RESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) was first formally described by James Parkinson in 1817, but the shaking of limbs was described in the literature of several ancient civilizations, such as ancient Chinese civilization and ancient Indian civilization. Historically, botanical drugs were used as the main source for the treatment of such kind of disorders. In Western countries, plant extracts also occupied an important place in the earlier medications of PD. With the adventure of synthetic drugs, the role of plant-derived drugs in management of PD has been diminished. Nowadays, there is still no cure for PD, dopaminergic (DA) medication is the treatment of choice, which is just designed to ameliorate symptoms of PD, and long-term use of DA medication will result in reduced efficacy and severe adverse reactions. It is necessary to explore new methods for the treatment of PD. Chinese medicine (CM) developed a holistic and unique theoretical system, and botanical drugs are widely used in practice for more than two millennia. Modern pharmacological studies have proved that Chinese herbs have potential therapeutic effects on PD, such as enhancing neurotrophic activity, clearing protein aggregates, regulating neuroinflammation, etc. All the advances provide us with hope for developing CM as a mainstream medication for treating PD.
RESUMO
By using various chromatographic techniques,18 sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from the acetone extract of Carpesium faberi. Their structures were identified on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data, involving 2 carabrane sesquiterpenoids [carabrone(1), 4R-carabrol(2)], 3 eudesmane sesquiterpenoids [granilin(3), 3-epi-isotelekin(4), 1α-hydroxypinatifidin(5)], 8 guaiane sesquiterpenoids [4β,10α-dihydroxy-5α(H)-1,11(13)-guaidien-8α,12-olide(6), 8-epi-helenium lactone(7), 4-epi-isoinuviscolide(8), 9β,10β-epoxy-4α-hydroxy-1β-H,11α-H-guaian-8α,12-olide(9), 4α,10α-dihydroxy-1β(H),5β(H)-guaian-11-(13)-en-8α,12-olide(10), 4α-hydroxy-9β,10β-epoxy-11β-H,5α-H-guaian-11(13)-en-8α,12-olide(11), 4α-hydroxy-1β,5α,11α-H-guaian-9(10)-en-8α,12-olide(12), inuviscolide(13)], 1 pseudoguaiane sesquiterpenoid [(+)-confertin(14)], 3 germacrane sesquiterpenoids [madolin B(15), carabrolactone A(16),11(13)-dehydroivaxillin(17)], 1 xanthane sesquiterpenoid [tomentosin(18)]. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by Cu-Kα X-ray crystallographic analysis,and the R-configuration of the chiral center at C-4 in 2 was established by the modified Mosher's method.The compounds 2-5, 7 and 9-15 were isolated from this plant for the first time, and compounds 4-5, 7, and 12-15 were isolated from this genus for the first time.In addition, the neurotrophic activity of compounds 1-3, 6 and 17 were evaluated by morphological observation and statistical analysis of cells differentiation, using rat pheochromocytoma(PC12)cells as a model system. However, all compounds were inactive.