Analyzing morphometry among extant and extinct species: A case study of genus Agassizia (Spatangoida: Echinoidea) / Análisis de la morfometría entre especies existentes y extintas: Un estudio de caso del género Agassizia (Spatangoida: Echinoidea)

Abstract Introduction: The genus Agassizia in Mexico is represented both in the fossil record by the species Agassizia regia† during the Miocene of Chiapas and by the extant species Agassizia excentrica on the Atlantic coast and Agassizia scrobiculata on the Pacific coast. Qualitative diagnosis and descriptions make it hard to distinguish morphological boundaries between species, especially in groups with fossils and recent representatives, increasing the level of complexity by having samples of disparate qualities and quantities. Objective: We propose the use of little explored statistical methods in the comparison of paleontological and biological populations. This methodology allowed us to resolve issues of missing values in a morphometric data set for the genus Agassizia. Methods: Using samples recently collected and specimens already housed in collections, we explore a routine of recovery of missing data MICE and the numerical and graphic analyses PERMANOVA, PCA, and SIMPER to compare morphometric parameters between these species for recognizing diagnostic characters. Results: Our results show a morphological difference in the length of the ambulacrum II and the length and width of the periproct and peristome structures, these being greater in A. scrobiculata, with a consistent pattern in both population samples not previously described. Conclusions: Quantitative morphometric comparisons can be an assertive and complementary tool to determine distinctive differentiation characteristics in species of the same genus. Comparative morphology reviews should be an ongoing exercise to keep taxonomic knowledge on both extinct and extant species up to date. Our research encourage the scientific community studying fossil populations to utilize quantitative and multivariate methods to strengthen their investigations.

Resumen Introducción: El género Agassizia en México está representado tanto en el registro fósil por la especie Agassizia regia† del Mioceno de Chiapas, como por las especies actuales Agassizia excentrica de la costa del Atlántico y Agassizia scrobiculata de la costa del Pacífico. Las descripciones y diagnosis cualitativas dificultan reconocer los limites morfológicos entre especies, especialmente en grupos con representantes fósiles y recientes, e incrementando el nivel de complejidad al tener muestras de cantidad y calidad desiguales. Objetivo: Proponemos el uso de métodos estadísticos poco explorados en la comparación de poblaciones paleontológicas y biológicas. Esta metodología nos permitió resolver problemas de valores faltantes en un conjunto de datos morfométricos para el género Agassizia. Métodos: Usando muestras recolectadas para este fin, así como provenientes de colecciones científicas, exploramos una rutina de recuperación de datos faltantes MICE, y los análisis numéricos y gráficos PERMANOVA, PCA y SIMPER para comparar parámetros morfométricos entre estas especies y reconocer caracteres de diagnóstico. Además, comparamos cuidadosamente los caracteres morfológicos descritos previamente en la literatura taxonómica y la descripción ambiental del hábitat actual de A. scrobiculata. Resultados: Nuestros resultados muestran una diferencia morfológica en la longitud del ambulacrum II y la longitud y anchura de las estructuras del periprocto y peristoma, siendo estas mayores en A. scrobiculata, con un patrón consistente en ambas muestras poblacionales no descrito previamente. El hábitat actual de las muestras de A. scrobiculata en la costa del Pacífico es un sistema costero poco profundo con sedimentos arenosos y temperaturas tropicales. Bahía Chamela comparte varias similitudes con la fauna y las condiciones ambientales previamente descritas en el Mioceno de Chiapas. Conclusiones: Las comparaciones morfométricas cuantitativas pueden ser una herramienta poderosa y complementaria para determinar caracteres distintivos de diferenciación en especies del mismo género. Las revisiones de morfología comparativa deben ser un ejercicio continuo para mantener actualizado el conocimiento taxonómico sobre las especies existentes y extintas. Nuestro trabajo busca incentivar a la comunidad científica que trabaja con poblaciones fósiles a explorar estos y otros métodos cuantitativos y multivariados para fortalecer sus investigaciones.

Establishment of a nomogram prediction model for risk of COPD complicating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis / 重庆医学

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)complicating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,and to establish a nomogram prediction model.Methods The clinical data of 195 patients with COPD admitted and treated in this hospital from January 2019 to Feb-ruary 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.The factors possibly affecting the patients with COPD complicating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis were collected,and the patients were divided into 2 groups according to whether having pulmonary interstitial fibrosis.The independent risk factors were analyzed and screened by the multi-variate logistic regression.Then the nomogram prediction model was constructed.Results Among the includ-ed 195 cases of COPD in this study,there were 50 cases(25.64％)of complicating pulmonary interstitial fi-brosis.The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis results showed that the smoking history,duration of COPD,frequency of acute exacerbations onset,serum transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1),basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF)and angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)were the independent influencing factors of COPD complicating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis(P＜0.05).The nomogram model was constructed accord-ing to the results of multivariate analysis results,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was 0.956(95％CI:0.930-0.983),the average absolute error of internal verification by the Bootstrap method was 0.025,and the prediction model performance basically fitted the ideal model.Conclusion The nomogram model constructed by this study for predicting the pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in COPD patients has high accuracy and distinction degree.

Effects of Different Processing Methods on the Volatile Components of Amomi Fructus Based on GC-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis / 医药导报

Objective To analyze the influence of different processing methods,including frying,ginger frying,and salt frying,on the volatile components of A.fructus.Methods The volatile components in different processed products of A.fructus were detected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)based on multivariate statistical analysis.After OPLS-DA analysis,the different components were screened under the conditions of VIP＞1.5 and P＜0.05 and were qualitatively searched using the NIST 11 spectral library.Results A total of 49 different components were identified,with 14 components only changing in the seed mass and 22 components changing in the peel.The content of camphor could be significantly reduced in the seed mass after A.fructus was processed and the content of bornyl acetate significantly increased in the peel of frying A.fructus.Salt frying had a great influence on the alkanes in A.fructus,and ginger processing did not only increase the volatile components in ginger,which reflected the complexity of the processing mechanism.Conclusion At present,the specific processing mechanism is not clear,but the experimental results provide theoretical data for the "detoxification and efficiency enhancement" effect of A.fructus processing,reflecting the scientific nature of the processing,enriching the processing theory of A.fructus,and providing a reference for further in-depth research on the activity of different processed products of A.fructus.

Comparison of chemical components of Lonicera fragrantissima and Lonicera japonica based on LC-MS / 中成药

AIM To compare the components difference between Lonicera fragrantissima Lindl.et Paxt.(LFL)and Lonicerae japonicae Flos(LJF),and to evaluate the medicinal value of LFL,so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of LFL and LJF.METHODS With 70%methanol as extraction solvent,the components were analyzed by UPLC-TOF-MS,and the contents of 20 components were determined by HPLC-QQQ-MS.The components difference was determined by multivariate statistical analysis.RESULTS A total of 52 components were identified in the buds of LFL and LJF.There were 4 different components in LJF,and the contents of 20 quantitative components were significantly different.The contents of isochlorogenic acid C,ferulic acid,luteolin and rutin in the buds of LFL were more than 2 times that of LJF,and the contents of marchanic acid and marchanin were 11.96 times and 37.23 times that of LJF respectively.Maganin,isochlorogenic acid A,maganic acid,rutin and dicomachanic acid are the key differentiating components of LFL and LJF.CONCLUSION The buds of LFL and LJF have similar species,but the content difference is obvious.The buds of LFL have important medicinal value,which need further development and utilization.

Correlation between tongue and pulse indicators and the outcome of live birth in frozen-thawed embryo transfer / 数字中医药（英文）

Objective @#To investigate the correlation between tongue and pulse indicators and the outcome of live birth in patients undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET), as well as the association between these indicators and patients’ endocrine parameters.@*Methods@#This study was conducted at Reproductive Medicine Center, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China, from March 8, 2021 to January 5, 2022. Patients undergoing FET were divided into live birth and non-live birth groups according to their live birth outcome. The differences between the endocrine parameters [basic follicle stimulating hormone (b FSH), basic luteinizing hormone (b LH), basic estradiol (b E2), basic progesterone (b P), basal endometrial thickness, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) on endometrial transition day, luteinizing hormone (LH) on endometrial transition day, estradiol (E2) on endometrial transition day, progesterone (P) on endometrial transition day, and endometrial thickness on endometrial transition day] and the tongue and pulse indicators [tongue body (TB)-L, TB-a, TB-b, tongue coating (TC)-L, TC-a, TC-b, perAll, perPart, h1, h4, h5, t1, h1/t1, and h4/h1] of patients in the two groups were analyzed, with the correlation between these variables analyzed as well using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify the influential factors in the live birth prediction models across various datasets, including Model 1 consisting of endocrine indicators only, Model 2 solely consisting of tongue and pulse indicators, and Model 3 consisting of both tongue, pulse, and endocrine indicators, as well as to evaluate efficacy of the models derived from different datasets.@*Result@#This study included 78 patients in live birth group and 144 patients in non-live birth group. Compared with non-live birth group, live birth group exhibited higher levels of TB-L (P = 0.01) and TB-a (P = 0.04), while demonstrated lower levels of b FSH (P = 0.01), perAll (P = 0.04), and h4/h1 (P = 0.03). The Spearman’s correlation coefficient analysis revealed statistically significant correlation (P < 0.05) between TB-L, TB-b, TC-L, TC-b, perAll, perPart, h4, h5, t1, h1/t1 and b FSH, b LH, basal endometrial thickness, LH on endometrial transition day, E2 on endometrial transition day, P on endometrial transition day, and endometrial thickness on endometrial transition day in live birth group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the prediction Model 3 for live birth outcome [area under the curve (AUC): 0.917,95% confidence interval (CI): 0.863 − 0.971, P < 0.001] surpassed the Model 1 (AUC: 0.698,95% CI: 0.593 − 0.803, P = 0.001), or the Model 2 (AUC: 0.790, 95% CI: 0.699 − 0.880, P < 0.001). The regression equations for the live birth outcomes, integrating tongue and pulse indicators with endocrine parameters, included the following measures: FSH on endometrial transition day [odds ratio (OR): 0.523, P = 0.025], LH on endometrial transition day (OR: 1.277, P = 0.029), TB-L (OR: 2.401, P = 0.001), perPart (OR: 1.018, P = 0.013), h1(OR: 0.065, P = 0.021), t1 (OR: 4.354, P = 0.024), and h4/h1 (OR: 0.018, P = 0.016).@*Conclusion@#In infertility patients undergoing FET, there exists a correlation between tongue and pulse indicators and endocrine parameters. The corporation of tongue and pulse indicators significantly improved the predictive capability of the model for live birth outcomes. Specifically, tongue and pulse indicators such as TB-L, perPart, h1, t1, and h4/h1 exhibited a discernible correlation with the ultimate live birth outcomes.

Urinary Metabolomics Aanlysis of Differences in Effect of Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma on Gerbils with Stroke / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma on the urinary metabolites of gerbils with stroke by non-targeted metabolomics technique， and then to clarify the mechanism of the two， as well as their similarities and differences. MethodTwenty-four gerbils were randomly divided into control group（CG）， model group（MG）， Aconiti Coreani Radix group（RA） and Typhonii Rhizoma group（RT）. Except for the CG， ischemic stroke model was constructed using right unilateral ligation of gerbil carotid artery in the remaining groups. Except for the CG and MG， rats in the other groups received whole powder suspension（0.586 mg·g-1） was administered for 14 days. The neurological deficit in each group was scored by Longa scoring on days 0， 3， 7 and 14. After the end of administration， the serum， brain tissue and urine of gerbils in each group were collected， and the rate of cerebral infarction was detected by 2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride（TTC）， and the levels of interleukin（IL）-6， tumor necrosis factor（TNF）-α， malondialdehyde（MDA）， superoxide dismutase（SOD）， glutathione（GSH）， and nitric oxide（NO） in serum and brain tissue were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）. The urine metabolomics of gerbils in each group was studied by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS）， and the data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis， and differential metabolites were screened based on value of variable importance in the projection（VIP） of the first principal component>1 and t-test P<0.05. Metabolic pathway analysis of the screened differential metabolites was performed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes（KEGG） database and Metaboanalyst 5.0. ResultCompared with the CG， the neurological deficit score was significantly increased in the MG（P<0.05）， compared with the MG， the neurological deficit scores in the RA and RT were significantly reduced after 7 d and 14 d（P<0.05）. Compared with the CG， the rate of cerebral infarction was significantly increased in the MG（P<0.05）， compared with the MG， the rates of cerebral infarction in the RA and RT were significantly reduced（P<0.05）. Compared with the CG， the levels of IL-6， TNF-α， and MDA in the serum and brain tissue of gerbils from the MG were significantly increased（P<0.05）， and the levels of SOD， GSH and NO were significantly reduced（P<0.05）. Compared with the MG， Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma could down-regulate the levels of IL-6， TNF-α and MDA， and up-regulated the levels of SOD， GSH and NO. A total of 112 endogenous differential metabolites were screened by urine metabolomics， of which 16 and 26 metabolites were called back by Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma， and could be used as potential biomarkers for both treatments in stroke gerbils， respectively. The results of the pathway analysis showed that both Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma had regulatory effects on arginine and proline metabolism， pyrimidine metabolism， and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. In addition， Aconiti Coreani Radix could also regulate riboflavin metabolism， Typhonii Rhizoma could also regulate purine metabolism， glycine， serine and threonine metabolism， arachidonic acid metabolism， biosynthesis of pantothenate and coenzyme A， and β-alanine metabolism. ConclusionBoth Aconiti Coreani Radix and Typhonii Rhizoma have better therapeutic effects on stroke， with Aconiti Coreani Radix having stronger effects. From the metabolomics results， the main metabolic pathways regulated by Aconiti Coreani Radix involve amino acid metabolism， oxidative stress and so on， while Typhonii Rhizoma mainly involve amino acid metabolism， lipid metabolism， energy metabolism， etc.

A Study on Brain Functional Connectivity in Patients With Disorders of Consciousness Based on Auditory Stimulation / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Objective At present, the grading evaluation of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) is still a focus and difficulty in related fields. Electroencephalogram (EEG) can directly read and continuously reflect scalp electrical activity generated by brain tissue structure, with high temporal resolution. Auditory stimulation is easy to operate and has broad application prospects in clinical detection of DOC. The causal network can intuitively reflect the direction of information transmission through the causal relationship between time series, helping us better understand the information interaction between different regions of the brain of patients. This paper combines EEG and causal networks to explore the differences in brain functional connectivity between patients with unresponsive arousal syndrome (VS) and those with minimum state of consciousness (MCS) under auditory stimulation. MethodsA total of 23 DOC patients were included, including 11 MCS patients and 12 VS patients. Based on the Oddball paradigm, auditory naming stimulation was performed on DOC patients and EEG signals of DOC patients were synchronously collected. The brain functional networks were constructed using multivariate Granger causality method, and the differences in node degree, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, and causal flow of the brain networks between MCS patients and VS patients were calculated. The differences in network characteristics of patients with different levels of consciousness under auditory stimulation were compared from the perspective of cooperation between brain regions. ResultsThe causal connectivity between most brain regions in MCS patients was stronger than that in VS patients, and MCS patients had more brain network connectivity edges than VS patients. The average degree (P<0.05), average clustering coefficient, and global efficiency (P<0.05) of MCS patients under naming stimulation were higher than those of VS patients. The difference in out-degree between each node of VS patients was larger, and the difference in in-degree between each node of MCS patients was smaller. The difference in in-degree of MCS patients was more significant than that of VS patients, and the inflow and outflow of information in the brain functional network of MCS patients were stronger than those of VS patients. MCS and VS patients had differences of causal flow in the frontal and temporal lobes, the direction of information transmission in the parietal lobe and central region was not the same, and MCS patients had more electrodes as causal sources than VS patients. ConclusionThe information transmission ability of MCS patients is stronger than that of VS patients under auditory naming stimulation. Compared with VS patients, MCS patients have an increase in the number of electrode channels as the causal source, an increase in information output to other brain regions, and also an increase in the information output within brain regions, which may indicate a better state of consciousness in patients. MCS patients have more electrode channels for information output in the frontal lobe than VS patients, and the number of electrode channels for changing the direction of information transmission in the frontal lobe is the highest. The frontal lobe is closely related to the level of consciousness in patients with consciousness disorders. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the grading evaluation of consciousness levels in DOC patients.

Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of The Temporal Heterogeneity in Lung Cell Carcinogenesis Induced by Benzo(a)pyrene / 生物化学与生物物理进展

ObjectiveTemporal heterogeneity in lung cancer presents as fluctuations in the biological characteristics, genomic mutations, proliferation rates, and chemotherapeutic responses of tumor cells over time, posing a significant barrier to effective treatment. The complexity of this temporal variance, coupled with the spatial diversity of lung cancer, presents formidable challenges for research. This article will pave the way for new avenues in lung cancer research, aiding in a deeper understanding of the temporal heterogeneity of lung cancer, thereby enhancing the cure rate for lung cancer. MethodsRaman spectroscopy emerges as a powerful tool for real-time surveillance of biomolecular composition changes in lung cancer at the cellular scale, thus shedding light on the disease’s temporal heterogeneity. In our investigation, we harnessed Raman spectroscopic microscopy alongside multivariate statistical analysis to scrutinize the biomolecular alterations in human lung epithelial cells across various timeframes after benzo(a)pyrene exposure. ResultsOur findings indicated a temporal reduction in nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carotenoids, coinciding with a rise in glucose concentration. These patterns suggest that benzo(a)pyrene induces structural damage to the genetic material, accelerates lipid peroxidation, disrupts protein metabolism, curtails carotenoid production, and alters glucose metabolic pathways. Employing Raman spectroscopy enabled us to monitor the biomolecular dynamics within lung cancer cells in a real-time, non-invasive, and non-destructive manner, facilitating the elucidation of pivotal molecular features. ConclusionThis research enhances the comprehension of lung cancer progression and supports the development of personalized therapeutic approaches, which may improve the clinical outcomes for patients.

Prediction of soil seed bank of piedmont and alluvial environments of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan / Predição do banco de sementes do solo do piemonte e ambientes aluviais de Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Paquistão

Abstract The current focus is on the overall pattern of seed storage present in the fragments of the soil of piedmont and alluvial landscapes of the environment. The present study predicted the seed banks of both soils of alluvial and piedmont zones in different ecological conditions and evaluate the potential of seeds in the restoration of both environments. The composition of the seed bank of soil is mainly affected by the alluvial environment and the structure of cleared area shows that more species of germinating annual grasses and growable seeds with the higher total number. Extant vegetation structures have an important role in the diversity of soil seed reservoirs, whose composition corresponded with the openness of the site. When in situ soil seed bank is recruited, it helps to restore only some components of the plant community in an alluvial environment. In our current research, it was confirmed that seed richness was higher in number at lower elevation (alluvial) than that at high elevation (piedmont). Seed richness showed a significant negative correlation with anions, cations, while significantly positive with altitude that suggests the richness pattern of the overall seed bank of the area is influenced by various environmental factors.

Resumo O foco atual está no padrão geral de armazenamento de sementes presente nos fragmentos de solo do Piemonte e nas paisagens aluviais do meio ambiente. O presente estudo previu os bancos de sementes de ambos os solos das zonas aluvial e piemontesa em diferentes condições ecológicas e avaliou o potencial das sementes na restauração de ambos os ambientes. A composição do banco de sementes do solo é afetada principalmente pelo ambiente aluvial e a estrutura da área desmatada mostra que mais espécies de gramíneas anuais em germinação e sementes cultiváveis ​​apresentam o maior número total. As estruturas da vegetação existente têm um papel importante na diversidade dos reservatórios de sementes do solo, cuja composição correspondeu à abertura do local. Quando o banco de sementes do solo in situ é recrutado, o mesmo ajuda a restaurar apenas alguns componentes da comunidade de plantas em um ambiente aluvial. Em nossa pesquisa atual, foi confirmado que a riqueza de sementes era maior em número em altitudes mais baixas (aluviais) do que em altitudes elevadas (Piemonte). A riqueza de sementes mostrou uma correlação negativa significativa com ânions, cátions, enquanto significativamente positiva com a altitude, o que sugere que o padrão de riqueza do banco geral de sementes da área é influenciado por vários fatores ambientais.

Prediction of soil seed bank of piedmont and alluvial environments of Dera Ghazi Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract The current focus is on the overall pattern of seed storage present in the fragments of the soil of piedmont and alluvial landscapes of the environment. The present study predicted the seed banks of both soils of alluvial and piedmont zones in different ecological conditions and evaluate the potential of seeds in the restoration of both environments. The composition of the seed bank of soil is mainly affected by the alluvial environment and the structure of cleared area shows that more species of germinating annual grasses and growable seeds with the higher total number. Extant vegetation structures have an important role in the diversity of soil seed reservoirs, whose composition corresponded with the openness of the site. When in situ soil seed bank is recruited, it helps to restore only some components of the plant community in an alluvial environment. In our current research, it was confirmed that seed richness was higher in number at lower elevation (alluvial) than that at high elevation (piedmont). Seed richness showed a significant negative correlation with anions, cations, while significantly positive with altitude that suggests the richness pattern of the overall seed bank of the area is influenced by various environmental factors.

Resumo O foco atual está no padrão geral de armazenamento de sementes presente nos fragmentos de solo do Piemonte e nas paisagens aluviais do meio ambiente. O presente estudo previu os bancos de sementes de ambos os solos das zonas aluvial e piemontesa em diferentes condições ecológicas e avaliou o potencial das sementes na restauração de ambos os ambientes. A composição do banco de sementes do solo é afetada principalmente pelo ambiente aluvial e a estrutura da área desmatada mostra que mais espécies de gramíneas anuais em germinação e sementes cultiváveis apresentam o maior número total. As estruturas da vegetação existente têm um papel importante na diversidade dos reservatórios de sementes do solo, cuja composição correspondeu à abertura do local. Quando o banco de sementes do solo in situ é recrutado, o mesmo ajuda a restaurar apenas alguns componentes da comunidade de plantas em um ambiente aluvial. Em nossa pesquisa atual, foi confirmado que a riqueza de sementes era maior em número em altitudes mais baixas (aluviais) do que em altitudes elevadas (Piemonte). A riqueza de sementes mostrou uma correlação negativa significativa com ânions, cátions, enquanto significativamente positiva com a altitude, o que sugere que o padrão de riqueza do banco geral de sementes da área é influenciado por vários fatores ambientais.

Multivariate guard-bands and total risk assessment on multiparameter evaluations with correlated and uncorrelated measured values

Abstract The quality, efficacy, and safety of medicines are usually verified by analytical results. Measurement uncertainty is a critical aspect for the reliability of these analytical results. The pharmacopeial compendia usually adopt a simple acceptance rule that does not consider information from measurement uncertainty. In this work, we compared decision-making using simple acceptance and decision rules with the use of guard-band for multiparameter evaluation of ofloxacin ophthalmic solution and acyclovir topical cream. Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution and acyclovir topical cream samples were subject to pharmacopeial tests and assays. Multivariate guard-band widths were calculated by multiplying the standard uncertainty (u) by an appropriate multivariate coverage factor (k'). The multivariate coverage factor (k') was obtained by the Monte Carlo method. According to the simple acceptance rule, all the results obtained for ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution and acyclovir topical cream are within the specification limits. However, the risk of false conformity decisions increases for ciprofloxacin tests. Decisions made using the simple acceptance rule and decision rules with the use of guard-band may differ. The simple acceptance rule may increase the risk of false conformity decisions when the measured value is close to the regulatory specification limits and/or when the measurement uncertainty value is inappropriately high. Nevertheless, the guard-band decision rule will always reduce the risk of false conformity decisions. Therefore, using information on measurement uncertainty in conformity assessment is highly recommended to ensure the proper efficacy, safety, and quality of medicines.

Anemia crónica como factor de riesgo de muerte por choque hipovolémico en población peruana. 2021-2022

Objetivo: determinar si la anemia crónica es un factor de riesgo asociado a la muerte por choque hipovolémico en adultos peruanos. Métodos: estudio observacional, de casos y controles, basado en datos del Sistema Nacional de Defunciones del Ministerio de Salud peruano entre enero de 2021 a septiembre de 2022. La población estudiada fue de 281.456 adultos cuando se analizó según sexo, y 281.416 adultos cuando se dividió según grupo etario con una diferencia de 40 datos perdidos durante el procesamiento de la información. Se incluyó a pacientes con y sin anemia (variable independiente), cuyas causas de muerte inmediata fueron divididas en muertes por choque hipovolémico (variable dependiente) y muertes por otras causas inmediatas. Se realizó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y el coeficiente V de Cramer, así como el análisis multivariado considerando variables como la edad y el sexo. Se consideró un valor de p significativo menor a 0,05 con un intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: 1627 hombres fallecieron por choque hipovolémico de los cuales 18,20% tuvo anemia crónica (p<0,001). De 1540 mujeres fallecidas, 21,30% tuvo anemia crónica (p<0,001) y en ambos grupos (3167) el 19,70% tuvo anemia crónica (p<0,001). Con la prueba V de Cramer se halló una asociación positiva y baja entre las variables estudiadas (p<0,001). Los pacientes con anemia crónica tuvieron mayor probabilidad de morir por choque hipovolémico que los fallecidos sin anemia crónica, siendo mayor en adultos a partir de los 40 años, datos reafirmados en el modelo de regresión logística binaria. Conclusiones: la anemia crónica es una comorbilidad que supone un aumento del riesgo de muerte en pacientes con choque hipovolémico. Independientemente de la etiología del choque, el control y corrección de la anemia crónica podría tener un impacto en la reducción de la mortalidad de la hipovolemia aguda en adultos peruanos.

Objective: To determine if chronic anemia is a risk factor associated with death due to hypovolemic shock in Peruvian adults. Methods: Observational, case-control study, based on data from the National Death System of the Peruvian Ministry of Health between January 2021 and September 2022. Patients with and without anemia (independent variable) were included, whose causes of immediate death were divided into deaths due to hypovolemic shock (dependent variable) and deaths due to other immediate causes. The Chi-square test and Cramer's V coefficient were performed, as well as multivariate analysis considering variables such as age and sex. A significant p value of less than 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was considered. Results: One thousand six hundred and twenty-seven men died from hypovolemic shock, of which 18.20% had chronic anemia (p<0.001). Of 1540 deceased women, 21.30% had chronic anemia (p<0.001) and in both groups (3167) 19.70% had chronic anemia (p<0.001). With Cramer's V test, a positive and low association was found between the variables studied (p<0.001). Patients with chronic anemia were more likely to die from hypovolemic shock than those who died without chronic anemia, and this was higher in adults over 40 years of age, data reaffirmed in the binary logistic regression model. Conclusions: Chronic anemia is a comorbidity that represents an increased risk of death in patients with hypovolemic shock. Regardless of the etiology of the shock, the control and correction of chronic anemia could have an impact on reducing mortality from acute hypovolemia in Peruvian adults.

Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho: Comparação entre Três Modelos Estruturais / Escala de Satisfacción Laboral: Comparación entre Tres Modelos Estructurales / Scale of Job Satisfaction: Comparison among Three Structural Models

Resumo A estrutura original da Escala de Satisfação no Trabalho (EST) é constituída por cinco fatores de primeira ordem (Modelo 1), correspondendo ao nível específico do construto satisfação no trabalho (ST). Contudo, estudos sugeriram duas outras estruturas, com um ou dois fatores de segunda ordem, respectivamente, nível geral (Modelo 3) e nível intermediário (Modelo 2). Este estudo testou esses três modelos estruturais para a EST, a fim de verificar qual deles apresentaria melhor ajuste. Foram analisados os dados de 200 trabalhadores que responderam à versão reduzida da EST, por meio de análise fatorial confirmatória e teste da diferença do qui-quadrado. Nos resultados, encontrou-se bom ajuste para os três modelos. Entretanto, o melhor ajuste foi para o Modelo 2, seguido dos Modelos 1 e 3. Concluiu-se que a EST pode ser utilizada para mensuração dos três níveis do constructo ST.

Abstract The original structure of the Scale of Job Satisfaction (SJS) consists of five first-order factors (Model 1), corresponding to the specific level of the job satisfaction (JS) construct. However, studies suggested two other structures, each with one or two second-order factors, representing the overall level (Model 3) and the intermediate level (Model 2) respectively. This study aimed to test these three structural models for the SJS to determine which one provided the best fit. Data from 200 workers who completed the short version of the SJS were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and a chi-squared difference test. The results indicated a good fit for all three models. However, Model 2 showed the best fit, followed by Models 1 and 3. It was concluded that the SJS can be used to measure the three levels of the JS construct.

Resumen La estructura original de la Escala de Satisfacción Laboral (ESL) consta de cinco factores de primer orden (Modelo 1), los cuales corresponden al nivel específico del constructo satisfacción laboral (SL). Sin embargo, estudios han sugerido otras dos estructuras, con uno o dos factores de segundo orden, respectivamente correspondientes al nivel general (Modelo 3) y nivel intermedio (Modelo 2). Este estudio probó estos tres modelos estructurales para la ESL, con el fin de verificar cuál presentaría el mejor ajuste. Se analizaron los datos de 200 trabajadores que respondieron a la versión reducida de la ESL, mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y la prueba de diferencia de chi-cuadrado. En los resultados, se encontró un buen ajuste para los tres modelos. No obstante, se observó que el Modelo 2 mostró el mejor ajuste, seguido por los Modelos 1 y 3. Se concluyó que la ESL se puede utilizar para medir los tres niveles del constructo SL.

Aspectos que influenciam a contagem bacteriana total e a contagem de células somáticas do leite de propriedades rurais do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Aspects that influence milk total bacterial count and somatic cell count from farms in interior of São Paulo State, Brazil / Aspectos que influyen el contaje bacteriano total y el contaje de células somáticas de la leche de propiedades rurales del interior del estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Este estudo objetivou avaliar aspectos que exercem influência sobre a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) do leite e avaliar a adequação das amostras do produto à Instrução Normativa nº 76, de 26 de novembro de 2018, do Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária do Brasil (IN 76). A pesquisa foi realizada em propriedades rurais da microrregião de Birigui, São Paulo, Brasil, e se baseou em coleta de dados, por entrevista estruturada, e coletas de leite nas propriedades. Foi realizada amostragem por conveniência, sendo escolhidos 15 produtores de cada estrato (de acordo com a produção diária de leite: pequeno - até 100 L; médio - 101 a 300 L; grande - mais de 300 L), totalizando 45 produtores de leite. Participaram da pesquisa somente propriedades com base da alimentação volumosa em sistema de pastejo ou em semiconfinamento. Para avaliar a influência de diferentes fatores sobre a contagem bacteriana total (CBT) e a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), separadamente, realizou-se regressão multivariada. Ainda, foi determinado o coeficiente de correlação entre variáveis desta pesquisa. As variáveis resposta foram transformadas em logaritmo para normalização dos dados. Foi feita comparação entre os resultados da pesquisa e os parâmetros da IN 76 para verificar o cumprimento das normas pelos produtores. Foram encontrados valores médios de 6.986.977,818.961.790,7 UFC/mL para CBT e de 608.911,1 ± 414.802,9 CS/mL para CCS. A utilização de tanque de resfriamento individual mostrou-se favorável à baixa CBT, em comparação com não uso de tanque ou uso de tanque comunitário, conforme o esperado, pois quanto mais tempo leva para resfriar o leite, maior é a proliferação de bactérias no produto. Foi verificado que o leite de produtores que realizam o California Mastitis Test (CMT) com maior frequência apresentou CCS mais elevada, o que não era esperado. As análises físico-químicas médias foram densidade 1,031 g/mL a 15°C, índice crioscópico -0,538 °H, teor de proteína 3,58%, teor de gordura 4,06%, extrato seco total 12,75%, extrato seco desengordurado 8,69%, acidez titulável 16,2 °D e estabilidade ao álcool (Alizarol 72%) 100%. Em 13,3% (6/45) das amostras foi detectada presença de antibióticos. Considerando a IN 76, o leite de somente 8,9% (4/45) dos produtores apresentou-se adequado simultaneamente para todos os parâmetros analisados (CBT, CCS, densidade, índice crioscópico, proteína, gordura, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, acidez titulável, estabilidade ao alizarol e pesquisa de antibióticos). A utilização de tanque de resfriamento individual e a realização de CMT favoreceram menor CBT e maior CCS, respectivamente.

This study aimed to evaluate aspects that exerts influence on the total bacterial count (TBC) and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk and evaluate the conformity of the samples to the Normative Instruction no. 76, from November 26, 2018, of the Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock Ministry (NI 76). The research was done in farms around Birigui micro-region, São Paulo State, Brazil, and was based on data collection obtained by structured interviews and milk collection in the farms. Convenience sampling was carried out from 15 producers of each stratum (according to daily milk production: small - up to 100 L; medium - 101 to 300 L; large - more than 300 L), totalizing 45 milk producers. Only farms with grazing or semi-feedlot system for roughage feeding base were included. To evaluate the influence of different factors on Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC), separately, a multivariate regression was done. Moreover, the correlation coefficient among variables was determined. The response variables were transformed into logarithms for the normalization of the data. A comparison between results and NI 76 parameters was done to verify the standard compliance by producers. Mean TBC was 6.986.977,8 ± 18.961.790,7 CFU/mL and mean SCC was 608.911,1414.802,9 cells/mL. The use of individual cooler tank was favorable to lower TBC, compared with the non-use of the tank or with the use of the communitarian tank, as expected, since the longer it takes to cool the milk, the higher the proliferation of bacteria in the product. It was verified that milk from farmers that more frequently perform California Mastitis Test (CMT) showed higher SCC, which was not expected. The average physicochemical analyzes were density 1.031 g/mL at 15°C, cryoscopic index -0.538 °H, protein content 3.58%, fat content 4.06%, total dry extract 12.75%, dry extract defatted 8.69%, titratable acidity 16.2 °D and alcohol stability (Alizarol 72%) 100%. The presence of antibiotics was detected in 13.3% (6/45) of the samples. Considering NI 76, milk from only 8.9% (4/45) farmers were proper simultaneously for all the parameters analyzed (TBC, SCC, density, cryoscopic index, protein, fat, total dry extract, defatted dry extract, titratable acidity, alizarol stability and antibiotics). The use of individual cooling tank and the CMT performance support lower TBC and higher SCC respectively.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los aspectos que influyen en el contaje bacteriano total (CBT) y el contaje de células somáticas (CCS) de la leche y evaluar la adecuación de las muestras del producto a la Instrucción Normativa nº 76, de 26 de noviembre de 2018, del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería en Brasil (IN 76). La investigación se llevó a cabo en propiedades rurales en la microrregión de Birigui, São Paulo, Brasil, y se basó en la recolección de datos, a través de entrevistas estructuradas, y colectas de leche en las propiedades. Se realizó un muestreo por conveniencia, escogiendo 15 productores de cada estrato (de acuerdo con la producción diaria de leche: pequeño - hasta 100 L; medio - 101 hasta 300 L; grande ­ más de 300 L), totalizando 45 productores de leche. Participaron de la investigación únicamente propiedades basadas en alimentación voluminosa en sistema de pastoreo o, a lo sumo, en semiconfinamiento. Para evaluar la influencia de diferentes factores sobre el contaje bacteriano total (CBT) y el contaje de células somáticas (CCS), por separado, se realizó una regresión multivariada. Asimismo, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación entre las variables de esta investigación. Las variables de respuesta se transformaron en logaritmos para la normalización de datos. Se realizó una comparación entre los resultados de la investigación y los parámetros de la IN 76 para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas por parte de los productores. Se encontraron valores medios de 6.986.977,818.961.790,7 UFC/mL para CBT y de 608.911,1 +414.802,9 CS/mL para CCS. El uso de un tanque de enfriamiento individual se ha mostrado favorable a la baja CBT, en comparación con no usar un tanque o usar un tanque comunitario, conforme lo esperado, ya que cuanto más se tarda en enfriar la leche, mayor es la proliferación de bacterias en el producto. Se verificó que la leche de los productores que realizan el California Mastitis Test (CMT) con mayor frecuencia presentó CCS más alto, lo cual no se esperaba. Los análisis fisicoquímicos promedio fueron densidad 1,031 g/mL a 15°C, índice crioscópico -0,538 °H, contenido de proteína 3,58%, contenido de grasa 4,06%, extracto seco total 12,75%, extracto seco desgrasado 8,69%, acidez titulable 16,2°D y estabilidad del alcohol (Alizarol 72%) 100%. En el 13,3% (6/45) de las muestras se detectó la presencia de antibióticos. Considerando la IN 76, la leche de solo el 8,9% (4/45) de los productores se presentó adecuado simultáneamente para todos los parámetros analizados (CBT, CCS, densidad, índice crioscópico, proteína, grasa, extracto seco total, extracto seco desgrasado, acidez titulable, estabilidad al alizarol e investigación de antibióticos). El uso de un tanque de enfriamiento individual y la realización de CMT favorecieron un CBT más bajo y un CCS más alto respectivamente.

Oral cancer over six decades: a multivariable analysis of a clinicopathologic retrospective study

Abstract Studies have reported changes in the epidemiological profile of patients with oral cancer in recent decades, especially regarding gender and age. This study aimed to evaluate a historical series of oral malignant lesions prevalence over six decades and define characteristics associated with the occurrence, mainly, of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A retrospective review of histopathological records from 1953 to 2019 was conducted in three oral pathology laboratories in South Brazil about age, sex, anatomical site, clinical aspect, and histopathological diagnosis. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed comparing the histopathological diagnoses with other variables. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to determine the associated predictors of OSCC. Of the 53,065 records available in the institutions, 986 were oral malignant tumors (including all malignant neoplasms), representing 1.86% of all diagnoses. The occurrence of OSCC in the 1960's was 80.0%, decreasing over time reaching the lowest percentage of cases in the 1990's (75.8%) and significantly increasing to 88.7% in the 2010s. Females had a lower chance than males of having OSCC independently of the decade (odds ratio=0.30, p<0.001). This was the same for older individuals compared to those younger than 40 years. No interactions between sex, age, and decade were observed. The number of diagnoses of oral malignant lesions increased over time, and the occurrence of OSCC varied. Older individuals and males had higher chances of having OSCC independently of the decade. Therefore, in this study sample, no changes were observed in the epidemiological profile over the years concerning these predictors.

Resumo Alguns estudos relataram mudanças no perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com câncer bucal nas últimas décadas, principalmente quanto ao gênero e a idade. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, em uma série histórica, a prevalência de todas as lesões malignas bucais ao longo de seis décadas e definir características associadas na ocorrência, principalmente, de carcinoma espinocelular (CEC). Um levantamento retrospectivo dos registros histopatológicos de 1953 a 2019 foi realizado em três laboratórios de Patologia Bucal no Sul do Brasil em relação à idade, gênero, sítio anatômico, aspecto clínico e diagnóstico histopatológico. Análises descritivas e analíticas foram realizadas comparando-se os diagnósticos histopatológicos com as outras variáveis. A regressão logística multivariada foi aplicada para determinar os possíveis preditores associados ao CEC. Dos 53.065 prontuários disponíveis nas instituições, 986 eram tumores malignos bucais (incluindo todas as neoplasias malignas), representando 1,86% de todos os diagnósticos. A ocorrência de CEC na década de 1960 foi de 80,0%, diminuindo ao longo do tempo, atingindo o menor percentual de casos na década de 1990 (75,8%) e aumentando significativamente para 88,7% na década de 2010. As mulheres tiveram menor risco de desenvolver CEC do que os homens, independentemente da década (OR=0,30, p<0,001). Este foi o mesmo para indivíduos com idade mais avançada em comparação com aqueles com menos de 40 anos de idade. Não foram observadas interações entre gênero, idade e década. O número de diagnósticos de lesões malignas bucais aumentou ao longo das décadas e a ocorrência de CEC variou. Indivíduos com mais de 40 anos e do sexo masculino tiveram maiores chances de ter CEC, independentemente da década analisada. Portanto, nessa amostra estudada, não foram observadas mudanças no perfil epidemiológico ao longo dos anos com relação a esses preditores.

Differential analysis of coumarins in Angelica dahurica from different origins / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To screen the differential components of coumarins in Angelica dahurica from two origins （A. dahurica cv.‘ Hangbaizhi’； A. dahurica cv.‘ Qibaizhi’）. METHODS Non-targeted metabolomics technique of UPLC-Q-Exactive- MS/MS was used to analyze the coumarins in 6 batches of A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’ and 12 batches of A. dahurica cv. ‘Qibaizhi’. The differential components were screened by principal component analysis， partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. Cluster analysis was performed on differential components. RESULTS A total of 41 coumarins were identified in 18 batches of samples， in which 23 coumarins were differential components. Therein， 6 differential components were higher in content in A. dahurica cv.‘ Hangbaizhi’， while 17 differential components were higher in content in A. dahurica cv.‘ Qibaizhi’. The content of marmesin galactoside in A. dahurica cv.‘ Hangbaizhi’ was significantly higher than that in A. dahurica cv.‘ Qibaizhi’. Based on 23 differential components， A. dahurica cv.‘ Hangbaizhi’ and A. dahurica cv. ‘Qibaizhi’ could be grouped into one category， respectively. CONCLUSIONS The screened differential components of coumarins can be used to distinguish A. dahurica cv. ‘Hangbaizhi’ from A. dahurica cv. ‘Qibaizhi’， especially marmesin galactoside contributed the most， which can be used to identify A. dahurica cv.‘ Hangbaizhi’ and A. dahurica cv.‘ Qibaizhi’.

GC-MS Analysis of Effect of Different Processing Conditions on Irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the key compounds affecting the irritation and to clarify the effect of heating and the addition of ginger juice as the auxiliary material during the processing on the irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by comparing the irritation and composition of volatile oil in MOC and its different processed products. MethodVolatile oil in raw products， water-processed products， ginger-dried products， ginger-fried products（the amounts of ginger were 10%， 50%， respectively） of MOC were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to rabbit eye irritation experiment， and the volatile components of each sample were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to analyze the data of each sample by SIMCA 14.1. The relative contents of different processed products were compared two by two with those of and raw products or ginger-fried products， and the markers that might be related to the irritation were sorted out according to the principles of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.05， and the factors influencing the differences in irritation were analyzed. ResultCompared with the blank group， the administration groups all had irritation to the eyes of rabbits， and the degree of irritation was in the order of raw products>water-processed products>ginger-dried products>ginger-fried products（10%）>ginger-fried products（50%）. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were differences in the volatile oil from raw products and different processed products. According to VIP value>1 and P<0.05， and combined with the results of eye irritation experiment， ten volatile compounds related to irritation changes were screened out. Among them， cis-cinnamaldehyde was only detected in raw products， the relative contents of β-caryophyllene， （+）-delta-cadinene， α-humulene， γ-muurolene， （-）-isoledene and citral all increased to different degrees， the contents of p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol and β-eudesmol all decreased to different degrees. ConclusionThe irritation of MOC is reduced after heating and processing with ginger juice， and the synergistic effect of both is more effective for reducing irritation. Among the differential markers associated with changes in irritation， the increase in the relative content of citral is closely related to the addition of ginger juice， while the decrease in the relative contents of cis-cinnamaldehyde， p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol is related to heating， and the changes of other components may be related to the synergistic effect of heating and ginger juice.

Effect of processing method on chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix: based on UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to explore the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix braised with mild fire and compare the effect of processing method on the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix. To be specific, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS) was used to screen the chemical constituents of Rehmanniae Radix. The chemical constituents were identified based on the relative molecular weight and fragment ions, literature information, and Human Metabolome Database(HMDB). The ion peak area ratio of each component before and after processing was used as the index for the variation. SIMCA was employed to establish principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) models of different processed products. According to the PCA plot, OPLS-DA plot, and VIP value, the differential components before and after the processing were screened out. The changes of the content of differential components with the processing method were analyzed. A total of 66 chemical components were identified: 57 of raw Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of steamed Rehmanniae Radix, 55 of wine-stewed Rehmanniae Radix, 51 of repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata, 62 of traditional bran-braised Rehmanniae Radix, and 63 of electric pot-braised Rehmanniae Radix. Among them, the 9 flavonoids of braised Rehmanniae Radix were from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium. PCA suggested significant differences in the chemical composition of Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata prepared with different processing methods. OPLS-DA screened out 32 chemical components with VIP value >1 as the main differential components. Among the differential components, 9 were unique to braised Rehmanniae Radix(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) and the degradation rate of the rest in braised(traditional bran-braised, electric pot-braised) or repeatedly steamed and sundried Rehmanniae Radix was higher than that in the steamed or wine-stewed products. The results indicated the chemical species and component content of Rehmanniae Radix changed significantly after the processing. The 32 components, such as rehmapicrogenin, martynoside, jionoside D, aeginetic acid, hesperidin, and naringin, were the most important compounds to distinguish different processed products of Rehmanniae Radix. The flavonoids introduced by Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium as excipient may be the important material basis for the effectiveness of braised Rehmanniae Radix compared with other processed products.

Discrimination of cultivation modes of Dendrobium nobile based on content of mineral elements and ratios of nitrogen stable isotopes / 中国中药杂志

This study explored the feasibility of mineral element content and ratios of nitrogen isotopes to discriminate the cultivation mode of Dendrobium nobile in order to provide theoretical support for the discrimination of the cultivation mode of D. nobile. The content of 11 mineral elements(N, K, Ca, P, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B) and nitrogen isotope ratios in D. nobile and its substrate samples in three cultivation methods(greenhouse cultivation, tree-attached cultivation, and stone-attached cultivation) were determined. According to the analysis of variance, principal component analysis, and stepwise discriminant analysis, the samples of different cultivation types were classified. The results showed that the nitrogen isotope ratios and the content of elements except for Zn were significantly different among different cultivation types of D. nobile(P<0.05). The results of correlation analysis showed that the nitrogen isotope ratios, mineral element content, and effective component content in D. nobile were correlated with the nitrogen isotope ratio and mineral element content in the corresponding substrate samples to varying degrees. Principal component analysis can preliminarily classify the samples of D. nobile, but some samples overlapped. Through stepwise discriminant analysis, six indicators, including δ~(15)N, K, Cu, P, Na, and Ca, were screened out, which could be used to establish the discriminant model of D. nobile cultivation methods, and the overall correct discrimination rates after back-substitution test, cross-check, and external validation were all 100%. Therefore, nitrogen isotope ratios and mineral element fingerprints combined with multivariate statistical analysis could effectively discriminate the cultivation types of D. nobile. The results of this study provide a new method for the identification of the cultivation type and production area of D. nobile and an experimental basis for the quality evaluation and quality control of D. nobile.

Quality evaluation of Huocao based on UPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination / 中国中药杂志

Huocao(a traditional Chinese herbal medicine) moxibustion is a characteristic technology in Yi medicine suitable for cold-dampness diseases. Huocao, as the moxibustion material, is confusedly used in clinical practice and little is known about its quality control. In this study, UPLC method was used to establish the chemical fingerprint of non-volatile components in Huocao, and the contents of eight phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid were determined. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to obtain the indicator components of Huocao for quality evaluation, and thus a comprehensive evaluation system for the quality of Huocao was built. The UPLC fingerprints of 49 batches of Huocao were established, and there were 20 common peaks, of which eight phenolic acids including neochlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid were identified. Except for three batches of Huocao, the similarity of the other 46 batches was higher than 0.89, suggesting that the established fingerprint method could be used for quality control of the medicinal herb. The correlation coefficient between entropy weight score of the eight phenolic acids and comprehensive fingerprint score in Huocao was 0.875(P<0.01), which indicated that the eight phenolic acids could be used as indicator components for the quality evaluation of Huocao. Furthermore, in multivariate statistical analysis on the common peaks of fingerprint and the contents of the eight phenolic acids, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A and isochlorogenic acid C were screened to be the indicator components. The results revealed that the proposed method achieved a simple and accurate quality control of Huocao based on UPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination, which provided useful data for establishing the quality standard of Huocao.