Telangana Jonna 1(CSV 41): A High Yielding, Dual Purpose, Potential Sorghum Variety

Aims: The aim of this study was popularize the developed high yielding, dual purpose, potential sorghum variety and its acceptability by the farming community.Study of Design: Randomized Block Design.Place and Duration of Study: The Present study was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem, Nagarkurnool and evaluated across fifteen AICRP centers at national level from 2010 to 2019.Methodology: A high yielding, dual purpose sorghum variety was derived from a cross between SPV-86 x ICSR-89064 through Pedigree method of breeding and subsequently it was evaluated at station level from 2013 – 2015 and also at AICRP system from fifteen centers during 2016 – 2018 for its grain and fodder yield and resistance to pests and diseases and showed superior performance over the three nation checks.Results: Sorghum culture SPV 2437 recorded highest grain and fodder yield of 3179.8 kg ha-1 and15900.2 kg ha-1and yielded +39.25%, +3.86% and +14.88% higher grain yield and +92.48, +13.59, and +8.46 higher fodder yield superiority than checks CSV 17, CSV 20 and CSV-27 and shown 3.67 mean field grade and 4.37 mean threshed grade showing resistant reaction to grain mold disease.Conclusion: The sorghum variety SPV 2437 with higher grain and fodder yield, resistance to pest and disease and good cooking quality as compared to the check varieties was released through central varietal release committee during 2020 for Zone I (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Gujarat states) on the name of Telangana Jonna 1/CSV 41 and gaining its importance across the states for its high potential yield.

Sensitivity baseline establishment and resistance risk assessment of Botrytis cinerea from Panax ginseng to prochloraz / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to establish the baseline sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from Panax ginseng to prochloraz, and ensure the fitness of prochloraz-resistant mutants and the cross-resistance of B. cinerea to prochloraz and commonly used fungicides for the prevention and control of gray mold including boscalid, pyraclostrobin, iprodione, and pyrimethanil. The sensitivity of B. cinerea from P. ginseng to fungicides was determined by the mycelial growth rate method. The prochloraz-resistant mutants were screened out through fungicide domestication and ultraviolet(UV) induction. The fitness of resistant mutants was determined through the stability of subculture, mycelial growth rate, and pathogenicity test. The cross-resistance between prochloraz and the four fungicides was determined by Person correlation analysis. The results showed that all B. cinerea strains tested were sensitive to prochloraz, and the EC_(50) value ranged from 0.004 8 to 0.062 9 μg·mL~(-1), with an average of 0.022 μg·mL~(-1). The sensitivity frequency distribution diagram showed that 89 B. cinerea strains were located within the main peak with a continuous single peak curve, and the average EC_(50) value of 0.018 μg·mL~(-1) was taken as the baseline sensitivity of B. cinerea to prochloraz. The fungicide domestication and UV induction obtained 6 resistant mutants, among which 2 strains were unstable and the other 2 strains showed decreased resistance after multiple generations of culture. Furthermore, the mycelial growth rate and spore yield of all resistant mutants were lower than those of their parents, and the pathogenicity of most mutants was lower than that of their parents. In addition, prochloraz had no obvious cross-resistance with boscalid, pyraclostrobin, iprodione, and pyrimethanil. In conclusion, prochloraz has great potential for controlling gray mold in P. ginseng, and the resistance risk of B. cinerea to prochloraz is low.

Study on the testing for quality control of digital X-ray gastrointestinal machine / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the testing method of quality control of digital X-ray gastrointestinal machine,so as to ensure safe and effective operation of the equipment.Methods:According to the National Health Industry Standard<Specification for Testing of Quality Control in Medical X-ray Diagnostic Equipment>(WS 76-2020),the quality control of digital X-ray machine for the stomach and intestine was tested.The multifunctional X-ray dosimeter and the corresponding phantom were adopted to detect the deviation of the tube voltage indication,the half-value layer(HVL),the Kerma rate of incident body surface air of the subjects who received fluoroscopy examination,the high-contrast resolution and other parameters of the digital X-ray gastrointestinal machine.And then,whether the testing of quality control of that complied with the requirement of national regulations were further evaluated.Results:The detection of quality control of digital X-ray gastrointestinal machine indicated that the maximum deviation values of the tube voltage indications of 81kV and 90kV were respectively 0.86%and 0.97%,and the repeatability of radiation output was 0.1%,and the HVL was 3.12mmAI,and the typical value and the maximum value of the Kerma rate of incident body surface air of the subjects who received fluoroscopy examination were respectively 5.316mGy/min and 18.63mGy/min,and the high-contrast resolution of fluoroscopy was 1.6 lp/mm,and the low-contrast resolution of fluoroscopy was 3.3%,and the vertical angle of the useful wire beam was<1.5°,and the deviations between the light field and each boundary of right,left,lower and upper boundaries of the radiation field were respectively(a1)=-0.6 cm,(a2)=-0.1 cm,(b1)=0 cm and(b2)=-0.7 cm.In addition,the horizontally and vertically relative deviations of range errors were respectively 0.3%and 0.5%.In the deviations of exposure times(t),the deviations of t=50ms and t=140ms were respectively 9.42%and 2.14%.The images did not have obvious artifact.The above results indicated that the testing of quality control of digital X-ray machine for the stomach and intestine complied with the requirement of national regulations.Conclusion:The testing of the quality control for digital X-ray gastrointestinal machine,which adopts multi-functional X-ray dosimeter and the corresponding phantom,can reflect the performance status of the equipment,and ensure the safe and effective operation of the equipment in clinical practice.

Análise físico-química e atividades antifúngica e antioxidante do óleo essencial da flor de Curatella americana L / Physichochemical analysis, and antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Curatella americana L. flower

Introdução: a espécie vegetal Curatella americana produz anualmente inflorescências com aroma adocicado rica em óleo essencial. Objetivo: avaliar as características físico-químicas, e atividades antifúngica e antioxidante do óleo essencial da flor de Curatella americana. Metodologia: as flores foram coletadas em quatro áreas de Cerrado no estado de Goiás; o rendimento de óleo essencial foi obtido através de hidrodestilação; as características físicas foram determinadas para densidade e solubilidade, a atividade antioxidante foi determinada pela redução do radical livre DPPH; a atividade antifúngica foi determinada por inibição das cepas de Candida, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Aspergillus flavus. Resultados: o rendimento de óleo foi de 0,18%, densidade de 0,907 g mL-1, solubilidade positiva para EtOH 70%, atividade antioxidante de CI50 µL mL-1 1,95. Atividade de inibição fúngica apenas para Candida tropicalis na concentração de 8% com halo de antibiose de 10 mm. Sensibilidade discreta nas maiores concentrações de 25, 50 e 100 µL-1 para Aspergillus flavus e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum e baixa atividade de inibição para Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Conclusão: o óleo essencial da flor de Curatella americana apresentou baixo rendimento, entretanto, alta eficiência na redução do radical livre DPPH. As atividades antifúngicas apresentaram bons resultados de inibição, entretanto, torna-se necessário a adição de outros óleos essenciais para aumento das taxas de inibição micelial.

Introduction: the plant species Curatella americana produces annual inflorescences with a sweet flavour rich in essential oil. Objective: to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of the Curatella americana flower. Methodology: the flowers were collected in four areas of Cerrado in the state of Goiás; the essential oil yield was obtained through hydrodistillation; the physical characteristics were determined for density and solubility, the antioxidant activity was determined by the reduction of the free radical DPPH; antifungal activity was determined by inhibiting the strains of Candida, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Aspergillus flavus. Results: the oil yield was 0.18%, density 0.907 g mL-1, positive solubility for EtOH 70%, antioxidant activity of IC50 µL mL-1 1.95. Fungal inhibition activity only for Candida tropicalis at a concentration of 8% with a 10 mm antibiosis halo. Discrete sensitivity in the highest concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 µL-1 for Aspergillus flavus and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and low inhibition activity for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Conclusion: The essential oil of the Curatella americana flower showed low yield, however, high efficiency in reducing DPPH free radical. Antifungal activities showed good inhibition results, however, it is necessary to add other essential oils to increase mycelial inhibition rates.

Clinical information analysis of 10 533 patients of chronic pancreatitis-summary of clinical treatment in Changhai Hospital over 28 years / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To summarize the experience of treatment for chronic pancreatitis by analyzing the clinical information of 10 533 patients with chronic pancreatitis admitted to First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Changhai Hospital) in the past 28 years.Methods:Clinical data including the age, sex, place of birth, admission time, admission age, admission department, discharge time, hospitalization times and treatment methods of chronic pancreatitis patients admitted to Changhai Hospital from January 1995 to February 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. The changes of chronic pancreatitis patients′ admission, demographic characteristics and treatment mode were summarized.Results:A total of 10 533 patients were analyzed, including 7 443 males (70.66%) and 3 090 females (29.34%), and male to female ratio was 2.41∶1. The average age of admission was (45.7±15.0) years. In terms of geographical distribution, East China was the largest, followed by North China and Northwest China. 10 533 patients were admitted for 19 920 times, and there were 18 156 times (91.14%) in gastroenterology department and 1 452 times (7.29%) in general surgery department. Patients in gastroenterology department were admitted for (1.88±1.45) times and the average length of hospitalization was (10.33±5.63) days. A total of 14 134 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [(1.45±1.41) times per patient] were performed among 8 022 patients, and 13 882 pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [(2.22±0.36) times per patient] were performed among 6 629 patients. In general surgery department, patients were admitted for (1.03±0.16) times and the average length of hospitalization was (14.90±9.00) days. 1 242 patients underwent surgical treatment. The ratio of endoscopic therapy to surgery increased from 0.12∶1 in 1995 to 15.72∶1 in 2021.Conclusions:The study shows that chronic pancreatitis was more common in middle-aged males in China, and the treatment modes of chronic pancreatitis in Changhai Hospital had changed from surgery to endoscopic therapy.

Application of a new type of dermatologic surgical mold in standardized residency training / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of a new type of simulated dermatologic surgical mold based on 3D printing in standardized residency training of dermatology.Methods:In this study, 35 residents in Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January 2018 to May 2019 were randomly divided into two groups: a new mold group based on 3D printing ( n=18) and a traditional mold group ( n=17). Two groups of residents were examined by dermatologic biopsy on the mold, and the effect of teaching was evaluated by questionnaire survey. SPSS 22.0 was used for data analysis, and the measurement data was expressed by (means ± standard deviation). The comparison between the new mold group and the traditional mold group was made by two independent samples t test. Results:The scores of dermatologic biopsy examination of residents in the new mold group were higher than those in the traditional mold group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01); and the scores of the questionnaires for the teaching effect of the new mold group were higher than those of the traditional mold group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.01). Conclusion:The new type of simulated dermatologic surgical mold based on 3D printing, which has been successfully applied in the practical training of residents, lays a solid foundation for the actual clinical operation and significantly improves the teaching effect, providing a broad application prospect.

Study of the protective effect of total flavonoids of Dracocephalum moldavica L.On doxorubicin induced injury in HUVECs based on VEGF-B/AMPKa pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effect of TFDM on doxorubicin-induced endothelial cell injury and its mechanism.Methods Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay.Cell morphology was observed by microscope.The changes of LDH, SOD and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected by kit method.Cell migration was detected by Transwell assay; Endothelial dysfunction and VEGF-B/AMPKa pathway related protein expression were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with model group, TFDM significantly increased cell viability, improved the morphologic changes of HUVEC induced by DOX, decreased LDH leakage, increased SOD activity, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted endothelial cell migration, and inhibited endothelial cell injury.The results of Western blot showed that com pared with control group TFDM increased the expression levels of non-receptor tyrosine kinase ( Src) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) .increased the phosphorylation level of eNOS, and decreased the expression level of ET-1 protein, thereby inhibiting endothelial dysfunction.The protein expression levels of VEGF-B, NRP1 , VEGFR1 and the ratio of p-AMPKa/AMPKa significantly increased in the administration group.Conclusion TFDM may inhibit doxorubicin-induced endothelial cell injury by activating VEGF-B/AMPKa pathway.

An Overview of Fermentation Technology Evolution and Process Control of Sojae Semen Praeparatum / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The historical evolution， fermentation technology and key links of Sojae Semen Praeparatum （SSP） were sorted out by consulting ancient books and modern literature， and the influencing factors and control methods of quality were analyzed and summarized in order to provide reference for the quality control of SSP. After analysis， it was found that in the fermentation process of SSP， fermentation strains， miscellaneous bacteria， temperature and humidity were all important factors affecting the quality of SSP. The condition control of "post fermentation" process has been paid more attention to in the past dynasties. In addition， the delicious SSP recognized in ancient times should be made from mold fermentation， and the breeding and application of fermented mold may be the key point to solve the quality problem of SSP. Therefore， based on the evaluation indexes of SSP in the past dynasties， it is of great significance to study and optimize the technological conditions such as strain， temperature and humidity in depth to improve the quality of SSP.

Clinical study of using constant temperature vaginal mould to prevent radiation vaginal stenosis in patients with cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy / 中国辐射卫生

Objective to investigate the clinical effect of constant temperature vaginal mould in preventing vaginal stricture in patients with cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Methods from January 2017 to December 2018, 80 patients with cervical cancer were selected and divided into vaginal irrigation control group (n = 40) and observation group (n = 40). The incidence of vaginal stricture was compared between the two groups. Results the incidence of vaginal stenosis was 32.50% in the observation group and 70.00% in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion vaginal mould is helpful to reduce the incidence of vaginal stenosis caused by external irradiation and close irradiation, which is worth popularizing in the future.

Chemical composition and in vitro inhibitory effects of essential oils from fruit peel of three Citrus species and limonene on mycelial growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum / Composição química e efeito inibitório in vitro dos óleos essenciais das cascas dos frutos de três espécies de Citrus e do limoneno sobre o crescimento micelial de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Abstract Essential oils (EO) from aromatic and medicinal plants generally perform a diverse range of biological activities because they have several active constituents that work in different mechanisms of action. EO from Citrus peel have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses, besides other applications. EO from Citrus reticulata, C. sinensis and C. deliciosa were extracted from fruit peel and analyzed by GC-MS. The major constituent of EO under evaluation was limonene, whose concentrations were 98.54%, 91.65% and 91.27% for C. sinensis, C. reticulata and C. deliciosa, respectively. The highest potential of inhibition of mycelial growth was observed when the oil dose was 300 μL. Citrus oils inhibited fungus growth in 82.91% (C. deliciosa), 65.82% (C. sinensis) and 63.46% (C. reticulata). Anti-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum activity of 90% pure limonene and at different doses (20, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μL) was also investigated. This monoterpene showed to be highly active by inhibiting 100% fungus growth even at 200 and 300 μL doses. This is the first report of the in vitro inhibitory effect of natural products from these three Citrus species and its results show that there is good prospect of using them experimentally to control S. sclerotiorum, in both greenhouse and field conditions.

Resumo Óleos essenciais de plantas aromáticas e medicinais geralmente exibem uma gama diversificada de atividades biológicas, pois possuem vários constituintes ativos que atuam por meio de vários mecanismos de ação. Os óleos essenciais das cascas de Citrus têm uma variedade impressionante de usos em alimentos, medicamentos entre várias outras aplicações. Os óleos essenciais (OE) de Citrus reticulata, C. sinenses e C. deliciosa foram extraídos das cascas dos frutos e analisados por CG-EM. O limoneno foi o constituinte majoritário encontrado nos óleos essenciais avaliados, nas concentrações de 98,54%, 91,65% e 91,27% para C. sinensis, C. reticulata e C. deliciosa, respectivamente. Os maiores potenciais de inibição do crescimento micelial foi observado na dose de 300 µL dos óleos. Os óleos de Citrus inibiram em 82,91% (C. deliciosa), 65,82% (C. sinensis) e 63,46% (C. reticulata) o crescimento do fungo. A atividade anti-Sclerotinia sclerotiorum do limoneno 90% puro e em diferentes doses (20, 50, 100, 200 e 300 µL) foi também investigada e este monoterpeno demonstrou-se altamente ativo inibindo 100% o crescimento do fungo inclusive nas doses de 200 e 300 µL. Este é o primeiro relato sobre o efeito inibitório in vitro dos óleos essenciais destas três espécies de Citrus e os resultados deste estudo mostram que existe uma boa perspectiva de uso destes produtos naturais experimentalmente para controlar o S. sclerotiorum tanto em condições de estufa como em condições de campo.

Prenatal mold exposure is associated with development of atopic dermatitis in infants through allergic inflammation / Exposição pré-natal a mofo está associada ao desenvolvimento de dermatite atópicaem neonatos por reação alérgica

Abstract Objective Mold exposure in early life may be associated with development of atopic dermatitis; however, studies of this link are inconclusive and evidence for the underlying mechanism(s) is lacking. This study identified the association between the time of mold exposure and development of atopic dermatitis and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Method The association between atopic dermatitis and mold exposure was examined in the Cohort for Childhood Origin of Asthma and Allergic Diseases birth cohort study (n = 1446). Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed at 1 year of age by pediatric allergists. Exposure to mold was assessed by questionnaire. The Illumina MiSeq platform was used to examine the environmental mycobiome in 20 randomly selected healthy infants and 20 infants with atopic dermatitis at 36 weeks of gestation. Results Prenatal, but not postnatal, mold exposure was significantly associated with atopic dermatitis (adjusted odds ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.83). Levels of total serum IgE at 1 year of age were higher in infants with atopic dermatitis exposed to mold during pregnancy than in healthy infants not exposed to mold during pregnancy (p = 0.021). The relative abundance of uncultured Ascomycota was higher in infants with atopic dermatitis than in healthy infants. The relative abundance of uncultured Ascomycota correlated with total serum IgE levels at 1 year of age (r = 0.613, p < 0.001). Conclusion Indoor mold exposure during the fetal period is associated with development of atopic dermatitis via IgE-mediated allergic inflammation. Avoidance of mold exposure during this critical period might prevent the development of atopic dermatitis.

Resumo Objetivo A exposição ao mofo no início da vida pode estar associada ao desenvolvimento de dermatite atópica; contudo, os estudos sobre esse vínculo são inconclusivos e faltam evidências dos mecanismos subjacentes. Identificamos a associação entre o momento da exposição ao mofo e o desenvolvimento de dermatite atópica e investigamos os mecanismos subjacentes. Método A associação entre dermatite atópica e exposição a mofo foi examinada em um estudo de coorte de nascimento da Origem da Asma e de Doenças Alérgicas em Crianças (COCOA) (n = 1446). A dermatite atópica foi diagnosticada em pacientes com um ano de vida por pediatras alergistas. A exposição ao mofo foi avaliada por um questionário. A plataforma Illumina MiSeq foi utilizada para examinar o microbioma ambiental em 20 neonatos saudáveis escolhidos aleatoriamente e 20 com dermatite atópica a 36 semanas de gestação. Resultados A exposição pré-natal, porém não pós-natal, ao mofo foi significativamente associada à dermatite atópica (razão de chances ajustada, 1,36; intervalo de confiança de 95%, 1,01-1,83). Os níveis séricos totais de Imunoglobulina E (IgE) no primeiro ano de vida foram maiores em neonatos com dermatite atópica expostos a mofo durante a gravidez do que em neonatos não expostos a mofo durante a gravidez (p = 0,021). A abundância relativa de Ascomycota não cultivado foi maior em neonatos com dermatite atópica do que em neonatos saudáveis. A abundância relativa de Ascomycota não cultivado correlacionou-se com os níveis séricos totais de IgE no primeiro ano de vida (r = 0,613, p < 0,001). Conclusão A exposição ao mofo no ambiente domiciliar durante a gravidez está associada ao desenvolvimento de dermatite atópica por meio de reação alérgica mediada por IgE. A prevenção à exposição ao mofo durante o período crítico da gravidez pode prevenir o desenvolvimento de dermatite atópica.

Effectiveness of auricular orthosis in the treatment of children with congenital auricular deformity / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To explore the treatment effects of domestic auricular orthosis on children born with congenital auricular deformity.@*Methods@#Children born with congenital auricle deformity were treated by "Yi Er" auricle orthosis, included 42 ears of 29 cases.These children were divided into three groups according to the birth age. The age less than 7 days was divided into group 1, 7-42 days for group 2, and more than 42 days for group 3. Compare the therapeutic effect of children in different ages.@*Results@#The therapeutic effect was divided into three grades: markedly effective and cured (basically return to normal appearance); effective (improved, but not reached the normal appearance); invalid (no improvement after treatment). The markedly effective and cured rate in group 1, group 2 and group 3 were 100%, 85.7% and 45.0%, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05), and the average correction time was(20.75±6.50)d, (32.64±15.40)d, (48.23±17.32) d, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The domestic auricle orthosis has a significant effect on the correction of children born with congenital auricular deformity. The better treatment effect and the shorter wearing time can be acquired in the early correction.

The prevalence of allergic diseases in school children of metropolitan city in Indonesia shows a similar pattern to that of developed countries

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergy among Surabaya school children is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of the common allergic sensitization and allergic diseases among school children and undergraduate students in suburban of Surabaya by epidemiologic data collection. METHODS: A multistage simple random sampling was done to select 5 primary schools, 8 secondary schools (4 of junior high schools and senior high schools, respectively), and 1 university from 5 districts in Surabaya city. Out of 550 invited respondents, 499 (128 primary school, 221 secondary school, and 150 undergraduate) respondents gave their consent. A complete personal history, allergic symptoms, environmental exposure of common allergens was obtained from interview and the physical examinations were performed. Skin prick test (SPT) was done using 45 different allergen extracts. Total serum IgE and specific IgE radioallergosorbent test levels were measured for respondents with allergic manifestations. RESULTS: There was an increasing SPT positivity among study respondents, from primary school, secondary school, to undergraduate students (21.90%, 28.95%, to 45.30% respectively). Cockroach (42.85%) and fungi/mold spore (42.85%) were the most common allergens in primary school children. House dust mites was the most common allergen in secondary school (63.16%) and undergraduate students (58.82%). Urticaria and rhinitis were the commonest allergic diseases manifestation. History of atopy was positive in 60.79% of the allergic respondents. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of allergic sensitization among school children and undergraduate students in Surabaya suburb areas were increased compared to previous estimates in 1998. While house dust mites are known as important allergens, surprisingly cockroach was the common allergen among the younger school children.

Interference of aqueous and ethanolic solutions of Adiantum latifolium Lam. (Pteridaceae) leaves on in vitro Ceratocystis cacaofunesta mycelial growth / Interferência de soluções aquosas e alcoólicas de folhas de Adiantum latifolium Lam. (Pteridaceae) no crescimento micelial de Ceratocystis cacaofunesta in vitro

Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is the etiologic agent of "Ceratocystis wilt of cacao", an irreversible disease that affects the vascular system of the plant. The management of the disease is difficult and economic and alternative solutions are needed. The medicinal plants compounds are known to have antimicrobial activity, and they could be an alternative choice in the C. cacaofunesta control. Considering this, this work aimed to verify the in vitro antifungal activity of aqueous and alcoholic solutions of Adiantum latifolium leaves on C. cacaofunesta. Plant material was collected at Atlantic Forest biome in cacao cultivation area in South of Bahia state. Aqueous and ethanolic solutions were made by boiling and maceration in 70% ethanol, respectively. After filtration, they were added to culture medium at 1, 5 and 10% dilution. A 7 mm disc colony of C. cacaofunesta was inoculated in the middle of the well containing Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and the mycelial growth was observed. Controls consisted on SDA with sterile water or 70% ethanol at the same dilution of treatments, and Tebuconazole at 4 µg.mL-1. Neither aqueous nor ethanolic solutions inhibited the mycelial growth. However, aqueous solution presence induced a higher mycelial growth rate. Conversely, aqueous solution treatment induced mycelial growth. Tebuconazole showed important mycelial growth inhibition and it could be considered in C. cacaofunesta propagation control in areas where genetic selection or handling management still fail.(AU)

A espécie Ceratocystis cacaofunesta é o agente etiológico do mal-do-facão, patogenia caracterizada por danos irreversíveis no sistema vascular da planta. O controle da doença é difícil e a busca por soluções alternativas e econômicas é necessária. Sabe-se que os compostos das plantas medicinais possuem atividade microbiana e podem ser uma opção alternativa no controle de C. cacaofunesta. Baseado nisso, esse trabalho se propôs a verificar in vitro o potencial antifúngico das soluções aquosa e alcóolica de Adiantum latifolium sobre C. cacaofunesta. O material vegetal foi coletado no bioma Mata Atlântica em área de plantio de cacau, no sul da Bahia. Solução aquosa foi obtida por decocção e solução etanólica por maceração em etanol 70%. As soluções foram filtradas e adicionadas ao meio de cultura em diluições de 1, 5 e 10%. Inocularam-se fragmentos de 7 mm de colônia de C. cacaofunesta no centro do meio de cultura contendo ágar Sabouraud dextrose (ASD) e se observou o crescimento do disco micelial. Os controles consistiram em SDA com água estéril ou etanol a 70% na mesma diluição de tratamentos e o antifúngico Tebuconazol a 4 µg.mL-1. Nenhuma concentração das soluções aquosa e alcóolica inibiu o crescimento micelial. Entretanto, a presença de solução aquosa induziu maior crescimento micelial. O antifúngico Tebuconazol apresentou efeito redutor importante do crescimento micelial e pode ser uma alternativa no controle da propagação do C. cacaofunesta em locais onde a seleção genética e o manejo adequado de instrumentos no momento da poda apresentam falhas.(AU)

Detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on soybean and common bean seeds by modified neon-s test / Detecção de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum em sementes de soja e de feijão pela técnica neon-s modificada

The Neon-S method has been used for detection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on soybean and common bean seeds since the 2010 crop season. However, this method can lead to identification of false-positives due to the presence of other fungi that change the medium pH. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of increasing incubation period on the reliability of Neon-S test in detecting S. sclerotiorum infection on soybean and common bean seeds. A randomized block design was set up with three replicates in a 3x3 factorial scheme, consisting of three detection methods (germination paper test, Neon-S, and modified Neon-S2) and three seed material (naturally infected common beans, naturally infected and artificially inoculated soybean seeds). The three methods were compared by evaluating 400 seeds per replication, after incubating them for seven days in Neon-S, for 15 days in Neon-S2, and for 30 days in germination paper, determining the presence of the fungus and of sclerotia adhered to the seeds. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance and the averages compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. From 2008 to 2012, 637 lots were evaluated. Among the seed material, artificially inoculated soybean presented the greatest pathogen infection index. The germination paper test led to 2.8% of positive samples, contrasting 29.7% of Neon-S. The modified method Neon-S2 increased detection sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum in seed lots (31.2%); however, did not significantly differ from the Neon-S method, despite its greater averages. We concluded that detection of S. sclerotiorum by the Neon-S method can be optimized by incubation for 15 days (Neon-S2), due to the formation of sclerotia near the infect seeds which confirms the presence of the pathogen avoiding false-positive results.

O método de Neon-S tem sido utilizado para a detecção de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum em sementes de soja e de feijão desde a safra de 2010. Porém, esse método possibilita a leitura de falsos-positivos devido ao aparecimento de fungos que também alteram o pH do meio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o aumento do período de incubação melhora a confiabilidade do teste Neon-S em detectar o patógeno S. sclerotiorum em sementes de soja e de feijão. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três métodos de detecção (rolo de papel, Neon-S e o meio modificado Neon-S2) e três tipos de sementes (feijão infectado naturalmente e sementes de soja infectadas natural ou artificialmente), totalizando nove tratamentos, com três repetições. Os três métodos foram comparados avaliando 400 sementes por repetição: em meio Neon-S com incubação de sete dias, Neon-S2 com incubação de 15 dias e em rolo de papel por 30 dias, anotando-se a presença do fungo e de escleródios aderidos às sementes. Realizou-se a análise de variância dos dados e teste de comparação de médias (Tukey 5%). No período de 2008 a 2012, 637 lotes foram testados. Dentre os tipos de sementes, a soja inoculada artificialmente apresentou os maiores índices de infecção pelo patógeno. O teste de rolo de papel apresentou 2,8% de amostras positivas, enquanto o Neon-S 29,7%. O método Neon-S2 aumentou a sensibilidade de detecção de S. sclerotiorum nos lotes de sementes analisadas (31,2%); porém, não foi detectada diferença significativa comparativamente ao método Neon-S, ainda que com maiores médias. Conlui-se que a detecção de S. sclerotiorum pelo método Neon-S pode ser otimizada com a incubação por 15 dias (Neon-S2), em virtude da formação de escleródios próximos às sementes infectadas, o que confirma a presença do patógeno e evita a leitura de falsos-positivos.

Screening and Evaluation of Yeast Antagonists for Biological Control of Botrytis cinerea on Strawberry Fruits

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most common diseases of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) worldwide. Although many chemical fungicides are used for controlling the growth of B. cinerea, the risk of the fungus developing chemical resistance together with consumer demand for reducing the use of chemical fungicides have necessitated an alternative method to control this pathogen. Various naturally occurring microbes aggressively attack plant pathogens and benefit plants by suppressing diseases; these microbes are referred to as biocontrol agents. However, screening of potent biocontrol agents is essential for their further development and commercialization. In this study, 24 strains of yeast with antagonistic ability against gray mold were isolated, and the antifungal activity of the volatile and diffusible metabolites was evaluated. Putative mechanisms of action associated with the biocontrol capacity of yeast strains against B. cinerea were studied through in vitro and in vivo assays. The volatile organic compounds produced by the Galactomyces candidum JYC1146 could be useful in the biological control of plant pathogens and therefore are potential alternative fungicides with low environmental impact.

Spinal Nerve Position and Morphometric Analysis with Silicon Molds in the Cadaveric Lumbar Intervertebral Foramen / 체질인류학회지

The intervertebral foramen is formed by two adjacent vertebrae and an intervertebral disc. Previous studies examining the foramen have been performed using various methods. The author obtained characteristics of the intervertebral foramen based on silicon mold. The author used 18 cadavers and dissected the lumbar intervertebral foramen. First, positional levels of the spinal nerve in the intervertebral foramen were measured. Second, after being removed all tissues covering the intervertebral, bony foramen was filled with melted silicon to mold the cross section. Subsequently, the solidified silicon mold was removed and stamped on a paper. The paper was scanned and analyzed area, perimeter, height and width of the intervertebral foramen on a computer. Area (average, 9.43 mm²) and perimeter (average, 48.02 mm) did not show any statistical significant pattern for any lumbar vertebral levels. However, the height and width significantly differed at the fifth lumbar vertebra, which had the shortest height (the fifth, 13.00 mm; average, 15.78 mm) and longest width (the fifth, 8.61 mm; average, 7.87 mm), although there were similar patterns in case of area and perimeter of the first to fourth lumbar vertebra. Height had a decrease tendency while width had an increase tendency both from the second to fifth lumbar vertebra. Spinal nerves went through near the intervertebral disc level from the first to fourth lumbar vertebra, although they passed below the disc at the fifth level. This study provides a different view of methodology for the 3-dimensional aspect for the intervertebral foramen. Results of this study may indicate that height and width of the intervertebral foramen changed along all lumbar vertebral levels; nevertheless, area and perimeter of the intervertebral foramen remained constant.

Mold Contamination and aflatoxin B1 levels in salted fish commodities from traditional market in Yogyakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia

Aims@#To identify mold contaminant on salted fish, from two different market locations (Kenjeran market, Surabaya and Beringharjo market, Yogyakarta). Furthermore, levels of AFB1 (aflatoxin B1) in salted fish samples were assayed. @*Methodology and results@#The samples were cultivated on DRBC (Dichloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar) and DG-18 (Dichloran (18%) Glycerol Agar) medium for enumeration, then transferred on MEA (Malt Extract Agar) medium for isolation and identification, followed by ELISA test to measure the AFB1 level. Meanwhile aflatoxin biosynthesis correlated genes (i.e. aflR, nor-1 and omtB genes) were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. The results showed that Aspergillus tamarii and A. flavus being contaminant on salted fish along with A. sydowii, A. niger, A. versicolor, Penicillium citrinum, and P. chrysogenum. Rhizopus sp. contamination was also found. AFB 1 was positively detected in all of samples with the highest concentration measured was 75.81 μg/kg which belong to Lidah salted fish and the lowest concentration measured was 4.33 μg/kg which belong to Rese salted fish. The suspected A. flavus and A. tamarii isolated from salted fish was positively detected in the presence of aflR, nor-1 and omtB genes. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Mold contamination was detected in salted fish from two different markets and all of those samples were contaminated by AFB1. These can be important information related to food safety aspect for salted fish.

Qualidade microbiológica de açaí industrializado / Microbiological quality of industrialized açai

Amostras de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) tipo fino congeladas e sem adição de quaisquer outros ingredientes foram adquiridas no comércio varejista da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas microbiologicamente 54 amostras, pertencentes a 6 diferentes marcas (A, B, C, D, E e F). Todas as amostras analisadas encontravam-se dentro do prazo de validade estabelecido pelo fabricante e as empresas eram registradas no MAPA. Os micro-organismos analisados foram: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, de acordo com o preconizado pela legislação brasileira vigente. Considerando-se o limite máximo possível estabelecido pela lei, 2 lotes de cada marca B, E e F e 1 lote de cada marca C e D apresentaram contagens acima do permitido para fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Apenas 2 amostras apresentaram contagens de Escherichia coli, ambas estando fora do máximo estabelecido pela legislação vigente. Constatou- -se ausência de Salmonella em todas as amostras analisadas. A presença de fungos filamentosos, leveduras e Escherichia coli pode ser um indicativo de práticas inadequadas durante a fabricação do açaí. Assim, é importante ressaltar a necessidade de um controle rigoroso da cadeia do frio, uma vez que esses micro-organismos podem ser responsáveis pela deterioração do produto.

Association Between Sensitization to Mold and Impaired Pulmonary Function in Children With Asthma

PURPOSE: Recent data indicate that sensitization to mold contributes to the severity and persistence of asthma. In this study, we investigated the relationships between sensitization to mold and lung function parameters in children with asthma. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data from 551 asthmatic subjects. We selected subjects who met clinical diagnostic criteria of asthma. Their spirometry, methacholine challenge tests, and measurements of blood eosinophils, serum IgE, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) results were included. Skin prick testing (SPT) results with 13 common aeroallergens in Korea including house dust mites, animal dander, pollen, cockroach and mold were reviewed. Subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their SPT results. Subjects who showed no positive result to any aeroallergen were designated as group 1 (non-sensitized). Group 2 represented subjects who were sensitized to aeroallergens other than mold (other allergen-sensitized) and group 3 included subjects who were sensitized to mold allergens (mold-sensitized). RESULTS: Among the 551 asthmatic subjects, 67 (12.2%) were sensitized to mold and 366 (66.4%) were sensitized to other aeroallergens. The log mean IgE levels were higher in groups 2 (5.96±1.14 IU/mL) and 3 (5.81±0.97 IU/mL) compared to group 1 (3.88±1.68 IU/mL). Blood eosinophils, ECP and FeNO concentrations were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3, but no significant difference was found between the 2 groups. The mean FEV1 value was significantly lower in group 3 (86.9±12.1%pred) than in groups 2 (92.0±14.8%pred) and 1 (93.4±15.4%pred). The log mean methacholine PC20 was significantly lower in group 3 (0.08±1.91 mg/mL) than in groups 2 (1.31±1.69 mg/mL) and 1 (2.29±1.66 mg/mL). CONCLUSIONS: We observed a differential association between mold and other aeroallergen sensitization, and severity of asthma. Sensitization to mold is associated with lower lung function and increased airway hyper-responsiveness in children with asthma. Mold sensitization could be an important factor determining asthma severity particularly airflow limitation in children.