Integrated Management of Fusarium Wilt of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) Caused by Fusarium solani

Chilli is an important spice cum vegetable crop from the Solanaceae family grown around the world for its pungent flavor. Fusarium wilt of chilli is one of the most important diseases as it drastically reduces the yield. In the present experiment a total of 4 different botanical extracts and 4 isolates of Trichoderma were evaluated against the growth of wilt pathogen Fusarium solani. Among them neem oil and Tr1 isolate of Trichoderma recorded better results hence they were selected and further studied under pot culture conditions alone in combinations with panchagavya on the incidence of Fusarium wilt of chilli in local variety of chilli Out of 7 different treatments tested, highest germination (93.24%) was recorded from T7. And, highest percent disease inhibition of Fusarium wilt (69.56%) was recorded from T7. On a similar note, plant growth parameters such as improved plant height, dry weight, no. of flowers/ fruits per plant and fruit length were recorded from plants treated with T7. It was clear the IDM strategies perform better in reducing disease as compared to that of chemical control besides improving yield and growth of treated plants.

Effect of Liquid Organic Manures on the Performance of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata)

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022 at Block D of the College Farm, Agriculture College, Naira. The experiment was laid out in Split-plot design with three main plots.M1:100% RDF (180-60-60 NPK Kg ha-1) + FYM @10 t ha-1, M2:75% RDF (135-45-45 NPK Kg ha-1) + FYM @10 t ha-1. M3:0% RDF- Control and four sub-plotsS1: Liquid azospirllum+PSB+KRB+ZnSB+@1.25 L ha-1 each at knee high stage, S2: Vermiwash spraying twice @5% at knee high and tasseling to silking stages, S3: Panchagavya spraying twice @3% at knee high and tasseling to silking stages andS4: Drava Jeevamrutham spraying twice @10% at knee high and tasseling to silking stages Results revealed that 100% RDF (180-60-60 NPK Kg ha-1) + FYM @10 t ha-1 (M1) recorded maximum fresh cob yield (16409 kg ha-1) and stover yield (17481 kg ha-1). Among the subplots: Liquid azospirllum+ PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB+@1.25 L ha-1 (S1) recorded maximum fresh cob yield (14091 kg ha-1) and stover yield (15623 kg ha-1). The interaction effect of different doses of RDF and liquid biofertilizers on fresh cob yield, stover yield and HI was found to be nonsignificant. Hence, it can be concluded that different doses of RDF and liquid biofertilizers are advantageous for weet corn cultivation on sandy loam soils of North costal region.

Influence of Pre-sowing Seed Treatments with Botanical and Organics on Yield Attributing Traits and Seedling Parameters of Cluster Bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L) Variety: RGC1066

The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to enhance eco-friendly agriculture practices for sustainable agriculture. Chemical agriculture has made an adverse impact of the health care of not only soil but also the beneficial soil microbial communities and the plants cultivated in these soil. This eventually has led to a high demand of botanical and organic produce by the present day health conscious society and periodic attempts are being made by farmers all over the world to depollute. Application of heavy doses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are being used by the farmers to get a better yield of various agricultural crops. These chemical fertilizers and pesticides decrease soil fertility and cause health problems to the consumers. The new approaches to the use of botanical and organic amendments in farming have proven to be effective means of improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility and increasing crop yields. Botanical and organics play vital roles in increasing soil fertility and increasing yield. The study was designed to check the response of botanical and organics on yield and seedling quality parameters such as field emergence percent, plant height (30, 60, 90 DAS), days to 50% flowering, number branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of clusters per plant, days to maturity, seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, harvest index, germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling fresh weight, seedling growth rate, root: shoot ratio, seed metabolic efficiency, mobilization efficiency, vigour index-I, vigour index-II, electrical conductivity. For this experiment the seeds of RGC1066 variety collected from department of genetics and plant breeding, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj during 2021-2022, to find out the influence of pre-sowing seed treatments with botanical and organics, seeds treated with panchagavya, beejamruth, jeevamruth, neem leaf extract and vermiwash at different concentrations viz 2, 3, 5, and 10% for 12hours along with control (no treatment). It is found that all treatments showed improved performance than untreated seeds, but it was observed that seeds treated with panchagavya@10% for 12 hours performed better in comparison to other treatments. This study can be helpful to reach new horizons of research in the field of sustainable agriculture, natural resource conservation and seed technology to overcome the germination problem and improve crop growth and yield eventually.

Effect of Liquid Organic Manure on Growth and Yield of Field Pea(Pisum sativum, Fabaceae)

The field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2022 at the Crop Research Farm (CRF), Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP) to examine the effect of liquid organic manure on growth and yield of Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.). The finding showed that field pea growth characteristics steadily improved with the maximum application of Dasagavya (250 l/ha) + spraying. This treatment resulted in significantly higher plant height (97.14 cm), Maximum number of nodules (28.13), plant dry weight (33.18 g), number of pods/plant (22.18), number of seeds/pod (4.16), seed yield (2.04 t/ha), and harvest index (40.16%), but in Stover yield the Dasagavya (250 l/ha) + seed inoculation and Spraying treatment (4.27 t/ha) was significantly greater. It is concluded with this data that spraying of Dasagavya is the most remunerative, profitable and economically efficient.

Influence of Organic Manures and Organic Sprays on Productivity and Economics of Summer Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of organic fertilizers and organic sprays on the productivity and economic parameters of summer greengram (Vigna radiata) cultivation. The experiment was designed as a split-plot design with three replications. The primary plots encompassed four organic fertilizer treatments: Control (M1), Farm yard manure (M2), Vermicompost (M3), and Poultry manure (M4). The sub-plots included three organic spray treatments: Control (S1), Panchagavya (S2), and Jeevamrutha (S3).The results of the experiment revealed that the combination of poultry manure as the organic fertilizer in conjunction with the application of Panchagavya spray had the most significant impact on both seed yield (779 kg ha-1) and haulm yield (1909 kg ha-1) for summer greengram cultivation. Furthermore, this specific combination demonstrated notably higher gross returns (?48,648 ha-1), net returns (?30,125 ha-1), and a favourable B C ratio of 2.60.

Fruit Characteristics and Yield of Mango cv. Amrapali as Influenced by Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers

To study the “Fruit Characteristics and Yield of Mango cv. Amrapali as Influenced by Bio-enhancers and Bio-fertilizers” a field experiment was conducted in the Garden, Department of Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U.P.) during 2020-2021. The experiment consists of seven treatments i.e., FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) i.e., Control, FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Amritpani (20%) + Azotobacter (100 g/tree), FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Panchagavya (3%) + Azotobacter (100 g/tree), FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Jivamrit (20%) + Azotobacter (100 g/tree), FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Amritpani (20%) + PSB culture (100 g/tree), FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Panchagavya (3%) + PSB culture (100 g/tree), FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Jivamrit (20%) + PSB culture (100 g/tree) which were replicated thrice in randomized block design by using one plant as a unit per treatment. The application of different bio-enhancers and bio-fertilizers to mango plant was made as per the requirement of the treatment.The experimental results clearly revealed that the plants treated with the application of FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Panchagavya (3%) + Azotobacter (100g/tree) produced fruits with significantly higher length, width, weight, volume, pulp weight, pulp:peel ratio with more yield. However, the fruit with minimum fruit length, width, weight, volume, pulp weight, pulp:peel ratio, and yield were recorded from the plants treated with the application of FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) i.e., Control. Thus, on the basis of the above observations, this can be suggested that the application of FYM (25 kg/tree/year) + Organic mulch (Paddy straw) + Panchagavya (3%) + Azotobacter (100 g/tree) were effective for substantially higher physical fruit characteristics and yield under the sub-tropical plains of Central Uttar Pradesh, India.

Influence of Cropping System and Nutrient Management Practices on the Yield, and Economics of Pearl Millet [Pennisetum glaucum]

The Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of cropping systems and nutrient management practices on the yield, and economics of pearl millet in the School of Agricultural Science, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India). The experiments were laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with two factors (Cropping system and Nutrient management) and three replications for two consecutive seasons in 2022-23. The study comprised three cropping system treatments namely C1 – Sole Pearl millet cropping, C2 - Pearl millet + Black gram intercropping (1:1), C3 – Pearl millet + Cowpea intercropping (1:1) along with four nutrient management treatments viz., N1 - 100% Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) @80:40:40 kg of N, P2O5, and K2O/ha., N2– 75% RDF + Azospirillum @2kg/ha and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) @2kg/ha, N3 – 75% RDF + Soil application of Azospirillum (2kg/ha) and PSB (2kg/ha) + Foliar spray of 2% urea @ 15 and 35 days after transplanting (DAT), N4 – 75% RDF + Soil application of Azospirillum (2kg/ha) and PSB (2kg/ha) + Foliar spray of Panchagavya3% @ 15 and 35 DAT. The results of the experiment revealed that the intercropping of black gram or cowpea in pearl millet proves to be beneficial and advantageous in terms of, grain yield and returns per rupee invested, rather than going for the sole cropping of pearl millet. On the other hand, reduced application of inorganic recommended dose of fertilizers by 25% with the inclusion of biofertilizers like Azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria, along with the foliar application of 2% urea or 3% Panchagavya will be an economically viable and environmentally sustainable nutrient management practice for improving the yield of pearl millet.

Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Foliar Organic Nutrition on Growth and Yield of Summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

A field experiment was conducted during summer season of 2022 at Crop Research Farm (CRF). Department of Agronomy, SHUATS, Prayagraj (UP) on soil with sandy loam in texture with Organic carbon 0.48%, Available Nitrogen 278.93 Kg/ha, Available Phosphorus 19.03 Kg/ha, Available Potassium 238.1 Kg/ha, Soil Ph 7.4, EC 0.47 ds/m to investigate the effect ofrrigation scheduling and foliar organic nutrition on growth and yield of Zaid Groundnut. The treatments consist of three irrigation schedulings viz., I1: 3 irrigations (25,45,70 DAS), I2: 2 irrigations (25,45 DAS), I3: 2 irrigations (25,70 DAS) and three foliar organic nutrition F1 – Panchagavya at 3%, F2 – Jeevamrutha at 3%, F3 – Panchamrutha at 3% whose effect is observed on Groundnut (var. Kadiri-6). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments replicated thrice. The treatment with application of 3 irrigations (25,45,70 DAS) + panchagavya-3% recorded significantly higher plant height (60.07cm) and plant dry weight (39.62 g), number of pods per plant (20.33), number of kernels per pod (2.47), seed index (39.84 g), pod yield (2.85 t/ha) and haulm yield (4.4 t/ha) compared to other treatment combinations. It is concluded that 3 irrigations (25,45,70 DAS) and panchagavya-3% accomplished better growth parameters, yield attributes and higher pod yield in groundnut crop

Physico-Chemical Analysis of Panchagavya Ghritha Prepared as per Ashtanga Hridaya Reference and Comparison with Market Samples

Panchagavya Ghritha is a widely used Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Ashtanga Hridaya Utharastana Apasmara Patishedha indicated in conditions like Apasmara (epilepsy), Jwara (pyrexia), and Kamala (jaundice). It contains 5 ingredients namely Goshakrit rasa (cow dung juice), Amladadhi (sour curd), Goksheera (cow’s milk), Gomutra (cow’s urine) and Goghritha (ghee). Authentic sources of cow products are not often obtained and found adulterated. Collection and processing of fresh raw materials are an important area in this formulation This study was conducted to find out the non conformances and quality issues in Panchagavya ghritha production in industrial level. The comparative analysis of prepared and market samples based on standard analytical parameters proposed by PLIM reveals the variation in different organoleptic characters and physico-chemical parameters. The physico-chemical parameters among prepared and different companies were statistically analysed with ANOVA test and Scheffe’s pair wise comparison, showed significant difference at 0.01 levels.

Trividha Snehapaka of Panchagavya Ghrita: A critical comparative evaluation.

Backgorund: The three stages of Snehapaka formulations namely Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka have been characteristically advocated for different routes of administration—Nasya, Pana/Basti and Abhyanga, respectively. Guidelines or established method for post-formulation characterization for the same is hardly available. Objective: The present communication is the comparative study of Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka of Panchagavya ghrita (PGG). Materials and Methods: Laboratory prepared samples of PGG following classical method were analyzed for different physicochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic parameters, and antioxidant activity. Results: No significant difference was found among Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka in physicochemical parameters as well as chromatographic profiles. The ratio of absorbance at 240 and 294 nm showed steady increase from Mridu to Madhyama to Khara Paka in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectra of unsaponifiable matter. The high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) bioautography assay revealed presence of two antioxidant compounds in low concentration in all the samples. This was further supported by estimation of total reducing power and DPPH assay. No significant difference was found among the three samples. Conclusion: Comparison of various physicochemical parameters, chromatographic profiles, and in vitro antioxidant activity determination is of little help in establishing any significant difference among the samples. However, spectrophotometric analysis of unsaponifiable matter reveals some encouraging characteristic findings which will be useful in establishing difference among the three stages of processing of PGG as well as Snehapaka in general.