Comprehensive evaluation of the quality of Houttuynia cordata from different producing areas / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the comprehensive quality of Houttuynia cordata from different producing areas. METHODS Using total flavonoids， water-soluble extract， moisture， total ash and acid-insoluble ash as indicators， the entropy weight method was used to objectively weigh each indicator， and the relative correlation degree （r）i calculated by grey correlation method was used as a measure to comprehensively evaluate the quality of H. cordata. RESULTS The weights of total flavonoids， total ash， moisture， acid-insoluble ash， and water-soluble extract were 0.295 5， 0.227 3， 0.188 7， 0.145 1， and 0.143 4， respectively. The weights of total flavonoids and total ash were relatively large. The ri of 30 batches of H. cordata ranged from 0.233 2 to 0.673 9； the average ri of samples from Quanzhou County and Ziyuan County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were the highest， which were 0.638 3 and 0.598 7， respectively， followed by samples from Lingchuan County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region （0.556 1） and Jianshui County of Yunnan Province （0.452 8）. The quality of medicinal materials produced in the above producing areas was generally good and stable. CONCLUSIONS Entropy weight method combined with the grey correlation method can be used to comprehensively evaluate the quality of H. cordata. The overall quality of H. cordata produced in Quanzhou County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is the best.

Comprehensive quality evaluation of Periploca forrestii produced in Guizhou using multi-index components combined with multivariate statistical analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish comprehensive quality evaluation method based on multi-index components combined with multivariate statistical analysis， and to comprehensively evaluate the quality of Periploca forrestii. METHODS Taking 11 batches of P. forrestii medicinal materials from different areas in Guizhou as samples， the contents of neochlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， chlorogenic acid， procyanidin A2， isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were determined by HPLC. Clustering heat map analysis， grey correlation analysis（GRA） and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution（TOPSIS） were used to evaluate the quality of P. forrestii. RESULTS The results of methodological investigation of content determination were in accordance with the relevant regulations， and the linear relationship and accuracy of each component were good in their respective sampling range. The contents of chlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid， neochlorogenic acid， procyanidin A2， isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C in 11 batches of samples were 3.650-7.302， 0.888-2.575， 1.371- 2.386， 0.947-1.469， 0.084-0.169 and 0.725-1.067 mg/g， respectively. The content of each component was significantly different， with the highest content of chlorogenic acid and the lowest content of isochlorogenic acid A. The comprehensive results of cluster heat map， GRA and TOPSIS analysis showed that the comprehensive quality of S5 and S10 was relatively good. CONCLUSIONS The established method is accurate， stable and simple. Combined with multivariate statistical analysis method， it can be used for quality evaluation of P. forrestii. The quality of samples from Jiuzhou Town and Caiguan Town of Xixiu District in Anshun City of Guizhou Province are relatively good among 11 different origin samples.

Content determination and chemometric analysis of 11 components in Xueli zhike syrup / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To determine the contents of 11 components in Xueli zhike syrup， establish its chemometric method and provide reference for its quality control. METHODS HPLC method was established to simultaneously determine the contents of amygdalin， deapi-platycoside E， platycoside E， platycodin D3， euscaphic acid， tormentic acid， maslinic acid， corosolic acid， praeruptorin A， praeruptorin B and praeruptorin E in 12 batches of Xueli zhike syrup. The quality evaluation of 12 batches of samples was performed by chemometrics. RESULTS The 11 components had good linear relationships within their respective ranges （r≥0.999 1）； RSDs of precision， reproducibility and stability （24 h） tests were all lower than 2.00%. The average recovery rates ranged 96.90%-100.01% （RSDs were all lower than 2.00%）. Cluster analysis showed that 12 batches of samples were clustered into 3 groups. Principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components could represent 88.53% information of 11 components in Xueli zhike syrup. Partial least squares-discrimination analysis showed that euscaphic acid， amygdalin and praeruptorin A were the main potential markers affecting the quality of Xueli zhike syrup. CONCLUSIONS The established method can be used to control the quality of Xueli zhike syrup.

Optimization of extraction technology for couplet medicinals of Astragalus membranaceus-Puerariae lobata by multi-index comprehensive scoring method combined with orthogonal experiment / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To optimize extraction technology of couplet medicinals of Astragalus membranaceus-Puerariae lobatae. METHODS With contents of puerarin，daidzin，calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，daidzein，calycosin and formononetin and the yield of dry extract as index，the analytic hierarchy method was used to determine the weight coefficient of each index and calculate the comprehensive score. The effects of solid-liquid ratio， extraction times and extraction time on the comprehensive score were investigated by single factor test. The level of each factor was determined. By multi-index comprehensive scoring method， using comprehensive scores of above 7 indexes as indexes，the extraction technology of couplet medicinals of A. membranaceus-P. lobata was optimized by orthogonal experiment，and the validation tests were conducted. RESULTS The weight coefficient for the contents of puerarin，daidzin，calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，daidzein，calycosin and formononetin and the yield of dry extract were respectively 0.304 7，0.065 2，0.185 8，0.185 8，0.107 8，0.107 8 and 0.042 7. The optimal extraction technology was determined as follows： solid-liquid of 1∶8（g/mL），extracting 3 times and for 1 h each time. RSD of each evaluation index in the validation test results was lower than 3.00% （n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS The optimized extraction technology for A. membranaceus-P. lobata is stable and feasible.

Establishment of quantitative analysis of multi -components by single marker and quality evaluation of Gushen dingchuan pills / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To establish quantitative analysis of multi -components by single marker （QAMS） method to simultaneously detect the contents of cinnamic acid ，cinnamaldehyde，plantamajoside，verbascoside，isoacteoside，calceolarioside B ， psoralen，isopsoralen，neobavaisoflavone and bavachin in Gushen dingchuan pill ，and to perform quality evaluation of Gushen dingchuan pill by combining with chemical pattern recognition . METHODS High-performance liquid chromatography was adopted . Using psoralen as internal standard ，the relative correction factors of the other 9 components were established ，and the contents of each component were calculated and compared with those determined by external standard method . Cluster analysis ，principal component analysis and partial least squares discrimination analysis were performed by the results of QAMS method ，and the qualities of 15 batches of Gushen dingchuan pills were evaluated . RESULTS The above 10 components showed a good linear relationship in their respective ranges （r＞0.999 0）. RSDs of precision ，repeatability，stability and recovery tests were all lower than 2.00%. There was no significant difference between QAMS method and external standard method （P＞0.05）. The results of cluster analysis and principal component analysi showed that 15 batches of Gushen dingchuan pills could be clustered into 3 categories. The results of partial least squares discrimination analysis showed that psoralen ，verbascoside，cinnamaldehyde and isopsoralen were the main potential markers affecting the quality of Gushen dingchuan pills . CONCLUSIONS Established QAMS method for quantitative control of multi index components and chemical pattern recognition can be used for the quality evaluation of Gushen dingchuan pills .

Research progress on early diagnositic biomarkers of urinary sepsis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

The accuracy of the Sepsis-3 definition in the diagnosis of sepsis has been widely accepted and applied. Indicators such as Procalcitonin(PCT), white blood cell(WBC), C-reactive protein(CRP), platelets(PLT) and albumin are the most extensively and conveniently applied in early alert and diagnosis of urinary sepsis. PCT has a higher specificity and sensitivity compared to other biomarkers, and a sharp drop in WBC is a strong warning for septic shock. However, CRP has a relatively low specificity. IL-6, CD64, Presepsin, miRNA, and PTX-3, among others, are more valuable emerging indicators with higher sensitivity and specificity. However, uniform and standardized technology is necessary for a high quality testing. The combination of multiple biomarkers with a clinical scoring system is more useful than individual biomarkers clinically. This article mainly reviewed the progress of research on indicators related to early alert and diagnosis of urinary sepsis during recent years.

Bioaccessibility analysis of active components in Salvia miltiorrhiza / 药学学报

In this study, a method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 6 salvianolic acids and 4 tanshinones in extracts of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma was established by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). The semi-biomimetic method was applied to simulate digestion process in vitro, to explore the digestion and transport characters of oral administration through the gastrointestinal tract, and to explain the content ratio changes and bioaccessibility of active ingredients in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results showed that the 10 index components have a good linear relationship in the corresponding concentration range, and the average recovery rate was 91.35% to 105.65%. After simulated digestion in vitro, types of chemical composition in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid digested extracts of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma did not change significantly. While the content ratio of salvianolic acid B and rosmarinic acid decreased, and the content ratio of protocatechuic aldehyde and danshensu increased. In the simulated gastric fluid digestion extract of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the order of bioaccessibility was: danshensu (50.19%) > salvianolic acid B (33.44%) > lithospermic acid (27.34%) > salvianolic acid A (21.71%) > rosmarinic acid (12.31%). In the simulated intestinal fluid digestion extract of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, the order of bioaccessibility was: 15,16-dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ (5.45%) > tanshinone Ⅰ (3.67%) > cryptotanshinone (3.29%) > tanshinone ⅡA (3.01%) > salvianolic acid A (2.39%) > lithospermic acid (1.57%) > salvianolic acid B (1.02%) > danshensu (0.41%) > rosmarinic acid (0.34%). In conclusion, the UHPLC method established in this study can be applied for accurately and sensitively detecting the contents of 6 salvianolic acids and 4 tanshinones in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. The results of semi-biomimetic extraction showed that not all components were extracted with simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, especially rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B. Therefore, in the quality study of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its extract, bioavailability should be considered at the same time when select quality markers and determine their content limits.

Processing technology of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix unearthed from tomb of Haihunhou in the Western Han Dynasty / 中国中药杂志

With the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix unearthed from the tomb of Haihunhou in the Western Han Dynasty as the re-ference, the present study evaluated the quality of Rehmanniae Radix and investigated the processing technology of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix to lay the foundation for the research on rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products. With catalpol and rehmannioside D as the investigation indexes, the quality and grade of Rehmanniae Radix from different producing areas were evaluated with the methods in 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. UPLC method was established for the determination of catalpol and rehmannioside D in the rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix. The effects of steaming time, the amount of supplementary rice, and steaming times in the rice-steamed processing on the quality of products were investigated by L_9(3~4) orthogonal test and multi-index comprehensive balance scoring method combined with the content of catalpol and rehmannioside D and appearance characteristics. At last, the stability of the processing technology was tested. The results showed that the optimal processing technology for rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix was as follows: Rehmanniae Radix and rice(200 g∶4 g) were steamed twice at atmospheric pressure, four hours each time. The mass fractions of catalpol and rehmannioside D were 0.184% and 0.335%, respectively, and the character score was 6.5. The processing conditions are reaso-nable, stable, and feasible. It can provide a basis for the restoration of the ancient rice-steamed processing technology and references for the development of rice-steamed Rehmanniae Radix products in the future.

Simultaneous Determination of 11 Active Components in Yuhuai Tablets by HPLC-QAMS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 11 active components in Yuhuai tablets ， such as gardoside ，shanzhiside，gardenoside，genipin 1-gentiobioside，geniposide，ziyuglycoside Ⅰ ，ziyuglycoside Ⅱ ，narirutin， naringin，hesperidin and neohesperidin. METHODS ：HPLC-QAMS method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent TC-C 18column（250 mm×4.6 mm，5 μm）with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile （A）-0.1％ phosphoric acid solution （B） （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃. The detection wavelengths were set at 238 nm for gardoside ，shanzhiside，gardenoside，genipin 1-gentiobioside and geniposide ，203 nm for ziyuglycoside Ⅰ and ziyuglycoside Ⅱ，and 283 nm for narirutin ，naringin，hesperidin and neohesperidin. Using geniposide as an internal reference ，the relative correction factors of other 10 components relative to this component were calculated ，and the contents of each component in 10 batches of samples were calculated. The results obtained by HPLC-QAMS method were compared with those obtained by external standard method. RESULTS ：The linear ranges of gardoside ，shanzhiside，gardenoside，genipin 1-gentiobioside，geniposide， ziyuglycoside Ⅰ，ziyuglycoside Ⅱ，narirutin，naringin，hesperidin and neohesperidin were 0.87-43.50，1.99-99.50，4.06-203.00， 7.35-367.50，12.97-648.50，28.98-1 449.00，3.79-189.50，1.57-78.50，18.05-902.50，0.66-33.00 and 14.38-719.00 μg/mL（all r＞0.999 0）. RSDs of precision ，repeatability and stability （24 h）tests were all less than 2％（n＝6）. The average recoveries were 96.90％-100.10％，and RSDs were 0.67％-1.74％（n＝9）. E-mail：289931673@qq.com There was no significant difference in the contents of 10 active components as gardoside between HPLC -QAMS method and external standard method in 10 batches of Yuhuai tablets （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：The HPLC-QMAS method established in this study is convenient and accurate. It can be used for the simultaneous determination of gardoside ，shanzhiside，gardenoside，genipin 1-gentiobioside，geniposide，ziyuglycoside Ⅰ，ziyuglycoside Ⅱ，narirutin，naringin，hesperidin and neohesperidin in Yuhuai tablets.

Simultaneous determination of the contents of eight chemical components in Huaiqin Salve by QAMS / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:To determine the content of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, sophoricoside, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol in Huaiqin Salve with high performance liquid chromatography-quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (HPLC-QAMS) method. Methods:The samples were separated with ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18 column by a gradient elution using methanol-acetonitrile (1:2) (A)-0.1% phosphoric acid solution (B) as mobile phase and the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 230 nm for albiflorin, paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin, and 254 nm for sophoricoside, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol. The column temperature was 30 ℃. Using sophoricoside as an internal standard, the relative correction factors (RCFs) of albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol were calculated. The method was validated by comparison of the quantitative results between external standard method (ESM) and HPLC-QAMS method.Results:Albiflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, sophoricoside, prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol showed good linear relationship within the range of 0.034 7-0.867 5, 0.063 6-1.590 0, 0.006 9-0.172 5, 0.198 6-4.965 0, 0.092 8-2.320 0, 0.026 6-0.665 0, 0.042 7-1.067 5, 0.020 9-0.522 5 μg ( r ≥ 0.999 1); whose average recoveries ( RSDs) were 98.85% (1.02%), 100.04% (0.67%), 96.92% (1.14%), 100.06% (0.85%), 99.31% (1.39%), 99.16% (1.22%), 98.59% (1.33%) and 97.58% (1.41%), respectively. No significant differences were found in the quantitative analysis of the components with ESM and HPLC-QAMS method. Conclusion:The HPLC-QAMS method could provide the reference for themulti-index component evaluation for Huaiqin Salve.

Modelo de avaliação da viabilidade econômico-financeira da implantação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos da construção civil em municípios brasileiros / Economic and financial viability evaluation model for the implementation of waste recycling plants construction in Brazilian municipalities

RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver um modelo de avaliação da viabilidade econômico-financeira da implantação de usinas de reciclagem de resíduos da construção civil e demolição (URRCD) em municípios brasileiros. O modelo de avaliação proposto para cada projeto de investimento (PI) em estudo uniu o modelo de negócio Canvas, o plano de negócios, a metodologia multi-índice proposta por Souza e Clemente (2009) e ampliada por Lima et al. (2015) por meio do aplicativo web $AVEPI. Também foi realizada uma análise de sensibilidade por meio de limites de elasticidade e valores-limite, bem como uma análise estocástica utilizando a simulação de Monte Carlo (SMC). Com base na proposição desse modelo, este foi aplicado em um estudo de caso no município de Pato Branco (PR). Os resultados mostram que há viabilidade econômico-financeira na implantação desse PI, uma vez que o valor presente líquido médio é de aproximadamente R$ 583.919,87, e a recuperação do investimento se concretizará em 12 anos (payback). Por meio da SMC, visualizou-se que há alta probabilidade (99,78%) de que o investimento na URRCD de Pato Branco seja rentável. Entretanto, os índices de elasticidade mostraram que é preciso monitorar as receitas esperadas e os custos estimados com mais atenção. Assim, será preciso um trabalho, por parte dos gestores da URRCD, em prol de sempre estarem buscando aumentar a demanda pelos agregados reciclados, como maneira de aumentar a receita da usina, desde que se respeite a sua capacidade de produção.

ABSTRACT This work had as main objective to develop an evaluation model for analyzing the economic and financial feasibility of implementing Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants (URRCD) in Brazilian municipalities. The evaluation model proposed for the Investment Project (IP) under study was performed using the business model Canvas, the business plan, the multi-index method proposed by Souza and Clemente (2009) and expanded by Lima et al. (2015) through the $AVEPI Web app. Also, a sensitivity analysis was performed, through the elasticity limits and limit values as well as a stochastic analysis using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). From the proposition of this model, it was applied in a case study in Pato Branco, Paraná. The results showed that there is economic and financial viability in the implementation of this IP, since the average Net Present Value (NPV) is about R$ 583,919.87 and the investment recovery will materialize in 12 years (Payback). Through MCS, it was observed that there is a high probability (99.78%) that the investment in the URRCD of Pato Branco, Paraná, be profitable. However, the elasticity indices showed that it is necessary to monitor the expected revenues and the estimated costs with more attention. Thus, it will require a work by the managers of the URRCD, in favor of always seeking to increase the demand for recycled aggregates, as a way to increase the revenue of the plant, as long as it does not exceed its production capacity.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Differences of Pinelliae Rhizoma Germplasm Resources Based on AHP and Grey Correlation Method / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To establish the evaluation method of Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) resources by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and grey correlation degree (GCD) method, so as to explore the differences in quality components, production efficiency and appearance traits of different germplasm resources cultivated in the same environment. Method::The quality component index, efficiency index, and appearance traits index of 15 germplasm resources were measured, including moisture, total ash, extractives, total acid content, harvest index, yield, drying rate, commodity rate, decay rate and deformability of tubers. Based on AHP and grey correlation method, each indicator data was processed in a comprehensive way, its comprehensive correlation value was calculated, and different PR germplasm resources were comprehensively evaluated. Result::Based on three factors-quality composition, production efficiency and appearance traits, the comprehensive correlation value of A6 was the highest, reaching 0.749 4, which was followed by A14, A15, A7, and their comprehensive correlation values were 0.736 6, 0.726 2, 0.718 2, respectively. Therefore, the source of A6 could be used as an excellent provenance introduced to the cultivation of PR, and the provenance of A14, A15, and A7 could be used as a useful supplement. Conclusion::The method of AHP and GCD-based multi-index comprehensive evaluation is simple and comprehensive to evaluate the diversity of different PR germplasm resources, and could provide a reference for the development and utilization of resources and the screening of high-quality provenances.

Optimization of inclusion process of Huaweishu Granules volatile oil based on the multi-index comprehensive scoring method / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the inclusion process for the volatile oil in Huaweishu Granules. Methods: Taking the ratio of volatile oil to β-cyclodextrin, inclusion temperature, stirring speed and stirring time as the factors, the inclusion process conditions were optimized by orthogonal test, the weight coefficients of each index were determined by entropy weight method, and the inclusion complex was verified by thin layer chromatography. Results: The inclusion rate of volatile oil obtained by stirring method was the highest, with the ratio of β-cyclodextrin to volatile oil of 10:1, the inclusion temperature was 40 ℃, the stirring time was 1 h, and the stirring rate was 400 r/min. Conclusion: The optimized volatile oil inclusion process is stable and feasible, with high inclusion rate of volatile oil and yield of inclusion compound.

Optimization of water extracting and refining procession of Sijunzi Decoction Granules by orthogonal design and pharmacodynamics test / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the water extracting and refining procession of Sijunzi Decoction Granules (SDG). Methods: The orthogonal test method was used to study the four factors including the soak time, amount of water added, extraction time and frequency by taking the dry extract yield of the medicinal materials and contents of ginsenoside Rg1, Re, Rb1, glycyrrhizic acid, and liquiritin as indicators to optimize the water extracting process of SDG. To optimize the alcohol precipitation process of SDG, the factors including the concentration of the medicinal materials, alcohol content, and time of alcohol precipitation were investigated. The extracts before and after alcohol precipitation were compared by intervening spleen deficiency syndrome pharmacodynamics experiment. Results: The best water extracting procession of SDG was soaked for 60 min with 10 times of water, decocted three times, 30 min for each time. The optimal water extraction by alcohol sedimentation process was to concentrate the filtrate of water extraction to 1 mL, which was equivalent to 0.5 g of the original medicinal materials, with 80% alcohol content and 12 h alcohol precipitation time. Compared with the model group, the activity of salivary amylase and the conent of serum gastrin in the water extracting group and water extracting by alcohol sedimentation group of SDG were significantly increased and could improve the absorption function of xylose in small intestine of rats with spleen deficiency syndrome (P 0.05). Conclusion: The alcohol precipitation process is not suitable for refining of SDG. So the water extracting process is finally selected as the best extraction process of SDG.

Multi-index optimization of alcohol extraction and water precipitation processes of Shenmai Injection based on quality by design concept / 中草药

Objective: The alcohol extraction and water precipitation processes of Shenmai Injection were optimized based on quality by design (QbD) concept and satisfaction algorithm. Methods: Hazard and operational analysis method was applied to conduct risk assessment of various process parameters in alcohol extraction and water precipitation processes of Shenmai Injection. Ethanol concentration, extraction time and alcohol-material ratio were selected as the critical process parameters of alcohol extraction, and the material pH, temperature and time were selected as the critical process parameters of water precipitation. A multiple linear regression model of critical process parameters and critical quality attributes were established by using Box-Behnken design. A design space was delineated according to the level of each index. Finally, the optimum operating condition was determined by the multi-index optimization algorithm. Results: Within the scope of the design space, when the alcohol concentration was 89.0%, the extraction time was 110 min, the alcohol-material ratio was 2.99, the desirability function of alcohol extraction of 0.722 was the best. When the material pH was about 4, the time was 40 h, the temperature was 2.0 ℃, the desirability function of water precipitation of 0.995 was the best. When the material pH was about 5, the time was 35 h, the temperature was 2.0 ℃, the desirability function of water precipitation of 0.999 was the best. Conclusion: The optimal conditions were determined based on QbD and satisfaction algorithm were conducive to ensuring the product quality and reducing the cost of production. This study has reference value for the guidance of pharmaceutical process research and actual industrial production.

Comparison of Component Differences in Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus Based on Chemical Pattern Recognition and Multi-index Quantitative Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the identification of Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus . METHODS：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters Cortecs T 3 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.2％ phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and the detection wavelength was set at 270 nm. The sample size was 1 μL. Using gallic acid as reference，UPLC fingerprints of 17 batches of Chebulae Fructus and 14 batches of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were established and their similarity was evaluated by TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012 edition）. By comparing substance control ， UV absorption spectrum and related literaturs ，common peaks were identified. PCA and PLS-DA were performed by using SPSS 20.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software. The contents of main difference components in Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were determined by above UPLC method and compared. RESULTS ：There were 8 common peaks in UPLC fingerprint of Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus ，i.e. chebulic acid （peak 1），gallic acid （peak 2），punicalagin A （peak 3），punicalagin B （peak 4），corilagin（peak 6），chebulagic acid （peak 7）and chebulinic acid （peak 8）. The similarities of 17 batches of Chebulae Fructus were from 0.92 to 0.99，while 14 batches of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were all above 0.99. The similarity of control fingerprint between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus was 0.909. PCA demonstrated the differences between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus . The results of PLS-DA were consistent with those of PCA ，and the variable importance in projection （VIP）values of peak 5，4，7，3 and 2 were above 1 in the PLS-DA model. In 31 batches of samples ，the contents of gallic acid （peak 2），punicalagin A（peak 3），punicalagin B （peak 4）and chebulagic acid （peak 7）were 2.63-10.31， 5.37-44.63，8.02-60.77，44.07-162.98 mg/g；RSDs were 40.14％， 47.91％ ，53.97％ ，36.22％（n＝31）. There was statistical significance in the differences of the mentioned 4 components between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus 719412818@qq.com （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：There are significant differences between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus gallic acid ，punicalagin A ，punicalagin B and chebulagic acid are the main difference components for identification.

Comprehensive evaluation of quality of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) in different growing regions of Gansu Province based on multi-index components combined with chemometrics methods / 中草药

Objective: In this study, the wild and cultivated licorice of Gansu representative regions (Hexi, Longzhong and Longdong) were measured and analyzed by multi-index components combined with chemometrics methods, which will provide scientific basis for the evaluation of the quality of licorice and the suitable producing areas in Gansu Province. Methods: Seven main bioactive components (glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin) in 25 batches of licorice samples were simultaneously determined by HPLC-DAD to comprehensively evaluate the quality of licorice combined with factor analysis and cluster analysis. Results: Factor analysis showed that there was a strong correlation between the first common factor and glycyrrhizin, liquiritin and isoliquiritin; and between the second common factor and liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin. The variance contribution rate of two common factors was 84.28%, which reflected licorice quality overall. And cluster analysis showed that the quality of 3-year-old licorice (Glycyrrhizae Radix) cultivated in Hangjinqi of Inner Mongolia was the best, followed by that cultivated in Hexi and Longxi of Gansu Province. The quality of licorice in Longzhong of Gansu Province was worse. Conclusion: These results showed that it was more suitable to develop licorice planting in Longxi and Hexi area in Gansu Province. The overall evaluation of multi-index components and chemometrics has reference value for quality control of licorice and optimization its suitable planting areas.

Characteristic fingerprint and multi-components quantitative determination for Fuke Qianjin Capsules by HPLC / 中国中药杂志

To establish an HPLC characteristic fingerprint method of Fuke Qianjin Capsules,and determine the contents of its main components. The analysis was carried out on a Kromasil 100-5-C18 analytical column(4. 6 mm ×250 mm,5 μm) with gradient elution by acetonitrile(A)-0. 1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution(B),a flow rate at 1. 0 m L·min-1 and the detection wavelength of 254 nm.The column temperature was 30 ℃,and the injection volume was 10 μL. The determination method of genistin,jatrorrhizine,andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide index components were studied methodologically. The common mode of the characteristic fingerprint of Fuke Qianjin Capsules was set up with 8 common peaks,which were identified as genistin,jatrorrhizine,palmatine,berberine,andrographolide,14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide,Z-ligustilide,and Z-3-butylidenephthalide,respectively,in comparison with the references. The similarities of 20 batches of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples were above 0. 95. All of the above-mentioned 4 analytes could be well separated under the optimized chromatographic conditions. RSD of precision and repeatability experiment were both less than 1. 5%,and the sample solution was stable during 72 h. All of the compounds had a good linearity and linear range. The contents of genistin,jatrorrhizine,andrographolide,and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide in 20 batches of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples were 28. 66-56. 04,94. 77-197. 92,1 705. 33-4 148. 93 and 462. 16-1 225. 96 μg in each capsule,respectively. The developed HPLC characteristic fingerprint and quantitative analysis methods were reliable,accurate and sensitive,and could be used effectively evaluate the quality of Fuke Qianjin Capsules samples.

Simultaneous determination of seven index components in Naoxintong capsule by HPLC wavelength switching method / 中国药科大学学报

@#An HPLC-DAD wavelength switching method(240 nm, 280 nm, 316 nm, 403 nm)was developed for simultaneous determination of seven index components: hydroxysafflor yellow A, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid B, kaempferol, formononetin and tanshinone IIA in Naoxintong capsule. The qualities of different batches of Naoxintong capsules were evaluated by statistical analysis. Seven index components in 20 batches of Naoxintong capsules were simultaneously determined by HPLC wavelength switching method with Capcell PAK C18 MG II column(250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5. 0 μm). The mobile phase consisted of methanol-acetonitrile(25 ∶75, A)-0. 1% formic acid aqueous solution(B)with a gradient elution program and a flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min, and the column temperature was 30 °C. The results were analyzed by statistical analysis to evaluate the differences in the quality of Naoxintong capsules. Results showed that the seven active components were well separated and showed good linearity hydroxysafflor yellow A(403 nm)2. 30- 11. 50 mg/L(r=0. 999 2), paeoniflorin(240 nm)8. 81- 44. 05 mg/L(r=0. 999 6), ferulic acid(316 nm)1. 22- 6. 10 mg/L(r=0. 999 6), salvianolic acid B(280 nm)11. 61- 58. 05 mg/L(r=0. 999 4), kaempferol(403 nm)1. 16-5. 80 mg/L(r=0. 999 4), formononetin(240 nm)0. 12- 0. 60 mg/L(r=0. 999 5)and tanshinone IIA(280 nm)2. 28- 11. 40 mg/L(r=0. 999 5). The precision was good and RSD was less than 2. 0%, The repeatability was good and RSD was less than 2. 0%. The stability was good in 24 h. The average recoveries were between 97. 35%- 101. 02% and RSD was less than 2. 0%. The contents of target components in Naoxintong capsules, hydroxysafflor yellow A was 0. 213- 0. 369 mg/g, paeoniflorin was 1. 535- 3. 217 mg/g, ferulic acid was 0. 153- 0. 236 mg/g, salvianolic acid B was 2. 563- 3. 271 mg/g, kaempferol was 0. 103- 0. 181 mg/g, formononetin was 0. 022- 0. 028 mg/g, and tanshinone IIA was 0. 466- 0. 698 mg/g. HPLC wavelength change and gradient elution method was established for simultaneous determination of seven index components in Naoxintong capsule. The method is accurate, sensitive, reliable, and repeatable, and can be used for the quality control of Naoxintong capsule.

Optimization of Water Extraction Technology for Bupi Yangshen Granules Based on Multi-index Weighting Analysis Method Combined with Orthogonal Test / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To optimize the water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules， and to provide basis for the follow-up research and development of it. METHODS： The contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B in water extract of Bupi yangshen granules， were determined by HPLC-ELSD and HPLC-DAD. Using the comprehensive score of contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B and extract yield as index， weight coefficient of indicators were determined by AHP， CRITIC and AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method. L9（34） orthogonal test was used to optimize decoction time， water volume and decoction times in water extraction technology of Bupi yangshen granules. Validation test was also performed. RESULTS： The weight coefficient determined by AHP-CRITIC mixed weighting method was the most reasonable. The optimal extraction technology was decocting twice， adding 12-fold water， 1 h each time. The results of 3 times of validation test showed that the average contents of astragaloside Ⅳ and salvianolic acid B were 8.79， 609.50 mg （total amount of 121 g medicinal herbs extracted from whole prescription）， respectively. The average extract yield was 31.24％. Average comprehensive score was 96.59（RSD＝1.01％，n＝3）. CONCLUSIONS： The optimized water extraction technology is reproducible， stable and feasible. It can provide a scientific basis for the follow-up development and industrial production of Bupi yangshen granules.