Isolation, identification and characterization of a chloramphenicol-degrading bacterium / 生物工程学报

Microorganisms are the dominant players driving the degradation and transformation of chloramphenicol (CAP) in the environment. However, little bacterial strains are able to efficiently degrade and mineralize CAP, and the CAP degrading pathways mediated by oxidative reactions remain unclear. In this study, a highly efficient CAP-degrading microbial consortium, which mainly consists of Rhodococcus (relative abundance >70%), was obtained through an enrichment process using CAP-contaminated activated sludge as the inoculum. A bacterial strain CAP-2 capable of efficiently degrading CAP was isolated from the consortium and identified as Rhodococcus sp. by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Strain CAP-2 can efficiently degrade CAP under different nutrient conditions. Based on the biotransformation characteristics of the detected metabolite p-nitrobenzoic acid and the reported metabolites p-nitrobenzaldehyde and protocatechuate by strain CAP-2, a new oxidative pathway for the degradation of CAP was proposed. The side chain of CAP was oxidized and broken to generate p-nitrobenzaldehyde, which was further oxidized to p-nitrobenzoic acid. Strain CAP-2 can be used to further study the molecular mechanism of CAP catabolism, and has the potential to be used in in situ bioremediation of CAP-contaminated environment.

Biopelículas fotoactivas: material de empaque en alimentos sensibles a la oxidación / Photoactive biofilms: packaging materials in oxidation sensitive foods

RESUMEN La contaminación, a causa de residuos plásticos, es uno de los principales problemas ambientales, emergentes del siglo XX. Particularmente, el uso de envases plásticos para alimentos y bebidas ocupa el 50% de su producción total. La producción de empaques bioplásticos, a partir de materias primas renovables, surge como alternativa de bajo impacto ambiental en la industria de alimentos, sensibles a la oxidación, conservando su calidad organoléptica y nutricional. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo la elaboración de biopelículas, a partir de almidón residual esterificado de papa, anclado a sustancias fotoactivas, con diferentes rangos de absorción electromagnética: betalaína, rutina y riboflavina, capaces de disminuir los procesos oxidativos inducidos por la luz, en muestras de carne bovina. Se evaluaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas, mecánicas y de eficacia fotoactiva. Los resultados mostraron que el anclaje de las sustancias fotoactivas al almidón esterificado, optimizó los valores de solubilidad en agua, transparencia, estabilidad ácido-base y resistencia a la ruptura de las biopelículas. La mayor protección fotoactiva, se obtuvo con la biopelícula de rutina, reduciendo en un 66,6% y 57,3% la degradación oxidativa de proteínas y lípidos de la carne. Se concluye, que la esterificación del almidón residual de papa y su posterior anclaje de sustancias fotoactivas, le confiere un uso potencial en la producción de envases biodegradables para alimentos.

ABSTRACT Pollution caused by plastic waste is one of the main emerging environmental problems of the 20th century. Particularly the use of plastic containers for food and beverages that occupies almost 50% of its total production. The elaboration of bioplastics from renewable raw materials emerges as an alternative of low environmental impact in the food industry sensitive to oxidation, conserving its organoleptic and nutritional quality. The aim of this research was to prepare biofilms from residual esterified potato starch, anchored to photoactive substances with different ranges of electromagnetic absorption: Betalaine, Rutin and Riboflavin, able to reduce oxidative processes induced by light in bovine meat samples. The physicochemical, mechanical and photoactive efficiency properties were evaluated. The results showed that the anchoring of the photoactive substances to the esterified starch optimizes the values of water solubility, transparency, acid-base stability and resistance to rupture of the biofilms. The greater photoactive protection was obtained with the biofilm of Rutin, reducing in 66.6% and 57.3% the oxidative degradation of proteins and lipids respectively. It is concluded that the esterification of residual potato starch and its subsequent anchoring of photoactive substances confers a potential use in the production of biodegradable food packaging.

Preparation of low molecular weight Eucheuma striatum sulfated polysaccharides by oxidative degradation with H_2O_2 under the ultrasonic wave / 中国海洋药物

Objective To prepare low molecular weight Eucheuma striatum sulfated polysaccharides. Methods Eucheuma striatum sulfated polysaccharides were degraded with hydrogen peroxide under the ultrasonic wave. Molecular weight and the content of sulfate radical, 3,6-anhydro-galactose of all sulfated polysaccharides were determined. Results The polysaccharides with molecular weight from 5000 to 40000 were prepared and the content of sulfate radical was above 18.5%. Conclusion This method is fit for preparing low molecular weight and good water-solubility polysaccharides. The post-treatment is simple and the method keeps the sulfated radical perfectly.