Can caregivers' mental disorders be associated with childhood obesogenic eating behavior? / Os transtornos mentais dos cuidadores podem estar associados a comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos na infância?

Abstract Objective: to assess the association between caregivers' mental disorders and schoolchildren's obesogenic eating behavior. Methods: cross-sectional study used a public school-based sample of children and their primary caregivers. Caregivers had to report depressive episodes or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) during the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Children's obesogenic eating behavior were assessed using food responsiveness (FR) and emotional overeating (EOE) subscales of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Bivariate analysis was conducted using the t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and adjusted linear regression model was used (including variables caregivers: sex, age, economic indicator, and schooling; schoolchildren: sex and nutritional status). Results: study includes 596 children-caregiver dyads (309 boys and 287 girls). Among caregivers, 24.7% had experienced current depressive episodes, 38.7% had past depressive episodes, and 17.2% had GAD. We observed, after adjusted analysis, that having a caregiver in a current depressive episode, increases schoolchildren's obesogenic behavior of, for FR at 0.235 points (β=0.235; CI95%=0.022-0.449;) and EOE at 0.337 points (β=0.337; CI95%=0.162-0.512). Conclusion: caregivers' current depressive episodes were associated with higher averages of obesogenic eating behavior (caregiver-reported), both in consuming palatable food without feeling hungry (FR) and in increasing food intake in response to negative emotions (EOE).

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar associação entre transtornos mentais do cuidador e comportamento alimentar obesogênico de escolares. Métodos: estudo transversal com amostra de crianças da rede pública de ensino e seu cuidador principal. Episódio depressivo atual e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) do cuidador foi avaliado pela Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos das crianças foi avaliado pelas subescalas resposta à comida (FR) e sobreingestão emocional (EOE) Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ). Análise bivariada foi realizada por meio de teste-T, ANOVA e correlação de Pearson. Modelo de regressão linear ajustado (incluiu variáveis cuidadores: sexo, idade, indicador econômico e escolaridade; escolares: sexo e estado nutricional). Resultados: foram avaliadas 596 díades crianças-cuidadores (309 meninos e 287 meninas). Entre os cuidadores, 24,7% apresentaram episódio depressivo atual, 38,7% episódio depressivo passado e 17,2% TAG. Observamos, após análise ajustada, que ter um cuidador em episódio depressivo atual aumenta o comportamento obesogênico dos escolares, em 0,235 pontos para FR (β=0,235; IC95%=0,022-0,449) e em 0,337 pontos para EOE (β=0,337; IC95%=0,162-0,512). Conclusão: episódio depressivo atual do cuidador foi associado a maiores médias de comportamentos alimentares obesogênicos dos escolares, tanto no consumo de alimentos palatáveis mesmo sem fome (FR) quanto aumento da ingestão alimentar em resposta a emoções negativas (EOE).

Age, skin color, self-rated health, and depression associated with co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors in university students: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The university context plays an important role in the health-disease process since students are potentially vulnerable to obesogenic behaviors that can influence long-term health. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of and factors associated with the co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors among university students. DESIGN AND SETTING This was a cross-sectional study at a Brazilian public university. METHODS: This study was conducted with all university students in the first and second semesters of 2019 at Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were collected between April and September 2019, using a self-administered questionnaire. The outcome was the co-occurrence of obesogenic behaviors, measured as the sum of three risk behaviors: inadequate eating practices, leisure-time physical inactivity, and sedentary behavior. A Venn diagram was used to evaluate the simultaneous occurrence of risk behaviors. Pearson's chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: A total of 351 students participated in the study. Inadequate eating practices constituted the most prevalent isolated risk behavior (80.6%), which was also the most prevalent when combined with sedentary behavior (23.6%). University students aged 20 years or younger, with non-white skin color, poor self-rated health, and symptoms of depression had increased chances of simultaneous occurrence of obesogenic behaviors. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of developing and implementing actions to reduce combined obesogenic behaviors in the university environment. Institutions should focus on creating an environment that promotes health-protective behaviors such as physical activity and healthy eating.

Trasplante de microbiota fecal para el tratamiento de la obesidad y de sus comorbilidades asociadas: Revisión

RESUMEN La obesidad es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial. Existen evidencias sobre la interacción entre la microbiota intestinal, la regulación metabólica y la obesidad. El problema mundial de la obesidad impulsa el estudio de nuevas propuestas preventivas y/o terapéuticas. El trasplante de microbiota fecal (TMF) se proyecta como un posible tratamiento para la obesidad y sus comorbilidades asociadas. El objetivo de este estudio es sintetizar la documentación actual que existe sobre el efecto en parámetros metabólicos y clínicos que produce el TMF en humanos con obesidad, así como evidenciar la metodología empleada en el TMF. En los resultados primarios se señaló la existencia de cambios significativos en la composición de la microbiota intestinal (MI) y mejoría en marcadores metabólicos como disminución de la resistencia a la insulina (RI) y de la hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), así como aumento de colesterol de alta densidad (HDL). Además, en marcadores clínicos como la disminución del índice de masa corporal y de la circunferencia de cintura. En los resultados secundarios se sustentó la necesidad de estandarizar el diseño experimental del TMF, iniciando con establecer la correcta selección de donantes hasta determinar el seguimiento del TMF a largo plazo. En conclusión, a pesar de que hay un número limitado de estudios y una falta de estandarización de las metodologías para llevar a cabo TMF, se han podido evidenciar algunas asociaciones metabólicas positivas, por lo que el TMF sigue siendo una opción potencialmente prometedora para el tratamiento coadyuvante de la obesidad.

ABSTRACT Obesity is a worldwide health problem. There is evidence of the interaction between the gut microbiota metabolic regulation, and obesity. The global problem of obesity has prompted the study of new preventive and/or therapeutic proposals. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is projected as a possible treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities. The objective of this study is to synthesize the current documentation that exists on the effect in metabolic and clinical parameters produced by FMT in humans with obesity, as well as to make evident the methodology used in FMT. Primary results indicated the existence of significant changes in the composition of gut microbiota and improvement in some metabolic markers such as a decrease in insulin resistance (IR) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), as well as an increase in high-density cholesterol (HDL). Further changed were noted in clinical markers such as the decrease in body mass index and waist circumference. Secondary results supported the need to standardize the experimental design of FMT, starting with establishing the correct selection of donors to determine the long-term follow-up of FMT. In conclusion, even though there is a limited number of studies and a lack of standardization on the methodology to carry out FMT, some positive metabolic associations have been shown, which is why FMT remains a potentially promising option for treatment adjuvant of obesity.

Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet alters proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y and dopaminergic receptors gene expression and the food preference in offspring adult rats / Exposição perinatal a uma dieta hiperlipídica altera a expressão gênica de proopiomelanocortina, neuropepitídeo Y e receptores dopaminérgicos e a preferência alimentar em ratos adultos descendentes

Exposure to the hight-fat diet may alter the control of food intake promoting hyperphagia and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this diet on dopamine receptors (drd1 and drd2), proopiomelanocortin (pomc), neuropeptideY (npy) genes expression, and preference food in adult rats. Wistar female rats were fed a hight-fat or control diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated into groups: Lactation – Control (C) and High-fat (H). Post- weaning – Control Control (CC), offspring of mothers C, fed a control diet after weaning; Control Hight-fat (CH), offspring of mothers C, fed a hight-fat diet after weaning; Hight-fat Control (HC), offspring of mothers H, fed with control diet after weaning; and Hight-fat Hight-fat (HH), offspring of mothers H, fed a H diet after weaning. The groups CH and HH presented greater expression of drd1 in comparison to the CC. The drd2 of CH and HC presented higher gene expression than did CC. HH presented higher pomc expression in comparison to the other groups. HC also presented greater expression in comparison to CH. The npy of HH presented greater expression in relation to CH and HC. HH and HC have had a higher preference for a high-fat diet at 102º life’s day. The high-fat diet altered the gene expression of the drd1, drd2, pomc and npy, and influencing the food preference for high-fat diet.

A exposição à dieta hiperlipídica pode alterar o controle da ingestão de alimentos, promovendo hiperfagia e obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos dessa dieta sobre a expressão gênica dos receptores de dopamina (drd1 e drd2), da proopiomelanocortina (pomc) e neuropeptídeo Y (npy), e preferência alimentar em ratos adultos. Ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com uma dieta hiperlipídica ou controle durante a gestação e lactação. Os descendentes foram alocados em grupos: Lactação – Controle (C) e Hiperlipídica (H). Pós-desmame – Controle Controle (CC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Controle Hiperlipídica (CH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Controle (HC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Hiperlipídica (HH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame. Os grupos CH e HH apresentaram maior expressão de drd1 em comparação ao CC. O drd2 de CH e HC apresentou maior expressão gênica que o CC. HH apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação com os outros grupos. O HC também apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação ao CH. O npy do HH apresentou maior expressão em relação ao CH e HC. HH e HC tiveram uma preferência maior por uma dieta rica em gordura no 102º dia de vida. A dieta hiperlipídica alterou a expressão gênica dos drd1, drd2, pomc e npy e influenciou na preferência alimentar pela dieta hiperlipídica.

Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet alters proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y and dopaminergic receptors gene expression and the food preference in offspring adult rats

Abstract Exposure to the hight-fat diet may alter the control of food intake promoting hyperphagia and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this diet on dopamine receptors (drd1 and drd2), proopiomelanocortin (pomc), neuropeptideY (npy) genes expression, and preference food in adult rats. Wistar female rats were fed a hight-fat or control diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated into groups: Lactation Control (C) and High-fat (H). Post-weaning Control Control (CC), offspring of mothers C, fed a control diet after weaning; Control Hight-fat (CH), offspring of mothers C, fed a hight-fat diet after weaning; Hight-fat Control (HC), offspring of mothers H, fed with control diet after weaning; and Hight-fat Hight-fat (HH), offspring of mothers H, fed a H diet after weaning. The groups CH and HH presented greater expression of drd1 in comparison to the CC. The drd2 of CH and HC presented higher gene expression than did CC. HH presented higher pomc expression in comparison to the other groups. HC also presented greater expression in comparison to CH. The npy of HH presented greater expression in relation to CH and HC. HH and HC have had a higher preference for a high-fat diet at 102º lifes day. The high-fat diet altered the gene expression of the drd1, drd2, pomc and npy, and influencing the food preference for high-fat diet.

Resumo A exposição à dieta hiperlipídica pode alterar o controle da ingestão de alimentos, promovendo hiperfagia e obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos dessa dieta sobre a expressão gênica dos receptores de dopamina (drd1 e drd2), da proopiomelanocortina (pomc) e neuropeptídeo Y (npy), e preferência alimentar em ratos adultos. Ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com uma dieta hiperlipídica ou controle durante a gestação e lactação. Os descendentes foram alocados em grupos: Lactação Controle (C) e Hiperlipídica (H). Pós-desmame Controle Controle (CC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Controle Hiperlipídica (CH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Controle (HC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Hiperlipídica (HH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame. Os grupos CH e HH apresentaram maior expressão de drd1 em comparação ao CC. O drd2 de CH e HC apresentou maior expressão gênica que o CC. HH apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação com os outros grupos. O HC também apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação ao CH. O npy do HH apresentou maior expressão em relação ao CH e HC. HH e HC tiveram uma preferência maior por uma dieta rica em gordura no 102º dia de vida. A dieta hiperlipídica alterou a expressão gênica dos drd1, drd2, pomc e npy e influenciou na preferência alimentar pela dieta hiperlipídica.

Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet alters proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y and dopaminergic receptors gene expression and the food preference in offspring adult rats / Exposição perinatal a uma dieta hiperlipídica altera a expressão gênica de proopiomelanocortina, neuropepitídeo Y e receptores dopaminérgicos e a preferência alimentar em ratos adultos descendentes

Exposure to the hight-fat diet may alter the control of food intake promoting hyperphagia and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this diet on dopamine receptors (drd1 and drd2), proopiomelanocortin (pomc), neuropeptideY (npy) genes expression, and preference food in adult rats. Wistar female rats were fed a hight-fat or control diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated into groups: Lactation - Control (C) and High-fat (H). Post-weaning ­ Control Control (CC), offspring of mothers C, fed a control diet after weaning; Control Hight-fat (CH), offspring of mothers C, fed a hight-fat diet after weaning; Hight-fat Control (HC), offspring of mothers H, fed with control diet after weaning; and Hight-fat Hight-fat (HH), offspring of mothers H, fed a H diet after weaning. The groups CH and HH presented greater expression of drd1 in comparison to the CC. The drd2 of CH and HC presented higher gene expression than did CC. HH presented higher pomc expression in comparison to the other groups. HC also presented greater expression in comparison to CH. The npy of HH presented greater expression in relation to CH and HC. HH and HC have had a higher preference for a high-fat diet at 102º life's day. The high-fat diet altered the gene expression of the drd1, drd2, pomc and npy, and influencing the food preference for high-fat diet.

A exposição à dieta hiperlipídica pode alterar o controle da ingestão de alimentos, promovendo hiperfagia e obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos dessa dieta sobre a expressão gênica dos receptores de dopamina (drd1 e drd2), da proopiomelanocortina (pomc) e neuropeptídeo Y (npy), e preferência alimentar em ratos adultos. Ratas Wistar foram alimentadas com uma dieta hiperlipídica ou controle durante a gestação e lactação. Os descendentes foram alocados em grupos: Lactação ­ Controle (C) e Hiperlipídica (H). Pós-desmame - Controle Controle (CC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Controle Hiperlipídica (CH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo controle e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Controle (HC), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta controle após o desmame; Hiperlipídica Hiperlipídica (HH), descendentes das genitoras do grupo hiperlipídica e alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica após o desmame. Os grupos CH e HH apresentaram maior expressão de drd1 em comparação ao CC. O drd2 de CH e HC apresentou maior expressão gênica que o CC. HH apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação com os outros grupos. O HC também apresentou maior expressão de pomc em comparação ao CH. O npy do HH apresentou maior expressão em relação ao CH e HC. HH e HC tiveram uma preferência maior por uma dieta rica em gordura no 102º dia de vida. A dieta hiperlipídica alterou a expressão gênica dos drd1, drd2, pomc e npy e influenciou na preferência alimentar pela dieta hiperlipídica.

Avaliação de hábitos obesogênicos em estudantes de medicina: análise do estado nutricional, físico, de ansiedade e depressão entre estudantes de uma faculdade privada do Rio de Janeiro / Evaluation of obesogenic habits in medicine students: analysis of nutritional, physical, anxiety and depression status among students at a private university in Rio de Janeiro

A obesidade é uma condição crônica caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de gordura, repercutindo negativamente na saúde do indivíduo. A graduação pode impactar na vida do estudante, refletindo em mudança de hábitos e alterações psicossociais, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de obesidade e outras comorbidades. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho avaliou o estado nutricional, físico e de ansiedade e depressão entre os alunos da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Estácio de Sá, RJ, por meio de um estudo clínico observacional de corte transversal pela aplicação de questionário composto por 27 itens. A mediana do IMC no 1o período foi 22 Kg/m2, sendo maior que o IMC nos períodos acima, de 23,1 Kg/m2. Não houve variação do IMC no ciclo básico. As medianas de IMC foram maiores nos homens, porém o somatório dos itens de ansiedade e depressão foram maiores tanto em mulheres quanto no ciclo clínico. Houve fraca correlação positiva entre a variação de peso nos homens e o somatório dos itens de ansiedade e depressão. Esse, porém, foi considerado insignificante para as mulheres. Não se observou hábitos obesogênicos relevantes nos estudantes. Portanto, é notável considerar a importância de uma alimentação saudável, prática de atividade física e atenção à saúde mental, bem como a realização de futuros estudos de desenho longitudinal com a proposta de melhor avaliar o peso e os hábitos dos estudantes no curso. [au]

Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by excessive accumulation of fat that negatively affects the health of the individual. The graduation can affect the student's life, which may lead to changes in habits and psychosocial alterations, contributing in the development of obesity and other comorbidities. Consequently, the present study evaluated the nutritional, physical, anxiety and depression status in students from Medical School of Universidade Estácio de Sá, RJ, performing a cross-sectional observational clinical study by applying a questionnaire consisting of 27 items. The median BMI in the first semester was 22 Kg/m2, being higher than the BMI of semesters above, of 23.1 Kg/m2. There was no change in the BMI in the basic cycle. The BMI medians were higher between men, but the sum of the anxiety and depression questions were higher in women as well as in the clinical cycle. There was also a weak positive correlation between the variation of weight in men and the sum of the anxiety and depression results, however, the same correlation was considered insignificant for women. No relevant obesogenic habits were observed in the students. Therefore, it is relevant to consider the importance of healthy eating, physical activity and attention to mental health, as well as elaborating future studies with longitudinal evaluation with the proposal to better assess the weight and habits of students throughout the course. [au]

Research trends in obesity & obesogenic environments in Korea

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Globally, it has been projected that there will be 2 billion overweight and 1 billion obese individuals by 2030. In Korea, the prevalence of adult obesity (BMI>25) increased from 29.7% in 2009 to 32.4% in 2015. Moreover, childhood obesity, which leads to adulthood obesity, has increasingly become a social problem. The purpose of this review is to summarize the scientific basis for the development of effective models and policies aimed at preventing obesity over a lifetime based on research modeling obesogenic environments. MATERIALS/METHODS: The review focuses on the characteristics of obesity prevalence and trends in 3P analysis (papers, patents, and products) as well as government-funded projects in Korean obesity obesogenic environments over the last 10 years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: As a result of the 3P analysis, studies on obesity risk factors were frequently carried out, according to two data bases RISS (4.9%) and PubMed (24.7%). Since there were only 17% patents related to the mechanism of preventing obesity in 7,951 Korean patents related to obesity, new paradigms of technologies to dominate the global obesity markets are needed. After government-funded projects were analyzed, communication and cooperation in multi-governmental departments were suggested to elucidate the characteristics of Korean obesity. Government should also produce short- and long-term road maps to develop a practical, successful outcome. Although the rate of obesity in Korea is currently lower than in other developed countries according to WHO criteria, without adequate governmental intervention, obesity rates will approach those of the top countries with high incidence rates of obesity within the next 10 years.

Food advertising on TV and energy intake in children: results from the OBEY-AD Mexico

Food advertising on TV is a common marketing practice, and it is suspected of promoting obesogenic behaviours. The study aimed at evaluating if gadgets (toys) packaged with food increase food consumption, and if contemporary exposure to TV and/or advertising is a further promoting factor. Onehundred and twenty children (balanced according to gender and age groups, 3-6 and 7-10 years old) were randomised in an experimental setting designed as a 2x5 full factorial ad libitum eating study. The first factor was represented by the exposure to gadgets, organized on two levels, "food with gadget" (TOY) and "food alone" (NoTOY). The second one consisted in the exposure to TV and advertising along five levels (no exposure to TV, exposure to TV without advertising, exposure to TV and 1, 2, or 3 advertsements). Our results showed no significant differences when considering the groups even after taking into account the dependent variables. The medium spot group showed the lowest energy intake, but the difference between the other groups was not significant. TV advertising and the presence of gadgets (toys) do not influence caloric intake in children(AU)

La publicidad de alimentos en la televisión es una práctica común de comercialización, y se cree que puede promover comportamientos obesogénicos. El estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar si los gadgets (juguetes) empaquetados con alimentos aumentan el consumo de alimentos y si la exposición contemporánea a la televisión y / o la publicidad es un factor promotor adicional. Ciento veinte niños (agrupados por sexo y edad, 3-6 y 7-10 años de edad) fueron asignados al azar en una escuela de San Luis Potosí -México. Los niños fueron asignados al azar en el contexto experimental de un estudio de diseño factorial completo 2x5 de consumo de alimentos ad libitum. El primer factor estuvo representado por la exposición a juguetes y estuvo organizado en dos niveles: "alimento con juguetes" (TOY) y "alimento solo" (NoTOY). El segundo consistía en la exposición a la televisión y a publicidad televisiva a lo largo de cinco niveles (sin exposición a TV, exposición a TV sin publicidad, exposición a TV y a 1, 2 o 3 anuncios publicitarios). Nuestros resultados no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos, incluso teniendo en cuenta las variables dependientes. Sólo en el grupo mediano al que se mostraron dos publicidades se observó el consumo de energía más bajo. La diferencia entre los otros grupos no fue significativa(AU)

Family, obesogenic environment, and cardiometabolic risk in mexican school-age children / Familia, medio ambiente obesogénico, y riesgo cardiometabólico en niños en edad escolar en México

Introduction: Obesity in children is considered a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disorders at an early age. Objective: To identify the relationship among environmental and family variables on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRF) in school-age children, and to compare such CMRF by weight status. Material and methods: A cross-sectional design was used. A 228 children and their mothers were randomly selected from public and private elementary schools. Measurements in children included: body fat percentage (BFP), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), acanthosis, lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and self-care activities. Mothers were assessed for: BFP, sociodemographic, family history, mothering style. School environment variables were also evaluated. Results: Children and mother's mean ages were 8.5 and 36.8 years, respectively. Mother schooling mean was 12.4 years. Overweight or obese (Ow/OB) children (70.2%) showed higher values in SBP (p = 0. 040), low-density cholesterol (p = 0. 018), triglycerides (p = 0. 003), glucose (p = 0. 022) and CRP (p = 0. 001) and lower in high-density cholesterol (p = 0. 004). Age and child gender, mothering, and mother schooling influenced CMRF [Wilk's Lamda = 0.65, F = 21.71, p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Children with Ow/OB in a obesogenic environment are more likely to develop CMRF. It is necessary to promote the identification and treatment of CMRF at an early age as well as promote healthier family and school environments.

Introducción: La presencia de obesidad en niños se considera un factor de riesgo para enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares a temprana edad. Objetivo: Identificar la influencia del ambiente/familia en los factores de riesgo cardiometabólico (FRCM) en escolares y compararlos con su condición de peso. Material y métodos: Diseño transversal explicativo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 228 pares madre-hijo seleccionados aleatoriamente de escuelas primarias públicas y privadas. Mediciones en Niños: porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC), presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), acantosis, lípidos, glucosa, proteína C reactiva (PCR) y autocuidado; Madres, PGC, datos sociodemográficos, historia familiar, crianza materna; y en escuelas: ambiente escolar. Resultados: Edad promedio: niños 8.5 años y madres 36.8 años. La escolaridad materna promedio fue 12.4 años. Los niños con sobrepeso u obesidad (SP/OB) (70.2%) mostraron valores más altos en la PAS (p = 0.040), colesterol baja densidad (p = 0.018), triglicéridos (p = 0.003), glucosa (p = 0.022) y PCR (p = 0.001) y más bajos en colesterol de alta densidad (p = 0.004). Tanto la edad y género del niño como la escolaridad y estilo de crianza materno influyeron en los FRCM [Lamda de Wilk = 0.65, F = 21.71, p < 0.001] Conclusiones: La presencia de SP/OB fue alta, y en conjunto con un ambiente familiar obesogénico favorecen la prevalencia de FRCM. Es necesario promover un diagnóstico y tratamiento de FRCM a temprana edad, así como favorecer ambientes familiares y escolares más saludables.

Validation of G-protein beta-3 subunit gene C825T polymorphism as predictor of obesogenic epidemics in overweight/obese Korean children / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: We investigated the potential interaction between the G-protein beta-3 subunit gene (GNB3) C825T polymorphism, a risk factor for chronic disease in various ethnicities, and obesogenic environments in overweight/obese Korean children. METHODS: The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study using measures of anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood samples as well as 3-day food records. Subjects were recruited from seven elementary schools in an urban district in Seoul, South Korea, between 2007 and 2008. A total of 1,260 children aged 8-9 years were recruited in the study, including 633 boys (50.3%) and 627 girls (49.7%). RESULTS: The allele frequencies of the GNB3 polymorphism were C allele = 49.7% and T allele = 50.3% in subjects. In general, boys with T allele had higher BMI, systolic BP (SBP), and triglycerides, although their energy intake was not significantly different from boys with C allele. In contrast to boys, girls with T allele had lower BMI but higher SBP and energy intake than those with C allele. The girls with T allele had a significantly lower BMI and waist circumference in both the normal weight group and obese group (OB). T allele carriers in both genders had significantly higher TC than C allele carriers in the OB group. At last, girls with T allele in OB appeared to have significantly lower HOMA-IR than those with C allele. CONCLUSION: Unlike higher risk for negative health outcomes by the GNB3 polymorphism in various ethnicities, GNB3 polymorphism did not influence obesogenic environments in overweight/obese Korean children.

The role of intestinal microbiota in energetic metabolism: new perspectives in combating obesity

The knowledge that the composition of intestinal microbiota is different in lean and obese humans indicates that the microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Studies show that diet composition promotes the modification of intestinal bacterial species, favoring the increase of energy extraction from the diet, insulin resistance and obesity. Unbalanced diets, with overload fat and low fiber content, lead to increased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla favoring dysbiosis, endotoxemia and inflammation. The use of probiotics, prebiotics and symbiotics, in order to modulate the composition of intestinal microbiome, may be a promising therapy for the reduction of the metabolic complications of obesity; however, further studies should be conducted to establish which probiotic species are suitable to help in the treatment of obesity...

Los orígenes del desarrollo de la salud y de la enfermedad en Venezuela / Developmental origins of health and disease in Venezuela

La Transición Alimentaria Nutricional (TAN) acelerada que se ha producido en Venezuela producto de la rápida urbanización ha generado cambios en los estilos de vida: sedentarismo y modificaciones de la dieta tradicional. La población del país es de alto riesgo: alto porcentaje de embarazo en adolescentes, aumento de la mortalidad materna e infantil, alta prevalencia de peso bajo al nacer, incremento de prevalencias de morbimortalidad por enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición y baja práctica de lactancia materna exclusiva. En Venezuela prevalece la doble carga nutricional: sobrepeso y desnutrición. Existen nichos obesogénicos definidos y estilos de vida que conducen a la obesidad y sus comorbilidades. Los Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y la Enfermedad (ODSE) y la programación fetal y posnatal temprana (los primeros 1.000 días) son determinantes a través de mecanismos epigenéticos que alteran la actividad génica sin cambiar la secuencia del ADN conducen a modificaciones con transmisión transgeneracional. Hipótesis propuestas: alimentación materna sub-óptima (composición corporal materna alterada, dieta materna hipocalórica, inadecuada transferencia placentaria); excesivo aporte calórico intrauterino; crecimiento acelerado posnatal. Recomendaciones: optimizar estado nutricional pre y postconcepcional, la ganancia de peso gestacional y promover el control prenatal temprano; prevención del embarazo precoz; promover la lactancia materna exclusiva el primer semestre y complementaria hasta los 2 años; evitar crecimiento compensatorio acelerado; considerar la doble carga de la malnutrición en programas de intervención nutricional individualizados y nunca masivos; promover la actividad física y las comidas en familia. El pediatra debe identificar los factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en forma temprana.

The rapid nutrition transition in Venezuela is a result of a high urbanization process with changes in life style, a rise in sedentarism and the substitution of the traditional diet. The population is at risk: a high percentage of adolescent pregnancies, a rise in child and maternal mortality, a high prevalence of low birth weight, rising prevalence of morbidity and mortality of chronic diseases related to nutrition, insufficient exclusive breast feeding practices. A double burden of under nutrition and obesity is found. Although obesogenic niches and unhealthy life styles that lead to obesity and its morbidities are evident, developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and early nutrition programming in the first 1000 days are determinant through epigenetic mechanisms that modulate gene function without altering DNA. The mismatch or the fuel-mediated, as well as the accelerated postnatal growth hypothesis are postulated. Optimal pre and post conception nutrition status is recommended as well as appropriate weight gain during pregnancy; promotion of exclusive breast feeding through the first semester and complementary up to 2 years, also physical activity and frequent family dining; prevention of accelerated postnatal growth; the double burden should be considered in intervention programs that should be focalized. Pediatricians must identify cardio metabolic risk at an early stage.

Efeitos de uma dieta hiperlipídica e de uma droga anti-inflamatória não-esteróide inibidora seletiva da ciclooxigenase-2 sobre a cicatrização cutânea de ratos Wistar propensos e resistentes a obesidade / Effects of a high fat diet and an anti-inflammatory drug non steroidal inhibitor selective of cyclooxygenase-2 on the cutaneous wound healing Wistar rats likely resistant to obesity

O sobrepeso induzido por uma dieta rica em gordura atrasa a cicatrização através do prolongamento da fase inflamatória, entretanto, quando recebem uma dieta obesogênica, alguns ratos são suscetíveis a desenvolver sobrepeso, enquanto outros são resistentes. Drogas anti-inflamatórias não-esteróides são frequentemente utilizadas para reduzir a inflamação. Este estudo investigou a cicatrização cutânea em ratos propensos a obesidade induzida por dieta (DIO) e em ratos resistentes a dieta (DR) e avaliou a participação da administração do celecoxibe na cicatrização cutânea destes animais. Ratos machos foram alimentados com uma dieta padrão (Controle, C) ou com uma dieta rica em gordura saturada (30%). Após 19 semanas, o grupo experimental foi subdividido nos grupos DIO e DR. Uma lesão excisional foi feita e os animais foram mortos 7 ou 14 dias depois. Os grupos tratados receberam uma dose diária de 5 ou 10 mg/kg/dia de celecoxibe a partir de dois dias antes da lesão até 7 dias após a lesão, quando foram mortos. O peso corporal foi maior no grupo DIO comparado aos grupos C e DR. A gordura retroperitoneal foi maior no grupo DIO do que nos grupos C e DR e foi maior no grupo DR do que no grupo C. O tratamento com o celecoxibe não alterou o maior peso corporal apresentado pelo grupo DIO ou a maior porcentagem de gordura retroperitoneal apresentada pelos grupos DIO e DR. Todos os grupos tratados com celecoxibe 10 mg apresentaram atraso na cicatrização e não foram mais analisados. O grupo DIO apresentou intolerância a glicose, e ambos os grupos DIO e DR apresentaram atraso na contração e na reepitelização da lesão. O tratamento com celecoxibe 5 mg reverteu a intolerância a glicose no grupo DIO e a contração atrasada nos grupos DIO e DR. Comparado ao grupo DR, o grupo DIO apresentou maior quantidade de células inflamatórias, assim como maiores níveis de peroxidação lipídica. O tratamento com celecoxib (5 mg) não reduziu o número de PMN, mas reduziu o número de mastócitos...

Overweight induced by high-fat diet delays wound healing through elongation of inflammatory phase, however, when receiving on obesogenic diet, some rats are susceptible to developing the overweight phenotype, whereas others are resistant. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are frequently used to reduce the inflammation. This study investigated cutaneous wound healing in diet-induced obesity (DIO)-prone and diet-resistant (DR) rats and evaluated the contribution of celecoxib administration on cutaneous wound healing of these animals. Male rats were fed with a standard (Control, C) or high-saturated fat (30%) diet. After 19 weeks, experimental group was subdivided into DIO and DR groups. An excisional lesion was made and the animals were killed 7 or 14 days later. Treated groups received a daily dose of celecoxib 5 or 10 mg/kg/day from two days before wounding until 7 days after wounding when were killer. The body weight was higher in the DIO group compared to the C and DR groups. Retroperitoneal fat was higher in the DIO group than in the C and DR groups and was higher in the DR group than in the C group. Celecoxib-treatment did not alter the higher body weight presented by DIO group of higher retroperitoneal fat percentage displayed by DIO and DR groups. All groups treated with celecoxib 10 mg showed delayed wound healing, and weren't further analysed. The DIO group presented glucose intolerance, and both the DIO and DR groups presented delayed wound contraction and re-epithelialisation. The celecoxib 5 mg-treatment reversed the glucose intolerance in the DIO group and the delayed contraction in the DIO and DR groups. Compared to the DR group, the DIO group displayed higher amounts of inflammatory cells as well as higher levels of lipid peroxidation. Celecoxib-treatment (5 mg) did not reduce the number of PMN, but reduce mast cells number in DIO group and macrophages number and lipid peroxidation in both groups. Myofibroblastic differentiation...