Food Choice Motives, Physical Activity Level and Body Mass Index Status Among Undergraduates Students: A Cross-sectional Study

@#Introduction: University students had high risk of unhealthy lifestyle habits such as being sedentary and having poor dietary choices due to higher cost of healthy food and the wide availability of fast food. These may contribute to overweight, obesity and co-morbidities. The aim of the study was to determine the association of food choices motives, physical activity (PA) level and body mass index status among undergraduates in Universiti Sains Malaysia. Methods: A total of 125 undergraduate students were recruited. Self-reported online questionnaire was administered to obtain information about sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, food choice motives using Food Choices Questionnaire and physical activity using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between food choice motive, PA and body mass index was assessed using Spearman correlation and Fisher`s Exact Test. Results: The three most important food choice motives are religion, price and sensory appeal. A total of 16% of the subjects were underweight, 19.2% were overweight and 11.2% were obese. 21.6% of the students had low PA level. There was significant inverse association between sensory appeal and BMI (p = 0.002, r = - 0.269). Physical activity was not significantly different between BMI categories. Conclusion: Those who have lower BMI reported to have greater sensory appeal, but association between PA and body mass index had no significant difference. Future studies are required for understanding the direct impact of food choice motives on dietary quality and its association with PA motivation and BMI status for reducing the prevalence of obesity among undergraduates.

Motives for physical activity participation among lebanese adults aged 18 to 50 years: a cross-sectional study / Motivos para participação de atividade física em libanes adultos de 18 a 50 anos: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Background: Sports participation motivations can be intrinsic, extrinsic, or even amotivational. Few studies on adult participation in PA have been found in the Lebanese context. This study aims to: a) investigate significant differences in sports participation motivation across gender, age, occupation, and time of practice, and b) investigate sports participation motives that discriminated the best between those variables. Material and methods: The Arabic version of the Sport Motivation Scale was collected electronically from 531 volunteers practicing regular PA for the last six months. Gender, occupation, marital status, and time of practice were all analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal Wallis Test with 0.05 as level of significance. Results: Internal motivation subscales (particularly the intention to accomplish) were the most influential motives for both genders. A significant difference across gender was reported in the extrinsic motivation and amotivation subscales. Furthermore, age, occupation, marital status, and time of practice show significant differences in motivation factors either dependent or regardless of gender distribution (p<0.05). Conclusion: no significant differences in the intrinsic motivation for sports participation between genders. Other factors, on the other hand, had a substantial impact. Research contribution: these findings are intended to contribute to a better understanding of differences in motivation for participating in PA and to aid in its promotion among Lebanese adults

RESUMO Contexto: As motivações para a participação desportiva podem ser intrínsecas, extrínsecas ou mesmo amotivacionais. Poucos estudos sobre a participação de adultos em AF foram encontrados no contexto libanês. Este estudo tem como objetivos: a) investigar diferenças significativas na motivação para a prática desportiva em função do género, idade, profissão e tempo de prática, e b) investigar os motivos da prática desportiva que melhor discriminaram entre essas variáveis. Material e métodos: A versão árabe da Sport Motivation Scale foi coletada eletronicamente de 531 voluntários praticantes regulares de AF nos últimos seis meses. Gênero, ocupação, estado civil e tempo de atuação foram analisados por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney e do teste de Kruskal Wallis com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: As subescalas de motivação interna (particularmente a intenção de realizar) foram os motivos mais influentes para ambos os sexos. Uma diferença significativa entre os gêneros foi relatada nas subescalas de motivação extrínseca e amotivação. Além disso, idade, ocupação, estado civil e tempo de prática mostram diferenças significativas nos fatores de motivação dependentes ou independentes da distribuição por gênero (p<0,05). Conclusão: não houve diferenças significativas na motivação intrínseca para a prática desportiva entre os sexos. Outros fatores, por outro lado, tiveram um impacto substancial. Contribuição da pesquisa: esses achados pretendem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão das diferenças na motivação para participar da AF e auxiliar na sua promoção entre adultos libaneses.

Ayudar y recibir ayuda de otros: precisiones sobre la regulación emocional interpersonal / Helping and Receiving Help from Others: Elucidating Interpersonal Emotional Regulation

Resumen La literatura en el campo de la regulación emocional nos ha presentado un amplio panorama frente a cómo es el proceso por medio del cual influenciamos en nuestras propias emociones. Sin embargo, pocos estudios, se han centrado en resaltar la importancia de ayudar a otros en su gestión de estados emocionales. El objetivo de este artículo es sintetizar, discutir y organizar algunos elementos teóricos y empíricos sobre la regulación emocional interpersonal. Se presenta cómo se ha analizado la regulación emocional desde el surgimiento de estos estudios en los años noventa, describiendo características, procesos, clases, motivos, elementos y consecuencias de la regulación emocional interpersonal que han sido reportados en la literatura. Se concluye que existe una falta de consenso teórico entre los investigadores, una escasa investigación en diversas áreas del conocimiento, tales como en la educación. Existe también una incipiente exploración en el contexto latinoamericano y una carencia de estudios con niños, niñas y adolescentes. Estas limitaciones sirven para señalar los vacíos teóricos y motivar a futuros investigadores a colaborar en estos campos.

Abstract Literature available in the field of emotional regulation has presented a broad overview of the process through which we influence our own emotions. Nonetheless, few studies have focused on highlighting the importance of helping others in the management of their emotional states. This paper aims to synthesize, discuss, and organize some theoretical and empirical contributions to interpersonal emotional regulation. The paper presents how emotional regulation has been analyzed since the emergence of these studies in the 1990s, including the characteristics, processes, classes, motives, elements, and consequences of interpersonal emotional regulation reported in the literature. It is concluded that there is a lack of theoretical consensus among researchers and a lack of research in different fields of knowledge, such as education. There is also an incipient exploration in the Latin American context and a lack of studies with children and adolescents. These limitations can help to point out theoretical gaps and motivate future researchers to collaborate in research production in these fields.

Rasgos de personalidad, bienestar y malestar psicológico en usuarios de redes sociales que presentan conductas disruptivas online / Personality traits, well-being and psychological distress in users who present online disruptive behavior

Resumen El presente estudio se propuso investigar perfiles de usuarios de redes sociales que presentan conductas disruptivas online. Para tal fin se diseñó un índice que permite evaluar el nivel en el que se presentan dichas conductas y se analizó la relación entre la intensidad de la conducta disruptiva online con variables sociodemográficas, motivos de usos de redes, variables de personalidad (normales, patológicas y rasgos vinculados a tríada oscura), bienestar y malestar psicológico. Participaron 858 adultos (421 hombres y 437 mujeres) que tenían en promedio 39.16 años (DE = 14.14). Para la recolección de datos se administraron: Dark Triad Scale, Big Five Inventory, Inventario para Trastornos de la Personalidad para el DSM-5, Mental Health Continuum . Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, y se diseñaron dos escalas: Índice de Conductas Disruptivas Online y Motivos de Utilización de Redes Sociales. En cuanto a las variables sociodemográficas, se halló que los más jóvenes de sexo masculino y que no trabajaban eran quienes presentaban un mayor nivel de comportamientos disruptivos online. En cuanto a los motivos de uso de redes, se observó que preferían usarlas con fines meramente exhibicionistas, de ocio o para iniciar nuevas relaciones. Por otro lado, en relación con rasgos de personalidad, aquellos que diferenciaban los perfiles en cuanto a la intensidad de las conductas disruptivas fueron: bajos niveles de responsabilidad y altos niveles de desinhibición, narcisismo y maquiavelismo. Por último, se demostró que presentar este tipo de conductas se asocia con mayor nivel de estrés y menor de bienestar social.

Abstract The present study focused on the analysis of online disruptive behavior that usually occurs among social network users. Individuals who perpetrate such behavior are commonly known as trolls or haters (Cheng, Danescu-Niculescu-Mitzil, & Leskovec, 2015). In general, they post comments, photos or provocative videos that do not pursue any purpose other than annoying or obtaining pleasure or fun (Brandel, 2007; Phillips, 2011). Recent studies have shown that certain personality traits are associated with the presence of such disruptive behavior. In this research, we studied normal personality traits, psychopathological traits, and dark personality traits in relation to disruptive behavior. The normal personality traits were considered from the classic Five Factor Model (FFM) - Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (Costa, & McCrae, 1985); the psychopathological traits, from the latest version of the DSM - Negative Effect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition and Psychoticism (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association, 2013); and the dark personality traits from the so-called Dark Triad model - Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy (Palthus, & Williams, 2002). This latter model has a growing interest in the international literature, related to dysfunctional Internet use, particularly to social networks. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze profiles of social network users who present online disruptive behavior. For this purpose, an index was designed to assess the level of occurrence of such behaviors. First, the relationship between the intensity of online disruptive behavior and sociodemographic variables (i. e., sex, age, studies, occupation and nationality) and motives for social network use (i. e., Relationship maintenance; Passing time and Exhibitionism; Relationship Initiation and Search for companionship) were assessed. Then, the relationships among personality variables (i. e., normal, psychopathological and traits related to the dark triad); well-being (i. e., emotional, social and personal) and psychological distress (i. e., anxiety, stress and depression) were analyzed. The sample consisted of 858 adults (421 men, 49.1 % and 437 women, 50.9 %) with a mean age of 39.16 years (SD = 14.14). The majority (67.9 %; n = 583) lived in Buenos Aires, Argentina). For data collection, the following questionnaires were used: Dark Triad Scale (DTS), Big Five Inventory (BFI), Personality Disorder Inventory (PID-5-BF), the Mental Health Continuum (MHC-SF), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Additionally, two scales were designed: Online Disruptive Behavior Index, and Motives for Social Networks Use. The SPPS 24.0 statistical package was used for data analysis. Overall, the results are consistent with those reported in the international literature. Regarding sociodemographic variables, it was found that male, younger and unemployed individuals are those who presented higher level of online disruptive behavior. Considering motives for social network use, it was observed that individuals who tend to behave in a dysfunctional manner, preferred to use social networks purely for exhibitionism, pastime or relationships initiation. Regarding personality traits, those who differentiated profiles in terms of intensity of disruptive behaviors were: low levels of responsibility and high levels of disinhibition, narcissism and Machiavellianism. Thus, it might be concluded that the overall personality profile tends to be dysfunctional in terms of its characteristics. Finally, it was shown that presenting this type of behavior is associated with higher levels of stress and lower levels of social wellbeing. Therefore, it might be interpreted that although individuals who behave disruptively tend to obtain gratification from injury and deceit to others, this behavior does not result in positive results for them, but rather results in feelings of discomfort from a personal and social point of view.

Tomar alcohol antes de salir: la previa en adolescentes argentinos y su relación con normas sociales y motivos de previa / Drinking before going out: prepartying in Argentinean adolescents and its association with drinking norms and prepartying motives

Resumen La previa (i.e., el consumo de alcohol antes de asistir al evento de la salida en el que puede, o no, consumirse más alcohol) incrementa marcadamente el riesgo de experimentar consecuencias negativas asociadas al consumo de alcohol. Aunque el consumo de alcohol es muy prevalente entre los adolescentes argentinos, son escasos los trabajos centrados en la previa. Este trabajo describe el consumo de alcohol y la conducta de previa en adolescentes argentinos (13 a 18 años), identifica el efecto de las normas descriptivas y los motivos de previa sobre la frecuencia de previa y la cantidad de alcohol consumido durante esta práctica, y examina variaciones en el consumo general de alcohol y en la cantidad de consecuencias negativas derivadas, en función de realizar, o no, la previa. Participaron 402 adolescentes (52.7 % mujeres) que completaron una encuesta sobre consumo de alcohol, consecuencias negativas asociadas, conducta y motivos de previa, y normas descriptivas sobre estos encuentros. El 60 % de los adolescentes reportó conducta de previa en el último año en la que consumieron, en promedio, 70 gramos de alcohol. El 85 % continuó tomando alcohol después de la previa. Quienes exhiben conducta de previa, comparados con quienes beben pero no hacen previa, consumen significativamente más alcohol y experimentan más consecuencias negativas derivadas de este consumo. A nivel multivariado, las normas descriptivas fueron el mejor predictor de los indicadores de previa. Los hallazgos sugieren que la previa sería un factor de riesgo para tener trayectorias de consumo problemático y sería beneficioso prevenir este tipo de prácticas.

Abstract In Argentina, alcohol is the most consumed psychoactive substance among adolescents and, similar to other western countries, rates of alcohol use markedly increase during this developmental stage. Arguably more concerning, heavy episodic drinking (HED, a.k.a. binge drinking) is also highly prevalent. Heavy episodic drinking can be defined as the consumption of a large quantity of alcohol (i.e., ≥ 42/70 g of pure alcohol, depending on sex and age) in one, rather brief, single setting. HED is associated with greater occurrence of a myriad of negative consequences such as alcohol-induced increments in impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, blackouts, drunk driving, sleep and eating impairments, and the development of tolerance. Prepartying (i.e., the consumption of alcohol before attending a social event where more alcohol might, or might not, be available) is a high-risk drinking practice due to its robust association with alcohol-related negative consequences. Different factors influence alcohol use and preparty behavior. Many adolescents overestimate the drinking behaviors of their peers (descriptive norms) which, in turn, is associated with heavier alcohol use. Additionally, previous work found that one of the main reasons or motives for engaging in preparty behavior is the desire of getting intoxicated. Although alcohol use is highly prevalent among Argentinean adolescents, studies focused on prepartying are very scarce. The present study (i) describes alcohol consumption and prepartying behaviors in Argentinean adolescents (13 to 18 years old), (ii) examines the effect of descriptive norms and prepartying motives on prepartying outcomes (i.e., frequency of prepartying and drinking quantity when prepartying) and (iii) examines variations in alcohol drinking outcomes as a function of prepartying. Participants were 402 adolescents (52.7 % women) that completed a pencil and paper survey that measured alcohol consumption, prepartying outcomes, descriptive norms for prepartying, prepartying motives and alcohol-related negative consequences. Most of the sample (83 %) reported lifetime alcohol use and 64 % reported last-month alcohol use. More than half of the sample (57 %) reported engaging in prepartying behavior within the last year where they consumed an average of 70 grams of alcohol. Most of the adolescents who prepartied (85 %) continued drinking alcohol at the event. Adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior, compared to their drinking peers who did not, consumed significantly more alcohol and experienced more alcohol-related negative consequences. Specifically, 90 % of the adolescents who engaged in preparty behavior reported to engaged in heavy drinking episodes within the previous month while 68 % of drinkers who did not preparty reported to engage in that drinking pattern. At the multivariate level, descriptive norms, but not prepartying motives, were significantly associated with preparty behavior. The present results suggest that prepartying could be a risk factor for the involvement in problematic trajectories of alcohol use and, therefore, it would be beneficial to prevent adolescents from engaging in this type of drinking practice. Additionally, the present findings suggest promising avenues for intervention, such as those aimed at targeting descriptive norms. Adolescents tend to overestimate drinking behaviors among their peers, a bias that is associated with heavier alcohol use. Interventions aimed at correcting these biases have shown promising results at reducing drinking behaviors.

Compreensão de professores acerca dos motivos da agressão de estudantes / Teachers understanding of motives for students aggression

No presente artigo, analisam-se questões relacionadas aos motivos de manifestações de comportamentos agressivos dos estudantes dirigidos a professores, na Rússia. Tendo como ponto de partida notícias de fontes informativas sobre fatos reais de agressões no espaço escolar, o autor realizou uma investigação a respeito de como os professores compreendem os motivos que acreditam ser os mais significativos e que levam ao comportamento agressivo do aluno em relação ao professor. O artigo apresenta resultados de respostas a questionários aplicados a professores sobre os motivos que podem gerar comportamentos agressivos, destacando, especialmente, os mais significativos numa escala de 1 a 7. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar a dinâmica etária da alteração do significado das diversas razões para o comportamento agressivo de alunos dirigido ao professor para escolares dos anos iniciais, para escolares no limiar entre o primeiro e o segundo segmentos do ensino fundamental, para os que se encontram na etapa de transição para a adolescência, os da etapa final do segundo segmento do ensino fundamental (9º ano) e os da etapa final da escola (11º ano).(AU)

In the present article it is analyzed issues related to the motives for manifestations of aggressive behavior of students towards teachers, in Russia. We took as starting point for this analysis some news from informative sources about real facts of aggression in the school space. Then, it was conducted an investigation which aimed to identify how teachers understand the most significant reasons pointed by them why students present aggressive behavior towards teachers. The article presents results of answers to questionnaires applied to teachers about the motives that can generate aggressive behaviors, especially highlighting the most significant ones on a scale from 1 to 7. The results allowed us to characterize the age dynamics of the change in the meaning of the various reasons for the aggressive behavior of students directed to the teacher for students in the early years, for students in the threshold between the first and second segment of elementary school, and for those in the transition phase to adolescence.(AU)

Motivos para a prática de atividade física de esportes orientados à habilidade: um exemplo do taekwondo / Motives for physical activity practice in skill-orientated sport: an example of taekwondo / Motivos para la práctica de la actividad física en deportes orientados a la habilidad: un ejemplo del taekwondo

Resumo O presente estudo objetiva identificar os motivos que levam à pratica do taekwondo, bem como verificar possíveis diferenças entre praticantes faixas iniciais e faixas pretas. A versão brasileira da escala Motivos para a Prática de Atividade Física‐Revisada (MPAM‐R) foi usada. Os testes de Friedman e de Mann‐Whitney com correção de Bonferroni foram usados nas análises estatísticas. Os resultados mostraram que "competência", "diversão" e "social" são os principais motivos para a prática do taekwondo, mas que os motivos para a prática não diferem entre faixas iniciais e faixas pretas. Conclui‐se que tanto praticantes iniciantes quanto praticantes experientes de taekwondo são intrinsecamente motivados.

Abstract The present study aims to identify the motives that lead to the practice of taekwondo, as well as to verify possible differences between practitioners and black belts. The Brazilian version of Motives for Physical Activity Measure Revise (MPAM‐R) was used. The Friedman test and the Mann‐Whitney test with Bonferroni correction were used in the statistical analysis. The results show that "competence," "enjoyment" and, "social" are the main reasons for taekwondo practice, but that the motives for practice did not differ between beginners and black belts. Thus, both novice and experienced taekwondo practitioners are intrinsically motivated.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los motivos que conducen a la práctica del taekwondo, así como comprobar las posibles diferencias entre los taekwondistas principiantes y los cinturones negros. Se utilizó la versión brasileña de Motives for Physical Activity Measure Revise (MPAM‐R). La prueba de Friedman y la prueba de Mann‐Whitney con la corrección de Bonferroni se utilizaron en los análisis estadísticos. Los resultados muestran que «competencia¼, «disfrute¼ y «social¼ son los principales motivos para la práctica del taekwondo y estos no difieren entre principiantes y cinturones negros. Por tanto, tanto los taekwondistas principiantes como los experimentados están intrínsecamente motivados.

Co-Curricular Activities and Motives for Participating in Physical Activity among Health Sciences Students at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

@#Background: The purpose of the study was to compare the motives for participating in physical activity (PA) through the different types of co-curricular activities chosen by health sciences undergraduate students at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia. Methods: The participants were university students at USM’s Health Campus, who were invited to volunteer and complete two measures: a demographic form, including the types of co-curricular activities in which the students chose to enrol (sports, uniform and art), and the Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS). Results: A total of 588 university students (female = 79.1%, male = 20.9%) with a mean age of 19.77 (SD = 1.39) participated in the study. The results showed significant differences in the motives of affiliation (P < 0.001), appearance (P = 0.008) and physical condition (P = 0.010) across the types of co-curricular activities in which the students participated. The students who enrolled in sports generally showed higher motives of affiliation, appearance and physical condition for participating in PA than other types of co-curricular activities. Conclusion: The study findings can provide further insights into the motives for participating in PA among health sciences students and encouragement for students to integrate PA into their daily routines.

Motives and tactics for township health centers to take part in countywide medical communities of Shandong province / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To analyze the motives and tactics of township health centers ( THC) to participate in the countywide medical communities of Shandong province. Methods Such tools as the new institutionalism, rational choice and social network theories, as well as the constituent ratios and Pearson correlation coefficient of data were used in a survey in August 2018 with managers of 264 THCs in Shandong. It aimed to learn from the respondents their motives, tactics, and behaviors to participate in such communities. Results Theoretical analysis of the results found that their participation was bound by both institutional environment and technical environment. For example, compliance tactics, accompanied by efficiency, was adopted to cope with stress from institutional environment. Exploratory tactics, accompanied by legitimacy, was adopted to cope with stress from technical environment. The figures showed 87. 5％ of 264 THCs investigated participated in such communities, and their main motives were in turn to follow government requests (86. 1％ ) and to seek development opportunities (69. 7％ ). The critical criteria of partner selection were in turn technological level (83. 5％ ) and matching of resources (77. 9％ ). Of 231 THCs which participated in the communities, 95. 2％ joined in countywide medical communities, and 28. 6％ participated in other forms of medical alliances. Conclusions THCs showed high organizational convergence in their participation, and adopted diversified strategies of participation in medical alliance.

Motives for Participation and Amount of Physical Activity among Kelantan Chinese Adolescents

@#Background: Engaging in regular physical activity (PA) has become a worldwide issue for the prevention of numerous chronic diseases; therefore, is important to increase students’ desires to engage in PA by triggering their motivation. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the motives for participating in PA and the amount of PA that secondary Chinese school students in Kelantan undertake. Methods: The participants consisted of 304 Chinese secondary school students (males = 165, females = 139) with a mean age of 13.55 years old (SD = 0.57) who volunteered to complete three measures, consisting of a demographic information form, the physical activity and leisure motivation scale for youth-Chinese version (PALMS-Y-C) and the Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire-Chinese version (GLTEQ-C). Results: There were significant positive correlations between all the seven PA participation motives with amount of exercise (Enjoyment: r = 0.16, P = 0.010; Mastery: r = 0.23, P < 0.001; Competition: r = 0.21, P = 0.001; Affiliation: r = 0.22, P < 0.001; Psychological condition: r = 0.26, P < 0.001; Appearance: r = 0.20, P = 0.001; Physical condition: r = 0.20, P = 0.001). There were also significant mean differences among sweating exercise frequency categories in all the seven areas of PA participation motives (Enjoyment: P = 0.003, Mastery: P < 0.001, Competition: P = 0.001, Affiliation: P = 0.001, Psychological condition: P = 0.038, Appearance = 0.002, Physical condition: P = 0.004). Conclusion: The present study provided insight into how to promote PA in Kelantan Chinese school-aged children by specifically targeting their motives. Interventions targeting these motives could increase the amount of PA among Kelantan Chinese youths.

Inventario Multidimensional de Noviazgo para Adolescentes (IMNOV-A) / Dating Relationships Multidimensional Inventory for Adolescents (DAMI-A)

Resumen La investigación sobre las relaciones de noviazgo en la adolescencia se ha visto frenada por diversos factores (Collins, 2003). La mayor parte de estudios sobre el tema se ha realizado con población juvenil y/o anglosajona; además, los cambios en su concepción han generado pocos los instrumentos que sirven para evaluar el fenómeno del noviazgo en adolescentes, y sus diferentes elementos. Por tal motivo, el propósito de este estudio fue analizar psicométricamente el Inventario Multidimensional de Noviazgo para Adolescentes (IMNOV-A). Participaron voluntariamente 503 adolescentes, con una edad entre 12 y 18 años (M = 15.71; D.E. = 1.78), que habían experimentado una relación de noviazgo, por lo menos una vez en la vida. A partir del método propuesto por Reyes Lagunes y García (2008), el inventario quedó constituido por la Subescala de Significado del Noviazgo (53.81% de la varianza total explicada, α = .886), y la Subescala de Motivos del Noviazgo (55.52% de la varianza total explicada, α = .938). Los resultados obtenidos se analizan desde la literatura sobre el desarrollo adolescente y los cambios en sus relaciones interpersonales; entonces, el significado y los motivos del noviazgo obedecen a los objetivos de esta etapa: obtener una identidad (Nahoul & González, 2013) y satisfacer necesidades socio-afectivas (Rice, 2001). Con esto, se plantea una medición más eficaz y eficiente sobre estas dimensiones del noviazgo, lo que da pie a continuar con esta línea de investigación e identificar los factores psicosociales que se relacionan con este fenómeno presente en la vida de esta población.

Abstract Research surrounding dating relationships in adolescents has been delayed because of several factors (Collins, 2003). Most of the research on this topic has been done in young and/or Anglo-Saxon populations; besides, changes in its perception have generated few useful instruments that can assess dating relationships and their inherent elements. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Dating Relationships Multidimensional Inventory for Adolescents (DATMI-A). The sample consisted of 503 adolescents that voluntarily agreed to participate, with ages between 12 and 18 (M= 15.71, SD = 1.78), who had been involved in a couple relationship at least once in their life. Following the method proposed by Reyes Lagunes and García (2008), the inventory ended being constituted by two sub-scales: The Dating Relationship Meaning Sub-scale (53.81% explained variance, α = .886), and the Dating Relationships Motives Sub-scale (55.52% explained variance, α = .938). These results are compared to relevant literature regarding adolescent development and changes in their interpersonal relationships. Therefore, both meaning and motives meet the goals for this stage of life: The acquisition of an identity (Nahoul & González, 2013) and the satisfaction of socio-affective needs (Rice, 2001). These findings suggest a more effective and efficient measurement regarding the aforementioned dimensions of dating relationships, which serves as a cornerstone for future research concerning the identification of psychosocial factors surrounding this phenomenon in everyday lives of this population.

Emigrants' Stories of Foreign Aid and their Reasons for Emigration: Guatemalans on the Move / Historias de migrantes y sus razones para la emigración: guatemaltecos en movimiento

Abstract This single instrumental case study was designed to learn about emigrants' reasons for emigrating, situated within the challenges and available opportunities in their home country of Guatemala. Eight emigrants (two women and six men) were interviewed to better understand their personal experiences and to examine the role of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) investments, Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), and Guatemala's domestic conditions and development in participants' decisions to emigrate to the U.S. The study was guided by the following central questions: (1) How do emigrants explain their reasons for leaving? (2) What motivates emigration in Guatemala's domestic conditions? (3) And how are these reasons related to U.S. policies, if at all? Data were drawn from multiple sources. The literature on Guatemala's history, and current USAID investments and impacts provides an understanding of the present context in Guatemala for emigration, and interviews with emigrants in the U.S. and Guatemala provide data on personal experiences with emigration. Primary findings were that significant economic hardship and lack of opportunity motivated emigrants' decisions to go to the U.S. All participants, except for one, had received no development aid, and for the one who had received aid, it did not factor into his decision to emigrate. Half of the participants indicated that they would not have emigrated if development programs had offered educational opportunities and jobs.

Resumen Este estudio instrumental de caso único está diseñado para conocer los motivos que tienen los migrantes para emigrar, en el marco de los desafíos y las oportunidades existentes en Guatemala, su país de procedencia. Se entrevistó a ocho emigrantes (dos mujeres y seis hombres) para comprender mejor sus experiencias personales y también para analizar el papel que tienen la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, por sus siglas en inglés), el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos y Centroamérica (CAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés) y las condiciones internas de Guatemala en las decisiones que tomaron los participantes de emigrar a los EE.UU. El estudio estuvo guiado por las siguientes preguntas centrales: (1) ¿Cómo explican los emigrantes sus razones para salir de su país? (2) ¿De qué manera las condiciones internas de Guatemala motivan la emigración? (3) Y ¿de qué manera se relacionan estas razones con las políticas de los EE. UU., si están relacionadas? Los datos se obtuvieron de varias fuentes. Las publicaciones sobre la historia de Guatemala y las inversiones e impactos actuales del USAID ayudan a comprender el contexto que existe en Guatemala por el que ocurre la emigración, asimismo, las entrevistas con los emigrantes en los EE.UU. y Guatemala proporcionan datos sobre las experiencias personales en cuanto a la emigración. Los principales resultados obtenidos fueron que las grandes dificultades económicas y la falta de oportunidades fueron las razones por las que los emigrantes decidieron irse a los EE.UU. Ninguno de los participantes, salvo uno de ellos, recibió asistencia y esta no influyó en la decisión de emigrar de dicha persona. La mitad de los participantes indicó que no hubiese emigrado si los programas de desarrollo les hubieran ofrecido oportunidades educativas y laborales.

Edad de inicio en el consumo, motivos y cantidad de alcohol en la determinación de consecuencias en consumidores intensivos universitarios / Age of Onset, Motives and Amount of Alcohol Consumed in the Determination of Consequences in College Binge Drinkers

Las implicaciones clínicas y sociales derivadas del consumo intensivo de alcohol (CIA) en universitarios motivan la necesidad de analizar los factores que favorecen su aparición. Este estudio evalúa cómo influye la cantidad de alcohol ingerido, la edad de inicio en el consumo de esta sustancia y los motivos asociados a esta conducta en la presencia de un mayor o menor número de consecuencias psicosociales. 312 estudiantes de primero de la Universidad de Valencia que realizan CIA cumplimentaron el instrumento IECI (Cortés et al., 2012): autoregistro de consumo, motivos asociados a esta ingesta y consecuencias psicosociales derivadas. Se confirman resultados de investigaciones precedentes. Ambos sexos duplican los gramos de alcohol que definen un CIA. Aparecen diferencias en los efectos esperados en función del sexo, así como en la edad de inicio en el consumo y en el número de consecuencias experimentadas. Los análisis de regresión de orden jerárquico muestran la importancia de la edad de inicio y los motivos, por encima de los gramos consumidos, para dar cuenta del deterioro psicosocial generado por la ingesta. Esto apoya la necesidad de atender a la combinación de variables en la explicación y posterior intervención para paliar las consecuencias derivadas del CIA.

Drinking onset, motives and alcohol use in the prediction of alcohol-related problems in undergraduate binge drinkers. The clinical and social implications derived from binge drinking (BD) in university students cause the need to analyze the factors which contribute to its appearance. This research assesses the influence of the amount of alcohol consumed, drinking onset and the motives associated with this behaviour in the presence of a greater or least number of psychological consequences. 312 first year university students at Valencia University performing BD completed the IECI instrument (Cortés et al., 2012): self report about consumption, associated motives to their consumption and the psychosocial consequences. Results are confirmed by previous research. Both sexes double the grams of alcohol which define a BD. Differences appear in the expected outcome depending on the sex as well as the age at which they drinking onset and the number of experienced consequences. The hierarchical regression analysis shows the importance of the drinking onset and the motives, above the quantity of consumed grams, in order to report the psychosocial impairment generated by the intake. This supports the need to comply with the combination of variables in the explanation and subsequent intervention to alleviate the consequences of the BD.

Embarazo en menores de quince años: los motivos y la redefinición del curso de vida / Pregnancy under fifteen: The motives and redefinition of life's course

Objetivos. Interpretar los motivos del embarazo en las adolescentes y la resignificación del curso de vida. Material y métodos. Se realizaron 18 relatos de vida de adolescentes menores de 15 años con experiencia de embarazo, en las ciudades de Bogotá, Cali, Cartagena y Medellín, durante 2011 y 2012. Se utilizó un marco analítico fenomenológico para desvelar los motivos y los significados. Resultados. Los "motivos porque" y "motivos para" del curso de vida de las adolescentes son redefinidos por el control moral de familias, parejas, profesionales de educación y salud basados en su sentido común y su habitus profesional. Conclusión. En los auténticos "motivos porque" se encuentra cómo el sentido común asigna la culpa y la responsabilidad del embarazo a las adolescentes. En el contexto educativo existe un dispositivo que excluye y promueve la deserción escolar. En el campo de la salud las violaciones a los derechos humanos se utilizan como un dispositivo de control y punición.

Objectives. To interpret the motives of pregnancy in girls and the re-signification of their life's course. Materials and methods. In the cities of Bogota, Cali, Cartagena and Medellin, 18 life stories of adolescents under 15 years old with experience of pregnancy were made during 2012 and 2013. A phenomenological analytical framework was used to reveal the motives and meanings. Results. The "because motives" and "in order to motives" of adolescents life course, are redefined by the moral control of families, couples, education and health professionals based on common sense and professional habitus. Conclusion. In the real "because motives" it is found that common sense assigns blame and responsibility to teens for their pregnancy. In the educational context there is a device that excludes them and promotes dropouts. In the field of health, human rights abuses are used as a control and punishment mechanism.

Validation of a Food Choice Questionnaire among Adolescents in Penang, Malaysia

Introduction: This is a validation study of the modified version of the Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), a multidimensional measure of food choice motives. Methods: Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years attending schools from three randomly selected co-educational and multiracial public secondary schools were invited to participate in this study. Data were collected using a sell-administered modified version of the FCQ consisting of 58 items assessing 13 factors including health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, familiarity, ethical concern, religion, parents, peers and media. Factor analysis with the extraction of a maximum likelihood and varimax rotation were performed to validate the FCQ. Results: A total of 306 students comprising 64.7% Malay, 19.3% Chinese and 16.0% Indian with a mean age of 16.1±0.3 years participated in this study. Based on their BMI status, a majority (71.9%) of the participants had normal weight, 8.2% were thin, 1.6% severely thin while 12.1% were overweight and 6.2% obese. Six factors (health and nutrition knowledge, price and convenience, media, mood and sensory appeal, peers, and parents), consisting of 36 items and explaining 45.9% of the variance, remained from the factor analysis. The reliability of the FCQ factors was good, with Cronbach's a coefficient values as follows: health and nutrition knowledge=0.84, price and convenience=0.82, media=0.89, mood and sensory appeal=0.79, peers=0.84, and parents=0.75. Conclusion: This modified version of the FCQ validated among Malaysian adolescents is recommended for future research determining food choice motives of adolescents.

Perfiles motivacionales de usuarios de servicios deportivos públicos y privados / Motivational Profiles of Users of Private and Public Sport Services

Las altas tasas de sedentarismo y abandono deportivo y la escasez de estudios sobre motivos de práctica en el ámbito de la actividad física no competitiva han generado la necesidad de llevar a cabo investigaciones que establezcan perfiles motivacionales de usuarios de servicios deportivos. La finalidad de esta investigación fue diferenciar los perfiles motivacionales con respecto a la práctica físico-deportiva y analizar su relación con variables sociodemográficas (edad y sexo). La muestra del estudio estuvo compuesta por un total de 2707 usuarios de servicios deportivos, públicos y privados, de Andalucía (España), que cumplimentaron la escala de Motivos de Actividad Física-Revisada (Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised [MPAM-R]). Se realizó un análisis por conglomerados y, seguidamente, la prueba ji-cuadrado. Los resultados obtenidos en este análisis establecieron la existencia de tres perfiles motivacionales: uno altamente motivado, especialmente hacia la salud, con sujetos principalmente varones jóvenes de organizaciones públicas; un segundo grupo con motivación por debajo de la media en todas sus dimensiones, e inducido, especialmente por razones de salud, disfrute y apariencia, con un perfil de usuario privado, mujer, de edad media o avanzada; un tercer grupo en el que primaron los motivos sociales y de disfrute, conformado mayoritariamente por usuarios de organizaciones privadas y de sexo masculino.

High rates of inactivity and sport neglect and the lack of studies on the basis of practicing in the field of non- competitive physical activity has generated the need to carry out researches to establish motivational profiles in the users of sport services. The purpose of this research was to differentiate motivational profiles respect to physical and sport practice and analyze its relationship with sociodemographic variables (age and sex). The study sample comprised a total of 2707 users of sports services, public and private, of Andalusia (Spain), who completed scale Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R). A cluster analysis was performed an then ji-square test. The results of this analysis established the existence of three motivational profiles: a highly motivated, especially on health, mainly young male subjects of public organizations, a second group with motivation below average in all its dimensions, and induced especially for health, taste and appearance reasons, with a private user profile, female, middle or advanced age, a third group in which social and enjoyment motives prevailed, composed mainly by users of private sport services and male.

Motivos para beber e situações de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas: um estudo exploratório / Reasons for drinking and the situations of alcohol use: an exploratory study

O principal modelo teórico da motivação para o uso de bebidas alcoólicas propõe a existência de quatro motivos distintos para beber, que possuem correlatos externos diferenciados: motivos sociais, motivos de realce, motivos de coping e motivos de conformidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi explorar relações lineares entre esses quatro motivos e a frequência de consumo de álcool em alguns contextos recorrentes de uso entre estudantes universitários. Os participantes foram 401 estudantes universitários, com idades entre 18 e 35 anos (M = 22,51; DP = 3,56),sendo 54,8% dos indivíduos do sexo feminino. Análises de regressão mostraram diferentes motivos explicando a frequência de uso em cada um dos cinco contextos avaliados. Houve correlações significativas entre a frequência de consumo em alguns dos contextos e a quantidade de problemas vivenciados em decorrência do uso de bebidas. O significado teórico do papel diferencial da motivação em cada contexto, implicações práticas e limitações do estudo são discutidos ao final.

The most widely influential model of alcohol use proposes the existence of four distinct drinking motives, whichalso have different external correlates: social, enhancement, coping, and conformity motives. The aim of the present study was to explore linear relationships between these four drinking motives and the frequency of alcohol use in some recurring drinking situations in undergraduate students. Participants were 401 undergraduate students, with ages ranging from 18 to 35 years (M = 22.51, SD = 3.56), and 54.8% women. Regression analyses showed different drinking motives explaining the frequency of alcohol consumption in each of the five drinking situations evaluated. Frequencies of use in some of the drinking contexts positively correlated with drinking problems. The authors discussthe theoretical meaning of the different regression models for each drinking situation, the practical implications ofsuch distinction, and the limitations of the study.

Modelos explicativos de la dependencia y consumo de tabaco en estudiantes de preparatoria / An Explanatory Model of Tobacco Consumption among High School Students

El propósito principal del estudio fue explicar la dependencia tabáquica y el consumo de cigarros desde una perspectiva motivacional en una muestra de estudiantes de preparatoria de sexo indistinto. Se emplearon cuatro escalas del Inventario de Wisconsin de Motivos de Dependencia del Tabaco, una escala de normas paternas y una de amigos fumadores; así como dos medidas internacionales de consumo de cigarrillos y un cuestionario de dependencia tabáquica. El análisis de regresión múltiple de dependencia tabáquica mostró que exposición a claves, normas paternas y reforzamiento positivo explicaron el 54.30% de la varianza. Se elaboró un modelo estructural de la dependencia al tabaco que incluyó los motivos mencionados y el número de días de consumo, el cual se ajustó bien a los datos. Todos los efectos directos sobre las medidas de dependencia fueron significativos, así como las covarianzas entre los motivos. De acuerdo al estadístico Wald que se obtuvo en el análisis de clases latentes, hubo diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos en los cuatro indicadores: dependencia, exposición a claves, amigos fumadores y número de días de consumo.

The main purpose of the study was to explain tobacco dependence and consumption of cigarettes from a motivational perspective on a sample of high school students of both sexes. We used four scales of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives, a scale of parental rules and a scale of smoking friends; as well as two international measures for cigarette consumption and a tobacco dependence questionnaire. The multiple regression analysis of tobacco dependence showed that the key exposure, parental rules and positive reinforcement, accounted for 54.30% of the variance. In this study, was developed a structural model of the tobacco dependence that included the four motives and the number of days of consumption, which fits well with the data; all direct effects on measures of dependency were significant, as the covariance among the motives. According to the Wald statistic obtained in the latent class analysis, there were significant differences among the three groups in the four indicators: dependency, exposure to key, smoking friends and number of days of consumption.

Relación entre los motivos para la práctica físico-deportiva y las experiencias de flujo en jóvenes: diferencias en función del sexo / Relationship between Motives for Exercise and Sports Practice and Flow Experiences in Youth: Gender Differences

El presente trabajo estudia la relación entre práctica físico-deportiva, motivos para realizarla y flujo experimentado en dicha práctica en una muestra de 101 jóvenes españoles. Los participantes respondieron autoinformes de actividad físico-deportiva, motivos para realizar esa actividad (Capdevila, 2003) y experiencias de flow en la misma (Jackson & Eklund, 2002). Los resultados indicaron que los hombres realizan más ejercicio y deporte que las mujeres, manifiestan una mayor motivación intrínseca y experimentan un mayor nivel de flujo en la actividad físico-deportiva. El flujo experimentado y los motivos intrínsecos se mostraron como factores predictores de la práctica físico-deportiva, mientras que los motivos extrínsecos no predijeron dicha práctica. Los resultados anteriores sugieren que fomentar motivos de diversión y experiencias subjetivas positivas como el flujo ayudarán a incrementar la adherencia a la práctica físico-deportiva en jóvenes.

In this study we explored the relationship between exercise - sports practice, motives for practice and flow experienced during such activities in a sample of Spanish young adults. 101 participants responded self-reports on exercise-sports practice, motives (Capdevila, 2003) and states of flow (Jackson & Eklund, 2002). The results indicated that, compared to women, physical practice was higher among men, who also showed a higher intrinsic motivation and experienced flow at a higher degree. Flow and intrinsic motives predicted physical practice, whilst extrinsic motives could not predict it. These results point out that promoting enjoyment-related motives and positive subjective experiences such as flow might help in enhancing adherence to exercise and sports among young people.

Rede informal de apoio à pessoa idosa dependente: motivações e fatores de stress em cuidadores primários e secundários / Informal support network of the dependent older person: motives and stressors among primary and secondary caregivers

Este estudo visa comparar os motivos e os fatores de stress entre cuidadores informais primários e secundários de pessoas idosas dependentes no domicílio. Foi constituída uma amostra de 180 cuidadores: 90 cuidadores primários e 90 cuidadores secundários. No geral, as subamostras partilham das mesmas razões para cuidar. Contudo, diferem no que refere aos fatores de stress. Os resultados são relevantes para o planeamento de intervenções mais individualizadas e adequadas aos dois grupos de cuidadores.

This study aims to compare the motives and stressors between primary and secondary informal caregiver of domiciliary dependent elderly. A sample of 180 caregivers was recruited: 90 primary caregivers and 90 secondary caregivers. Overall, the subsamples share the same motives to care. However, they differ in relation to the caregiving stressors. Results are useful for planning more individualized and adequate interventions to both groups of caregivers.