. Supplemented cakes contained higher ash, crude protein, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity values than gluten-free control sample. Cake samples containing pomegranate seed and flaxseed had higher contents of Ca, P and K than control cakes. In addition, flaxseed and poppy seed containing cakes were found richer in terms of Mn and Mg than control. Utilization of grape molasses together with grape seed, pomegranate seed, flaxseed, poppy seed and turmeric in formulation caused a reduction in volume index of cake samples. The hardness values of the gluten-free cakes were generally higher than that of the control. Cakes containing flaxseed and poppy seed scored higher in sensory analysis than other substituted samples. Based on these results, the use of grape molasses with flaxseed and poppy seed can be recommended for the production of gluten-free cakes with acceptable sensory properties and high total phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Selenium-Enriched Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CCT 4308 Biomass Production Using Low-Cost Sugarcane Molasses Medium

Abstract Food supplements have been increasingly investigated. Probiotics have several benefits for human and animal health and selenium (Se) is widely recommended against oxidative stress. In this context, the aim of this study was to develop a low-cost bioprocess to produce a functional food product comprising both probiotic and Se accumulation. Yeast cells of Saccharomyces boulardii CCT 4308 were cultivated using sugarcane molasses as substrate. Optimization studies were performed to evaluate the best medium composition for biomass production and Se-accumulation in batch and fed-batch systems. Optimized conditions were defined with a medium composed of 150 g L-1 sugarcane molasses and 12 g L-1 yeast extract, with feeding of 100 g L-1 sugarcane molasses and 100 μg mL-1 of Se incorporation after 4 h and 10 h of fermentation, respectively, during 48 h in STR (stirred tank reactor). Best biomass production reached 14.52 g L-1 with 3.20 mg Se g-1 biomass at 12 h. Process optimization led to 4.82-fold increase in biomass production compared to initial condition. A final Se-enriched S. boulardii CCT 4308 biomass was obtained, which is comparable to commercial products. An alternative probiotic yeast biomass was efficiently produced as a new food-form of Se supplement in a sustainable process using an inexpensive agro-industrial residue.

Comparison of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Messastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) in alternative culture media / Comparação dos cultivos foto-autotrófico e mixotrófico da microalga Messastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) em meios de cultura alternativos

Abstract Growth and biological conditions of Messastrum gracile were evaluated to compare the effect of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation on the increase of biomass production and chemical conditions cultured in macrophyte and commercial culture media. The growth rate (k) of M. gracile was different in the culture media, higher in mixotrophic cultivation for Lemna minor culture medium, whilst to Eichhornia crassipes and NPK culture media were higher in photoautotrophic cultivation. Mean lipid contents in photoautotrophic cultivation were 8.2% biomass dry weight, whereas they reached 19% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Protein contents were below 48% biomass dry weight in photoautotrophic cultivation and 30% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Messastrum gracile cultured in macrophyte culture media (E. crassipes and L. minor) and NPK culture medium provided satisfactory results with regard to lipid and protein contents in mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivations, respectively. Lipid and protein contents in alternative media were higher or similar to the CHU12 commercial culture medium.

Resumo O crescimento e as condições biológicas da microalga Messastrum gracile foram avaliados para comparar o efeito do cultivo foto-autotrófico e mixotrófico na produção de biomassa e condições químicas em meios de cultura comercial e de macrófitas. A taxa de crescimento (k) de M. gracile foi diferente entre os meios de cultura, sendo maior no cultivo mixotrófico para o meio Lemna minor, enquanto para os meios Eichhornia crassipes e NPK foram maiores no cultivo foto-autotrófico. Os teores de lipídios no cultivo foto-autotrófico foram de 8,2% da biomassa seca, enquanto que no mixotrófico atingiram 19% da biomassa seca. Os teores de proteína em cultivo foto-autotrófico estiveram abaixo de 48% da biomassa seca e 30% de biomassa seca no cultivo mixotrófico. Messastrum gracile cultivada em meios de cultura de macrófitas (E. crassipes e L. minor) e NPK apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em relação aos teores de lipídeos e proteínas nos cultivos mixotróficos e foto-autotróficos, respectivamente. Os teores lipídicos e proteicos em meios alternativos foram maiores ou semelhantes ao meio comercial CHU12.

Growth Pattern of Beauveria bassiana in Different Eco-friendly Media

Beauveria bassiana belongs to the class Deuteromycetes which is one of the important disease-causing biocontrol agents in insects. B. bassiana, formerly known as Botrytis bassiana (Balsamo), is a widely distributed soil inhabiting fungus. B. bassiana is also known to be best biocontrol agent against larval stage of the silkworm. B. bassiana is categorized as a white muscardine fungus due to the white color of sporulating colonies. It is a type of biopesticide which is based on entomopathogenic fungi which are often considerable scope as plant protection agents against several pathogens and insects including whiteflies, aphids, thrips, grasshoppers, and certain types of beetles. The present study deals with the use of different media such as coconut media, jaggery media, nutrient media, potato dextrose media, Sabouraud dextrose media, and molasses media

Bioconversion of sugarcane molasses to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate) by endophytic Bacillus cereus RCL 02

Sugarcane molasses, the by-product of sugar industry are rich in nutrients, growth factors and minerals and areefficiently utilized by the microorganisms for growth and production of primary as well as secondary metabolitesof commercial importance. In this communication, we report the utilization of sugarcane molasses as the solesource of carbon for the production of copolymers of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with improved materialproperties. The endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus RCL 02 (MCC 3436) produced 7.8 g/L of PHA whengrown in MS medium with 4% (w/v) sugarcane molasses under batch cultivation. Proton nuclear magneticresonance (1H NMR) analysis revealed that the copolymer so produced contain 12.4 mol% 3-hydroxyvalerate(3HV) along with 87.6 mol% 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB). The copolyester, P(3HB-co-12.4 mol%-3HV)has been isolated and purified following standard solvent extraction method and partially characterized byFourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanningcalorimetric (DSC) analysis. The material and thermal properties of the copolyester so produced indicated itspotential for industrial application.

Utilization of bacterial consortium for oil sludge biodegradation using bioslurry method

Aims@#Oil sludge is one of pollutant sources in the environment. Bacterial abundance, interaction, and compatibility of environmental factors ensure the success of biodegradation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of bacterial consortium in degrading oil sludge using bioslurry method. @*Methodology and results@#The research design used was completely randomized design 4×5 with variation of bacterial consortium concentration and incubation time. Composition of contaminant and liquid phase in bioslurry method was 1:9 ratio with aeration, at room temperature. The liquid phase comprises distilled water with the addition of 2% (v/v) of molasses as nutrient for bacterial growth. Bacterial growth was evaluated using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) measurements were evaluated using the gravimetric method while the oil sludge hydrocarbon component was evaluated by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (GCMS). The pH and temperature data were analyzed descriptively while TPC and TPH data were analyzed using Two Way ANOVA (α=0.05). The bacterial consortium could grow on oil sludge hydrocarbon substrate with a range of temperature of 29 °C-32 °C and an optimum pH of 7. Biodegradation of TPH was 70.48% at consortium concentration of 15% in 14 days of incubation. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Biodegradation of oil sludge using a bacterial consortium by bioslurry method is one of the effective methods to reduce pollutants in the management of oil sludge.

Diseño de un medio de cultivo para la producción de biomasa de Microbacterium sp. (BSC3) para la generación de materia orgánica humificada a partir de lignito / Design of culture medium for biomass production of Microbacterium sp. (BSC3) to the humified organic matter generation from lignite

RESUMEN Se diseñó un medio de cultivo para la multiplicación de una cepa bacteriana solubilizadora de carbón (BSC3). Como sustratos se utilizaron tres residuos agroindustriales: melaza de caña, lactosuero y cabecilla de arroz. Mediante diseños de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken se evaluaron dos rangos de concentraciones para cada sustrato (2-10% y 0-6%). De esta forma se obtuvo la combinación adecuada para la producción de biomasa de BSC3. Se construyeron curvas de crecimiento bacteriano para determinar algunos parámetros cinéticos (velocidad específica de crecimiento [u], tiempo de duplicación [Td] y producción final de biomasa), que fueron comparados con el crecimiento de la cepa en un medio de cultivo control, también se caracterizó elementalmente (CHN) el medio optimizado. Las concentraciones óptimas para la obtención de biomasa de BSC3 fueron: 6% melaza, 2,5% lactosuero más un contenido mínimo de sales, con un pH de 6,5. Los parámetros cinéticos en este medio fueron: biomasa final=3,2 g.L-1, u=0,0206 h-1, Td=33,64 h, y en el medio control: biomasa final=3,4 g.L-1, u=0,0139 h-1, Td=49,85 h, lo cual muestra que el medio permitió un incremento en la velocidad de crecimiento y un menor tiempo de duplicación de BSC3, de esta forma el medio optimizado permitió la multiplicación de BSC3 y le permitió conservar su actividad solubilizadora de carbón.

ABSTRACT A culture medium for the multiplication of a coal solubilizing bacterial strain was designed (BSC3); were used three agroindustrial wastes: cane molasses, whey and crushed rice. Through Box-Behnken surfaces responses designs, two concentration ranks (2-10% y 0-6%) were evaluated, so the adequate combination to BSC3 biomass production was found. Bacterial growth curves were constructed to determine some kinetics parameters (growth specific rate [u], duplication time [Dt] and biomass final production), that were compared with the strain growth in a control culture medium; the optimized culture medium was also elementally caracterizated. The optimal concentrations to BSC3 biomass obtaining were: 6% molasses cane, 2,5% whey plus a salts minimum medium, with pH of 6,5. The kinetics parameters in this medium were: final biomass = 3,2 g.L-1, u=0,0206 h-1, Dt=33,64 h, and in the control medium: final biomass = 3,4 g.L-1, u=0,0139 h-1, Dt=49,85 h, this shows that the optimized medium allows the increase of the specific growth rate and a less duplication time of BSC3, so the optimized medium allowed to conserve its coal solubilizing activity.

Obtaining, characterization and evaluation of two candidate preparations for probiotics developed with agroindustrial waste / Obtención, caracterización y evaluación de dos preparados candidatos a probióticos desarrollados con residuos agroindustriales

ABSTRACT Objective. Obtain, characterize and evaluate two bio-prepares developed from the sugar cane molasses - orange vinasse fermented with yeast and/or lactic acid bacteria. Materials and methods. A completely randomized design was used, with five repeats per treatment. The evaluated treatments were: T1, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus y T2, the previous bacteria plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). The previous mentioned microorganisms were inoculated in a substratum compounded by molasses - vinasse and these were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. To the bioprepares, physiochemical, microbiological and in vitro tests was made to evaluate the probiotic capacity. Results. Both bioprepares presented a dark brown color, sweet and a pH lesser than 4. The bromatological and microbiologic development were higher (p>0.05) in T2. Both bioprepares the viability was higher than 92%. in vitro tests two bioprepares were resistant to an acid pH, bile salts, broad spectrum of microbial activity and inhibitory effect to E. coli, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus. Conclusions. The bioprepares obtained from sugar cane molasses - orange vinasse fermented with yeast and lactic acid bacteria manifested physiochemical and microbiologic properties appropriated to probiotic products. In in vitro tests, their potential was demonstrated as a probiotic.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Obtener, caracterizar y evaluar dos biopreparados desarrollados a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar - vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus y T2, las bacterias anteriores más Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). En un sustrato compuesto por melaza- vinaza se inocularon los microorganismos anteriormente mencionados y estos fueron incubados a 37ºC por 24 h. Se les determinaron a los biopreparados los parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológico y se realizaron las pruebas in vitro para evaluar la capacidad probiótica. Resultados. Ambos biopreparados presentaron un color marrón oscuro, dulzón y con pH inferior a 4. El comportamiento bromatológicos y microbiológicos fueron mayores (p>0.05) en el T2. En ambos biopreparados la viabilidad fue superior a 92%. En pruebas in vitro, ambos biopreparados fueron resistentes a pH ácido, sales biliares, amplio espectro de actividad antimicrobiana y efecto inhibitorio a la E. coli, Salmonella spp. y S. aureus. Conclusiones. Los biopreparados obtenidos a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar-vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas demostraron propiedades físicoquímicas, microbiológicas apropiadas para productos probióticos. En las pruebas in vitro, se demostró su efecto potencial como probiótico.

Enhanced ethanol production at commercial scale from molasses using high gravity technology by mutant S. cerevisiae

Abstract Very high gravity (VHG) technology was employed on industrial scale to produce ethanol from molasses (fermented) as well as by-products formation estimation. The effect of different Brix° (32, 36 and 40) air-flow rates (0.00, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.60 vvm) was studied on ethanol production. The maximum ethanol production was recorded to be 12.2% (v/v) at 40 Brix° with 0.2 vvm air-flow rate. At optimum level aeration and 40 Brix° VHG, the residual sugar level was recorded in the range of 12.5-18.5 g/L, whereas the viable cell count remained constant up to 50 h of fermentation and dry matter production increased with fermentation time. Both water and steam consumption reduced significantly under optimum conditions of Brix° and aeration rate with compromising the ethanol production. Results revealed VHG with continuous air flow is viable technique to reduce the ethanol production cost form molasses at commercial scale.

Comparison of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation of microalgae Messastrum gracile (Chlorophyceae) in alternative culture media

Abstract Growth and biological conditions of Messastrum gracile were evaluated to compare the effect of photoautotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation on the increase of biomass production and chemical conditions cultured in macrophyte and commercial culture media. The growth rate (k) of M. gracile was different in the culture media, higher in mixotrophic cultivation for Lemna minor culture medium, whilst to Eichhornia crassipes and NPK culture media were higher in photoautotrophic cultivation. Mean lipid contents in photoautotrophic cultivation were 8.2% biomass dry weight, whereas they reached 19% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Protein contents were below 48% biomass dry weight in photoautotrophic cultivation and 30% biomass dry weight in mixotrophic cultivation. Messastrum gracile cultured in macrophyte culture media (E. crassipes and L. minor) and NPK culture medium provided satisfactory results with regard to lipid and protein contents in mixotrophic and photoautotrophic cultivations, respectively. Lipid and protein contents in alternative media were higher or similar to the CHU12 commercial culture medium.

Resumo O crescimento e as condições biológicas da microalga Messastrum gracile foram avaliados para comparar o efeito do cultivo foto-autotrófico e mixotrófico na produção de biomassa e condições químicas em meios de cultura comercial e de macrófitas. A taxa de crescimento (k) de M. gracile foi diferente entre os meios de cultura, sendo maior no cultivo mixotrófico para o meio Lemna minor, enquanto para os meios Eichhornia crassipes e NPK foram maiores no cultivo foto-autotrófico. Os teores de lipídios no cultivo foto-autotrófico foram de 8,2% da biomassa seca, enquanto que no mixotrófico atingiram 19% da biomassa seca. Os teores de proteína em cultivo foto-autotrófico estiveram abaixo de 48% da biomassa seca e 30% de biomassa seca no cultivo mixotrófico. Messastrum gracile cultivada em meios de cultura de macrófitas (E. crassipes e L. minor) e NPK apresentaram resultados satisfatórios em relação aos teores de lipídeos e proteínas nos cultivos mixotróficos e foto-autotróficos, respectivamente. Os teores lipídicos e proteicos em meios alternativos foram maiores ou semelhantes ao meio comercial CHU12.

Adding distiller's grains and molasses on fermentation quality of rice straw silages / Adição de melaço na qualidade de fermentação de silagem de palha de arroz

ABSTRACT: Ensilage is a simple and low-cost strategy to enable long term preservation and environmentally friendly utilization of agricultural by-products, such as straws and distiller's grains (DG) for ruminants. Effect of mixing different proportions of DG and rice straw (i.e. 0, 10, 20 or 30% of DG) with or without 5% molasses addition on fermentation and chemical variables of silages was evaluated. The study was conducted as a randomized blocks design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications, using laboratory silos of 1L capacity (n=24). Despite a significant interaction (P<0.01) between DG and molasses addition was observed for most variables, in general the increased addition of DG linearly decreased the pH value, acetic acid (AA), butyric acid (BA) and ammonia N concentration (P<0.01), and increased the lactic acid (LA) concentration (P<0.01). Exception was the propionic acid concentration which linearly decreased without molasses addition and linearly increased with molasses addition at increased proportion of DG (P<0.01). In both silages with or without molasses the addition of DG increased the dry matter, water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein (P<0.01), and decreased the NDF content (P<0.01). Based on the perspective of maximum utilization of rice straw, the mixture of 10% of DG associated to 5% molasses at ensilage process is recommended.

RESUMO: Ensilagem é uma estratégia simples e de baixo custo que habilita a preservação de sub-produtos agrícolas por longo tempo e com mínimo impacto ambiental, tal como a preservação de palha de arroz e resíduos da destilação de grãos (DG) para uso na alimentação de ruminantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de incluir diferentes proporções de DG e palha de arroz (i.e. 0, 10, 20 or 30% of DG) com ou sem inclusão de 5% de melaço sobre variáveis da fermentação e composição química do material ensilado. O estudo foi conduzido em blocos casualizados em um esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com três repetições, utilizando mini-silos de 1L de capacidade (n=24). Embora a interação entre DG e melaço foi significativa (P<0,01) para a maior parte das variáveis, em geral a adição de DG diminuiu linearmente o pH e as concentrações de ácido acético, ácido butírico e amônia (P<0,01), e aumentou linearmente a concentração de ácido láctico (P<0,01). Exceção foi a concentração de ácido propiônico que diminuiu linearmente sem a adição de melaço enquanto aumentou linearmente com a adição de melaço, à incrementados níveis de inclusão de DG (P<0,01). Em ambos casos, com ou sem adição de melaço, a adição de DG aumentou linearmente o teor de matéria seca, de carboidratos solúveis em água e de proteína bruta, e diminuiu o teor de fibra em detergente neutro do material ensilado the NDF content (P<0,01). Baseado na perspectiva de máxima utilização de palha da arroz, recomenda-se a mistura de 10% de DG associado com 5% de melaço no processo de ensilagem.

Optimization of lipids production by Cryptococcus laurentii 11 using cheese whey with molasses

This study aimed the optimization of culture condition and composition for production of Cryptococcus laurentii 11 biomass and lipids in cheese whey medium supplemented with sugarcane molasses. The optimization of pH, fermentation time, and molasses concentration according to a full factorial statistical experimental design was followed by a Plackett-Burman experimental design, which was used to determine whether the supplementation of the culture medium by yeast extract and inorganic salts could provide a further enhancement of lipids production. The following conditions and composition of the culture medium were found to optimize biomass and lipids production: 360 h fermentation, 6.5 pH and supplementation of (g L-1): 50 molasses, 0.5 yeast extract, 4 KH2PO4, 1 Na2HPO4, 0.75 MgSO4•7H2O and 0.002 ZnSO4•H2O. Additional supplementation with inorganic salts and yeast extract was essential to optimize the production, in terms of product concentration and productivity, of neutral lipids by C. laurentii 11. Under this optimized condition, the production of total lipids increased by 133% in relation to control experiment (from 1.27 to 2.96 g L-1). The total lipids indicated a predominant (86%) presence of neutral lipids with high content of 16- and 18- carbon-chain saturated and monosaturated fatty acids. This class of lipids is considered especially suitable for the production of biodiesel.

Optimization of biodegradable plastic production on sugar cane molasses in Enterobacter sp. SEL2

Contaminated environments have a large number of bacteria which can accumulate PHA as their energy reserves. Out of 54 isolated bacterial strains from three groups of contaminated sites 48 were found PHA positive. The sites were grouped on the basis of the type of carbon sources i.e. sugars, fatty acids and much diverse type. Strains MFD5, MFD11, UML3, USL2, SEL2, SEL3, SEL10 and PFW1 produced 69.9 ± 0.29, 75.27 ± 0.45, 65.43 ± 0.1, 72.54 ± 0.27, 76.61 ± 0.28, 61.81 ± 0.05, 71.16 ± 0.09 and 74.92 ± 0.5 percent of PHA to their constant cell weight (CCW) respectively in PHA detection media supplemented with 2% glucose. Molasses, whey, crumbs hydrolysate and palm oil were checked as inexpensive carbon sources. Molasses alone could supply the required nutrients for growth and PHA production. Strain SEL2 produced 47.36 ± 0.45% PHA using 2% molasses at 37 °C and pH 7.0. Upon production optimization the best accumulation (80.95 ± 0.01%) was observed in PHA detection media with 0.2% nitrogen source, 3% molasses, pH 5.0 and 37 °C by the strain SEL2. The overall effect of the presence of increased molasses concentration in the media was positive it increased the accumulation period till 72 h. Enterobacter sp. SEL2 (JF901810) is first time being reported for PHA production.

Efecto de la melaza de caña tratada con ácido sulfúrico en la producción de celulosa por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693 / Effect of molasses cane treated with sulfuric acid in the production of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693 / Efeito do melaço de cana tratada com ácido sulfúrico na produção de celulose por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la melaza tratada con ácido sulfúrico (MZA-TR) y de las condiciones del cultivo (estático) sobre la síntesis de celulosa por Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693, para ello, se usó un reactor con 0,2 litros de medio de cultivo, con concentraciones iniciales de 13,3 % y 26,6 % de MZA-TR en el medio de cultivo a pH 5,6. El volumen del inóculo fue del 10 % del volumen total del medio; el proceso se realizó a temperatura ambiente (30 °C), con tiempos de incubación de 3, 7, 14, 21 y 28 días. Además, se evaluaron distintos parámetros fisicoquímicos y mecánicos de la celulosa. El grosor de la película de celulosa presentó un máximo de 2,5 cm, siendo el mejor resultado obtenido, en comparación con anteriores reportes en la literatura. También se encontró que al usar MZA-TR en el medio de cultivo hay un incremento considerable de la producción de celulosa en estático a los 28 días de incubación. Finalmente, se observó que el consumo de glucosa y de fructosa disminuye durante la síntesis de celulosa bacteriana (CB); durante los 3 primeros días de incubación se observó el máximo descenso, lo que permite correlacionar la producción de CB con el consumo de medio. La concentración de 13,3 %, presenta los mejores resultados en los parámetros de velocidad de crecimiento microbiano, cantidad y calidad de la celulosa producida.

This study assessed the effect of molasses treated with sulfuric acid (MZA-TR) and the condition of the crop (static) on the synthesis of cellulose by Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693, using a reactor with 0,2 liters of growing medium, with initial concentrations of 13,3 % and 26,6 % of molasses treated (MZA-TR) in the culture medium at pH 5,6. The volume of the inoculum was 10 per cent of the total volume of the environment; the process was carried out at ambient temperature (30 °C), with times of incubation of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Also, different physico-chemical and mechanical parameters of the pulp were evaluated. The thickness of the cellulose film presented a maximum of 2.5 cm, being the best result obtained, in comparison to previous reports in the literature. Furthermore, it was found that using MZA-TR in the middle considerably increased the production of cellulose in static at 28 days of incubation. Finally, it was observed that the consumption of glucose and fructose decreased during the synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose (BC); during the first 3 days of incubation it was noted the maximum decline, which allows to correlate the production of CB with the consumption of media. The concentration of 13.3 %, presents the best results in the speed parameters of microbial growth, the quantity and quality of cellulose produced.

Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito do melaço tratado com ácido sulfúrico (MZA-TR) e das condições da cultura (estática) sobre a síntese de celulose pelo Gluconacetobacter xylinus IFO 13693. Para isso, foi utilizado um reator com 0,2 litros de meio de cultura, com concentrações iniciais de 13,3 e 26,6% de MZA-TR, e pH igual a 5,6. O volume de inoculo foi de 10% do volume total do meio, e o processo foi realizado a temperatura ambiente (30°C), com tempos de 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Além disso, foram avaliados os distintos parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos da celulose. A espessura máxima que apresentou o filme de celulose foi de 2,5 cm, sendo o melhor resultado obtido, ao comparar com os reportados anteriormente na literatura. Verificou-se também que ao usar MZA-TR no meio de cultura houve um aumento considerável na produção de celulose no meio estático aos 28 dias de incubação. Finalmente foi observado que o consumo de glicose e frutose diminuiu durante a síntese de celulose bacteriana (CB). Durante os três primeiros dias de incubação verificou-se a diminuição máxima, o que permite correlacionar a produção de CB com o consumo do meio. A concentração de 13,3% apresentou os melhores resultados nos parâmetros da velocidade de crescimento microbiano, quantidade e qualidade da celulose produzida.

Eficiencia do melaco como fonte de carbono na remocao de nitrito em lixiviados de aterros sanitarios / Molasses efficiency as carbon source in nitrite removal from landfill leachates

Neste trabalho simulou-se a desnitrificação via nitrito em lixiviado de aterro sanitário, operando-se em escala laboratorial através de um reator em batelada sequencial (RBS) adicionando-se melaço de cana como fonte externa alternativa de carbono. As razões DBOlixiviado+melaço/N-NOx estudadas foram 0,37; 4; 12 e 14 com tempo de reação anóxica de 4,33 h (DBO/N-NOx=0,37; 4 e 14) e 22 h (DBO/N-NOx=12). A taxa específica de desnitritação foi de 0,07 kg nitrito.kg-1 sólidos suspensos voláteis (SSV)*dia após 4,33 h de reação anóxica nos ensaios sem adição de melaço de cana e 0,19 e 0,12 kg nitrito.kg-1 SSV*dia nos ensaios realizados com adição de melaço de cana, fornecendo uma razão DBO/N-NOx de 4 e 14, respectivamente. Ampliando-se o tempo de reação anóxica para 22 h e realizando os ensaios sob razão DBO/N-NOx de 12, a taxa específica de desnitritação foi aumentada para 0,55 kg nitrito.kg-1 SSV*dia.

In this work, the denitrification was simulated via nitrite at landfill leachate, operating at laboratory scale through a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) adding cane molasses as an alternative external source of carbon. The reasons BODlandfill leachate+molasses / N-NOx studied were 0.37, 4, 12 and 14 with aNOxic reaction time of 4.33 h (BOD/N-NOx=0.37, 4 and 14) and 22 h (BOD/N -NOx=12). The specific rate of denitritation was 0.07 kg nitrite.kg volatile suspended solids (VSS)* day after 4.33 h of aNOxic reaction in tests without the addition of cane molasses and 0.19 and 0.12 kg nitrite.kg-1 VSS*day in the tests with the addition of cane molasses, providing a ratio BOD/N-NOx 4 and 14, respectively. Widening the aNOxic reaction time to 22 h by performing tests on ratio BOD/N-NOx 12, the specific rate of denitritation was increased to 0.55 kg nitrite.kg-1 VSS*day.

Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli grown on cane molasses fortified with ethanol

The aim of this work was to study the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli isolated from the industrial contaminated soil samples using cane molasses as an inexpensive substrate. The amount of PHA accumulated followed a similar pattern to its growth for each of treatment indicating a growth-related production, yielding maximum PHA production of 54.1 and 47.16% for B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively after 96 h cultivation in the medium containing 6 and 8 % molasses, respectively and decreased thereafter. The growth and PHA yields were improved by introducing 1% ethanol into the molasses medium. Ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate at a concentration of 1 g/L served as the best nitrogen sources for bacterial growth, allowing B. subtilis and E. coli cells to accumulate PHA up to 62.21 and 58.7%, respectively. The optimum environmental conditions that influenced the PHA production by the two strains were inoculum concentration of 8%, pH 7.0 and a temperature of 35°C. The functional groups of the extracted PHA granules were identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis.

In vivo analysis of toxic effect of hydrose used in food preparations in Bangladesh

Objective: To evaluate the toxic effect of hydrose used in the molasses preparation in Bangladesh. Methods: Molasses were collected from open markets in different parts of Bangladesh. The presence of hydrose in selected molasses was detected using commercial kit. To evaluate the toxic effect of hydrose, Swiss albino male mice were divided into four groups. Group I was used as control, while Groups II, III and IV received hydrose mixing food (5, 10 and 25 g/ kg food), respectively, and these supplementations were continued to the end of the study (16 weeks). Blood was collected from thoracic arteries of the mice under ether anesthesia and then organs were taken. To determine the effect of hydrose on host, blood indices related to liver, heart and kidney dysfunctions were measured. Result: Creatinine and urea levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in a dose dependent manner in hydrose treated mice, whereas calcium level was significantly decreased in hydrose exposed mice compared to control mice. Histological study of kidney showed the glomeruler inflammation, increased diameter of renal glomeruli and enlargement of proximal tubular lumen of kidneys of mice exposed to hydrose compared to that of control animals. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that use of hydrose in molasses and other food preparations in Bangladesh may cause kidney impairment.

In vivo analysis of toxic effect of hydrose used in food preparations in Bangladesh

Objective: To evaluate the toxic effect of hydrose used in the molasses preparation in Bangladesh.Methods:Molasses were collected from open markets in different parts of Bangladesh. The presence of hydrose in selected molasses was detected using commercial kit. To evaluate the toxic effect of hydrose, Swiss albino male mice were divided into four groups. Group I was used as control, while Groups II, III and IV received hydrose mixing food (5, 10 and 25 g/kg food), respectively, and these supplementations were continued to the end of the study (16 weeks). Blood was collected from thoracic arteries of the mice under ether anesthesia and then organs were taken. To determine the effect of hydrose on host, blood indices related to liver, heart and kidney dysfunctions were measured.Results:Creatinine and urea levels were significantly (P<0.05) increased in a dose dependent manner in hydrose treated mice, whereas calcium level was significantly decreased in hydrose exposed mice compared to control mice. Histological study of kidney showed the glomeruler inflammation, increased diameter of renal glomeruli and enlargement of proximal tubular lumen of kidneys of mice exposed to hydrose compared to that of control animals. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that use of hydrose in molasses and other food preparations in Bangladesh may cause kidney impairment.

Ethanol fermentation of sugarcane molasses by Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92 immobilized in Luffa cylindrica L. sponge discs and Ca-alginate matrices

Bio-ethanol production from cane molasses (diluted to 15 % sugar w/v) was studied using the bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis MTCC 92 entrapped in luffa (Luffa cylindrica L.) sponge discs and Ca-alginate gel beads as the immobilizing matrices. At the end of 96 h fermentation, the final ethanol concentrations were 58.7 ± 0.09 and 59.1 ± 0.08 g/l molasses with luffa and Ca-alginate entrapped Z. mobilis cells, respectively exhibiting 83.25 ± 0.03 and 84.6 ± 0.02 % sugar conversion. There was no statistical significant difference (Fischer's LSD) in sugar utilization (t = 0.254, p <0.801) and ethanol production (t =-0.663, p <0.513) between the two immobilization matrices used. Further, the immobilized cells in both the matrices were physiologically active for three more cycles of operation with less than 15 % decrease in ethanol yield in the 4th cycle, which was due to some leakage of cells. In conclusion, luffa sponge was found to be equally good as Ca-alginate as a carrier material for bacterial (Z. mobilis. cell immobilization for ethanol production. Further, it has added advantages such as it is cheap, non-corrosive and has no environmental hazard.

Optimization of biomass production with copper bioaccumulation by yeasts in submerged fermentation

The objective of this work was to study the production of biomass with copper bioaccumulation in submerged fermentation using sugarcane molasses. Candida pelliculosa BARU 05 isolated from Baru (Dipteryx alata) was selected for its good capacity to accumulate the copper. Fermentation was carried out using the medium composed by sugarcane molasses at 5 °Brix enriched with (g/L) CuSO4.5H2O 0.1; yeast extract, 10.0; (NH4)2SO4, 5.0 ; KH2PO4, 5.0 MgSO4, 0.5, inoculum 10 percent of total volume (100 ml), pH 6.0, and incubation at 30 °C, 120 rpm for 120 h. After three steps of optimization an uptake of 95.04 percent and 13.397 g/L biomass were obtained. The kinetics of copper bioaccumulation and biomass production was followed in a 10- liter bioreactor in a batch and fed-batch fermentation which showed copper accumulation of 91.98 and 100 percent, respectively, and biomass production of 38.85 g/L (24 h) and 57.54 g/L (48 h), respectively.