Effects of Non-ionic Polyacrylamide Alone or Combined with Nanoscale Silica Gel on the Stability of Glycyrrhetinic Acid Lipo-emulsion / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(model:NPAM 1400)alone or combined with nanoscale silica gel (nSiO2) on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion. METHODS:UV-spectrophotometer was used to determine absorbance of diluent at 500 nm before and after lipo-emulsion centrifugation. Using the preparation without stable excipient as blank,stability coefficient (KE) and it ratio (KE/KE blank) were calculated. Effects of different concentrations (200-600 mg/L) of non-ionic polyacrylamide on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion were evaluated. The optimal concentration of non-ionic polyacrylamide alone was determined primarily,and then the effects of it combined with different concentrations of hydrophilic nSiO2 (0.2％, 0.3％, 0.4％) or hydrophobic (0.2％, 0.3％, 0.5％) on the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion were investigated. RESULTS:When adding non-ionic polyacrylamide alone,KE of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion mixed with 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide was the lowest,KE/KE blank was 0.22;when combined,KE of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion mixed with 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide and 0.2％ hydrophobic nSiO2 was the lowest,KE/KE blank was 0.27. CONCLUSIONS:Non-ionic polyacrylamide alone or combined with nSiO2 all can promote the stability of Glycyrrhetinic acid lipo-emulsion,among which 300 mg/L non-ionic polyacrylamide alone is the best.

Life-Threatening Thrombocytopenia Following Intravenous Contrast Media Infusion

Radiocontrast media-induced acute severe thrombocytopenia is a very rare complication and potentially life-threatening. Here, we report the case of a 63-year-old male patient with severe acute thrombocytopenia following first exposure to intravenous non-ionic contrast media without immediate allergic reactions. His platelet count dropped from 107000/µL to 2000/µL after six hours of radiocontrast infusion. After administration of corticosteroid and transfusion of platelet concentrates, the platelet count returned gradually to normal within 5 days. To the best of our knowledge, non-ionic contrast media-induced isolated acute severe thrombocytopenia following no signs or symptoms of immediate allergic reaction has never been described.

Clinical study of nonionic contrast agents in the enhancement of intravenous CT / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of nonionic contrast agent, CT, in intravenous enhanced scan. Methods 84 cases of patients with CT venous enhancement scanning were admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016, ioversol dosage is 80~100 mL, the injection speed is 3~6 mL/s, both in the scan and enhanced scan before 2 h, immediately after scanning after 1 h, 48 h to record vital signs, observation of the injection site, ECG, enhanced scan in the 2 h before and after 48 h enhancement scanning, blood biochemical examination and renal function tests, and immediately, in enhanced scan and scan after scan after 15 min, 1 h and 48 h in different time periods of adverse reactions were observed and recorded. Results The excellent rate of systemic tolerance was 100%, 7 cases had flushing and thermal sensation, accounting for 8.3%. Slight adverse reactions occurred in 1 cases, accounting for 1.2%. No moderate or severe adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion The use of non-ionic contrast agent CT in intravenous enhanced scan, low adverse reaction rate, high safety, and has a very important application value.

Clinical study of nonionic contrast agents in the enhancement of intravenous CT / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of nonionic contrast agent, CT, in intravenous enhanced scan. Methods 84 cases of patients with CT venous enhancement scanning were admitted in our hospital from January 2016 to December 2016, ioversol dosage is 80~100 mL, the injection speed is 3~6 mL/s, both in the scan and enhanced scan before 2 h, immediately after scanning after 1 h, 48 h to record vital signs, observation of the injection site, ECG, enhanced scan in the 2 h before and after 48 h enhancement scanning, blood biochemical examination and renal function tests, and immediately, in enhanced scan and scan after scan after 15 min, 1 h and 48 h in different time periods of adverse reactions were observed and recorded. Results The excellent rate of systemic tolerance was 100%, 7 cases had flushing and thermal sensation, accounting for 8.3%. Slight adverse reactions occurred in 1 cases, accounting for 1.2%. No moderate or severe adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion The use of non-ionic contrast agent CT in intravenous enhanced scan, low adverse reaction rate, high safety, and has a very important application value.

Ligninolytic fungus Polyporus sp. S133 mediated metabolic degradation of fluorene

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the impact of nonionic surfactants on the efficacy of fluorine degradation by Polyporus sp. S133 in a liquid culture. Fluorene was observed to be degraded in its entirety by Polyporus sp. S133 subsequent to a 23-day incubation period. The fastest cell growth rate was observed in the initial 7 days in the culture that was supplemented with Tween 80. The degradation process was primarily modulated by the activity of two ligninolytic enzymes, laccase and MnP. The highest laccase activity was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 (2443 U/L) followed by mixed surfactant (1766 U/L) and Brij 35 (1655 U/L). UV-vis spectroscopy, TLC analysis and mass spectrum analysis of samples subsequent to the degradation process in the culture medium confirmed the biotransformation of fluorene. Two metabolites, 9-fluorenol (λmax 270, tR 8.0 min and m/z 254) and protocatechuic acid (λmax 260, tR 11.3 min and m/z 370), were identified in the treated medium.

Analysis of Allergic Adverse Reaction Caused by Non-ionic Iodinated Contrast Media in 52 Patients With Coronary Angiography / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To analyze the current status of allergic adverse reactions caused by non-ionic iodinated contrast media in patients with coronary angiography (CAG). Methods: A total of 1 225 patients who received non-ionic iodinated contrast media for CAG in our hospital from 2011-02 to 2013-09 were retrospectively studied. There were 52 patients suffered from allergic adverse reactions including 47 (90.38%) male and 5 (9.62%) female. The allergic reaction to iodixanol, iohexol, iopamidol and iopromide were in 34, 3, 3 and 12 patients respectively. The clinical symptoms and outcomes of allergic reaction in 4 iodinated contrast media were analyzed. Results: There were 40/52 (76.92%) patients with mild allergic reaction, 11(21.15%) with moderate and 1 (1.92%) with severe reaction. 13 patients had the reaction within 1 hour of contrast media injection and 39 had the reaction between 1 hour to 3 days of contrast media injection. There 34 patients were cured by symptomatic and anti-allergic treatment, 1 patient was rescued from allergic shock and no death occurred. Conclusion: Application of non-ionic iodinated contrast media in CAG is safe, while closely observe the allergic adverse reaction with the in time and symptomatic treatment is very important in clinical practice.

Diagnostic Significance of BAT in Anaphylaxis to Non-ionic Contrast Media / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic significance of basophil activation test (B A T) in ana-phylaxis to non-ionic contrast media through testing the content of CD 63, m ast cell-carboxypeptidase A 3 (M C-CPA 3), and term inal com plem ent com plex SC5b-9 of the individuals by testing their levels in the norm al im m une group and the anaphylaxis groups to β-lactam drugs and non-ionic contrast media. Methods The CD 63 expression of basophilic granulocyte in blood w as detected by flow cytom etry. The levels of M C-CPA 3 in blood serum and SC5b-9 in blood plasm a w ere detected by ELISA . Results The CD 63 expression of basophilic granulocyte in blood, the levels of M C-CPA 3 and SC5b-9 of anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media and β-lactam drugs w ere significantly higher than that in norm al im m une group (P<0.05). Conclusion There is activation of basophilic granulocytes, m ast cells and com plem ent system in anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media. B A Tcan be used to diagnose the anaphylaxis to non-ionic contrast media.

A study on adverse drug reactions to non-ionic contrast medium in an Indian population: a 1-year experience.

Background: To the best of our understanding, very few studies focusing on the adverse drug reaction (ADR) profile of non-ionic contrast medium (NICM) has been carried out until date among the Indian population. Hence, this study was planned. We sincerely believe that the knowledge gathered from this study can improve safer usage of these agents among the patients of Indian origin. The objective was to evaluate the incidence and severity of ADRs of non-ionic radio contrast media (CM) used in tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. Methods: For the duration of 1-year from July 2011 to July 2012, we prospectively recorded all the ADRs associated with the administration of NICM (iohexol and ioversol) in 3708 patients of Indian origin undergoing computed tomography scan at the hospital. The average median age, weight, dose used; types of ADRs, concomitant medication, final diagnosis, reasons for use were recorded and analyzed with appropriate statistical tools. Causality assessment was performed using Naranjo scale. Results: Eleven of 3708 patients who received either ioversol or iohexol developed ADRs (i.e. 0.3% of patients). The most common ADR was rigor. The incidences of mild, moderate and severe reactions were 55%, 36% and 9%, respectively. Average median age, weight, and dose used were 35 years, 66 kg and 70 ml, respectively. All the ADRs were early (occurred within 1 hr of CM administration). Due to logical constraints, the follow-up of these patients was not possible and hence late ADRs were not captured. The common concomitant medication used was pantoprazole (63.63% of patients). The difference in the incidence of ADRs by age distribution (Group 1 - Iohexol, Group 2 - Ioversol) and weight distribution was not statistically significant (p=0.75 and p=0.18, respectively). Causality analysis revealed that all the ADRs were possible (Score of 4). Interestingly, the incidence of reactions was noted to be higher in patients with a history of gastro intestinal disorders (45.45%). Conclusions: This pilot study reveals that adverse reactions to NICM are rare and severe reactions are less common among the patients of Indian origin. However, a larger multicentric study across the country should be carried out to understand the safety profile of these CM better among the Indian population.

A study of adverse drug reactions to radio contrast media in a tertiary care teaching rural hospital.

Background: Most common ADRs associated with radiocontrast media are rash, fever, nausea, vomiting and shivering. Rarely life threatening anaphylaxis and acute hypersensitivity reaction may also occur. Very few studies are carried out in India focusing on this aspect. Aims & Objective: To study and report the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) caused by radio contrast media in a tertiary care teaching rural hospital. Material and Methods: Two hundred and fifty seven patients from Radiology department were observed for occurrence of adverse drug events (ADEs) from 01 Jul 2012 to 31 Jul 2012. ADEs were either spontaneously reported or elucidated from personal interviews were analysed. Results: Total 8 (3.11%) out of 257 patients who had undergone for ionic radio contrast dye investigation had a single event of ADR. Total occurrence rate of ADR is 3.11%. Most common ADR was rash followed by shivering, nausea, vomiting and fever with use of ionic contrast media. All Adverse Drug Reactions, according to WHO-UMC and Naranjo’s scale were of “probable” category. All the ADRs were at level-3 according to Modified Hartwig and Siegel severity scale. All the ADRs according to Modified Schumock and Thornton criteria for Preventability of an ADR are of “not preventable” category. All the ADRs were of “Bizarre” type. All the patients were treated with antihistaminic and steroids. Conclusion: It is recommended to use non-ionic contrast media instead of ionic media by all the health care professionals. Treatment with steroids and antihistaminic in patients who develop ADRs due to radiocontrast media can be effective.

Meia-vida do diuron em solos com diferentes atributos físicos e químicos / Half - life of diuron in soils with different physical and chemical attributes

A distribuição e a dissipação dos herbicidas nos solos são processos dinâmicos e únicos para cada relação solo-herbicida. Neste trabalho, a meia-vida do diuron foi determinada em cinco solos (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Amarelo), com diferentes valores de pH. As concentrações do diuron foram determinadas em amostras dos referidos solos coletadas em oito épocas (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 e 156 dias após a aplicação do herbicida na dose 3,0kg ha-1). Em uma parte dessas amostras, foi feita a quantificação do diuron por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e, na outra parte, os testes biológicos, visando à confirmação dos resultados das análises cromatográficas. Constatou-se que a persistência do diuron é dependente dos atributos físicos e químicos dos solos. Todavia, a correção do pH do solo favoreceu apenas a degradação do herbicida em solos arenosos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica. A meia-vida do diuron nos solos estudados variou de 40 a 91 após a sua aplicação, sendo maior no solo com maior teor de matéria orgânica. Esses resultados foram confirmados pelos testes biológicos que se mostraram eficientes e complementares às análises cromatográficas.

The distribution and dissipation of herbicides on soils are dynamic and unique processes for each soil-herbicide relation. In this research, the half-life of diuron was determined in five soils (Red-Yellow Latosol, Red Latosol, and Yellow Latosol), with different pH values. Diuron concentrations were determined in samples of each soil collected at eight different times (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 and 156 days after herbicide application at 3.0kg ha-1). Part of each soil sample was used to quantify diuron by high performance liquid chromatography. The other part of soil sample was used to do biological tests in order to confirm the results of chromatographic analysis. It was found that the persistence of diuron is dependent on the physical and chemical soil attributes. However, the correction of soil pH favored only herbicide degradation in sandy soils with low organic matter content. The half-life of diuron in soils ranged from 40 to 91 after its application and it was higher in soil with higher organic matter content. The biological tests confirmed these results and they were efficient and complementary to the chromatographic analysis.

Fixed Drug Eruption due to Iopromide (Ultravist(R))

A 69-year-old male presented with several painful erythematous patches on both palms and trunk several days after receiving iopromide (Ultravist(R), Shering, Berlin, Germany). A fixed drug eruption (FDE) due to iopromide was suspected clinically. However, at that time, the patch test with iopromide at the lesion site gave negative results. Three years later, the patient was mistakenly administered iopromide again and patches with vesicles recurred on the same sites as well as on the genitalia. This episode was repeated once again after 1 year. In all episodes, the skin lesion resolved after application of topical steroids. Although a patch test with iopromide was negative in our case, we made a diagnosis of FDE due to iopromide because the skin lesions occurred again at the previously involved area after re-exposure to iopromide. To date, only three cases of FDE caused by non-ionic monomers have been documented in the English literature. Herein, we report on an interesting case of FDE caused by iopromide.

Oxidant stress due to non ionic low osmolar contrast medium in rat kidney.

Background & objectives: Contrast media may cause contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in risk group. This study was taken up to establish possible effects of non ionic low osmolar contrast medium administration on oxidant/antioxidant status and nitric oxide (NO) levels in rat kidney tissues. Methods: Fourteen female, 14 wk old Wistar-albino rats were divided into 2 groups of 7 rats each (control and contrast groups). Non ionic low osmolar contrast medium was administered iv to the animals in the contrast group. The day after, animals were sacrificed and malondialdehyde (MDA) and NO levels and activities of antioxidant [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT)] and oxidant [xanthine oxidase (XO)] enzymes were measured in kidney tissues. Serum creatinine levels were measured to evaluate kidney functions. Results: Contrast medium administration caused an increase in MDA levels and a decrease in NO levels in kidney tissues. Interpretation & conclusions: The results suggest that non ionic low osmolar contrast medium administration leads to accelerated oxidant reactions and decreased NO level in rat kidney tissues. Further studies need to be done to assess the role of these changes in CIN.

Evaluación de los efectos tóxicos y concentración letal 50 del surfactante Cosmoflux® 411F sobre juveniles de cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) / Assessment of toxic effects and lethal concentration 50 of surfactant Cosmoflux® 411F on juveniles of cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus)

En Colombia, el surfactante Cosmoflux® 411F es usado en fumigaciones de cultivos ilícitos para mejorar la efectividad del glifosato. El uso del Cosmoflux® 411F no está soportado por estudios toxicológicos. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron determinar las lesiones anatomopatológicas derivadas de la exposición al Cosmoflux® 411F y establecer la concentración letal 50 (CL50) a 96 horas en cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). Se utilizaron juveniles de cachama blanca (40 g) en dos experimentos: 1) toxicidad subletal (n =126) y, 2) determinación de la CL50 (n =84). Las concentraciones del ensayo de toxicidad subletal fueron: 0 mg/l (Tratamiento 0), 0.17 mg/l (Tratamiento 1), 0.34 mg/l (Tratamiento 2), 0.68 mg/l (Tratamiento 3), 1.36 mg/l (Tratamiento 4), y 2.72 mg/l (Tratamiento 5), en sistema semiestático. Para determinar la CL50 las dosis fueron: 3000, 3450, 3900, 4350 y 4800 mg/l de Cosmoflux® 411F. La CL50 obtenida fue de 4417.99 mg/l. En los peces se evidenció leve disminución de la actividad de nado. A la necropsia se halló palidez del hígado y acumulación de material mucoso en las branquias. Por histopatología se halló: vacuolización de hepatocitos, hiperplasia de células epiteliales, de cloro y caliciformes branquiales, vacuolización de enterocitos, aumento de centros melanomacrófagos renales, gliosis, degeneración neuronal e infiltración de células granulares eosinofílicas/células mastocitos en telencéfalo. Los hallazgos concuerdan con lo reportado en peces expuestos a surfactantes, exceptuando las lesiones del sistema nervioso central que pueden tener consecuencias sobre interacciones sociales, de alimentación y reproducción de la especie; siendo necesario profundizar la investigación sobre dicho efecto. El hígado, branquias y piel constituyen órganos blanco de la acción tóxica. La CL50 hallada (4417.99 mg/l) es alta comparada con lo reportado en surfactantes no-iónicos.

In Colombia, surfactant Cosmoflux® 411F is used for the fumigation of illicit crops in order to improve the glyphosate herbicide activity. The use of Cosmoflux® 411F is not supported by toxicological surveys. The aims of this study were to determinate the anatomopathological lesions due to the exposure to Cosmoflux® 411F and to establish lethal concentration 50 (LC50) to 96 hours in cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus). Juveniles of cachama blanca (40 g) in two assays were used: 1) sublethal toxicity (n= 126) and 2) determination of LC50 (n=84). Sublethal toxicity assay concentrations were: 0 mg/l (Treatment 0) 0.17 mg/l (Treatment 1), 0.34 mg/l (Treatment 2), 0.68 mg/l (Treatment 3), 1.36 mg/l (Treatment 4), and 2.72 mg/l (Treatment 5); through semi-static system. For the determination of LC50 of Cosmoflux® 411F 3000, 3450, 3900, 4350 y 4800 mg/l concentrations were used. LC50 was 4417.99 mg/l. Animals showed slight decrease in swimming activity. At necropsy examination were found paleness in liver and whitish material accumulation in top of gill filament. Histopathologically, it was found fatty degeneration and hepatocyte vacuolization, epithelial cells, chloride cells and mucous cells hyperplasia, enterocyte vacuolization, increase in the expression of melanomacrophage centres in kidney, gliosis, neuronal degeneration and infiltration of eosinophilic granule cells/mast cells in telencephalon. With exception of central nervous system lesions, the findings are according to the reported in literature about surfactant exposure in fish. Central nervous system effects can have consequences on feeding, reproductive and social interactions, due to close telencephalon/olfactory system relationship, being necessary to deep in research to these processes. In same way, liver, gills and skin are target organs of toxic action of this xenobiotic. LC50 is high (4417.99 mg/l) compared with that reported for other nonionic surfactants.

The Comparative Hemodynamic Effects between Low Osmolar Ionic(Ioxaglate) and Non-ionic(Iopromide) Contrast Media during Left Ventriculography

BACKGROUND: Various hemodynamic changes occur during left ventriculography, such as myocardial depression, hypotension, peripheral circulatory changes, ECG changes(such as arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities) and anaphylactic reaction etc. These effects are somewhat caused by osmolality, ionic concentration of Na+, viscosity and molecular weight of contrast dye and underlying various heart disease itself during left ventriculography. We compared the hemodynamic differences between ionic(ioxaglate) and non-ionic(iopromide) low osmolar contrast agents during routine ventriculography. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, double blind study of 124 patients underwent left ventriculography, we examined the various hemodynamic effects of the two contrast agents on left ventricle. All subjects were divided into 2 groups : ioxaglate and iopromide groups. Also, each agent was used in randomized double blind fashion in both groups ; normal control subjects(14 in ioxaglate group : 12 in iopromide group) and subjects whose ejection fraction less than 50%(12 in ioxaglate group : 16 in iopromide group). Left ventricular systolic pressure(LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(LVEDP), maximum dP/dt, (dP/dt)/P ratio, peak - dP/dt and Tau were obtained immediately before and left ventriculography. RESULTS: 1) In total(normal+angina+MI) subjects of both groups, LVEDP(p<0.001) and maximum dP/dt(p<0.001) were increased and T(au) was reduced significantly(p<0.05). But LVSP(p<0.001) and peak - dP/dt(p<0.005) were increased significantly only in ioxaglate group. 2)In normal(control) subjects, there were no significant differences in both groups, except LVEDP that was increased by equal magnitude(p<0.001). 3) In subjects with ejection fraction less than 50%, there were no significant hemodynamic differences in both contrast agent groups bur LVEDP increased significantly in both groups(p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This present study showed that both ionic(ioxaglate) and non-ionic(iopromide) low osmolar contrast agents were very safe without any significant side effects except two agents caused an increase in LVEDP and did not show major differences between ioxaglate and iopromide contrast agents from a hemodynamic point of view. Two contrast agents tend to improve contractilities and diastolic properties of left ventricle since both caused an increase in maximum dP/dt and a reduce in Tau, in total subjects. This effect may be caused by cardiac compensation, probably because of osmolality, volume loading by contrast agents and secondary activation of sympathetic system immediately after injection of contrast agents. Thus, it is concluded that two ioxaglate and iopromide contrast agents amy be used safely in left ventriculography in patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction, with paying attention to an increase in LVEDP.

Safety of non-ionic contrast media during renal artery stenting / 介入放射学杂志

50%) underwent renal artery stent implantation and percutanous coronary intervention, only 10 of them with merely renoarterial stenosis undergone renal artery stent implantation. The successful rates of the procedure and complication together with the volumes of contrast media were recorded respectively. And the serum creatitine before and 12 hours after the successful procedure were also measured. Results Both rates of procedural success and complication were similar among the three groups. The serum creatitine levels, 12 hours after the procedure, showed no difference in comparing with the baseline. Conclusion Non-ionic contrast media (Iopamiro 370) could be safely used in patients with RAS.

The Effect of Non-Ionic Contrast Media on Q-T Interval and ST-T Wave of ECG during Coronary Angiography

BACKGROUND: During coronary angiography, some electrocardiographic changes occured due to contrast media, which do life threatening influences. METHODS: We compared the electrocardiographic changes which were induced by injection of three radiopaque contrast media during selective coronary angiography in 49 patients with chest pain. One of the contrast media was high osmolar ionic(Urografin_76) and the another was low osmolar ionic(Hexabrix) and the last was non-ionic(Ioversol). Electrocardiograms were obtained before, during and after selective coronary angiography. RESULTS: The changes of S-T segment or T were decreased in non-ionic group rather than high osmolar or ionic group. And there was significant Q-Tc interval prolongation among all three groups except comparision of low osmolar ionic contrast dye and non-ionic contrast dye in left coronary angiography. CONCLUSION: Non-ionic low osmolar contrast media was safer than high osmolar or ionic contrast medial because of lesser change of Q-Tc interval during selective coronary angiography.