Efficiency analysis of the australian wastewater treatment system in a pig slaughterhouse / Análise da eficiência do sistema australiano de tratamento de águas residuais em um abatedouro de suínos

Pig farming is a significant economic activity in the food industry and the meat trade. However, pig slaughterhouses release their waste through effluents, which may spread pathogenic microorganisms and degrade the environment, particularly in bodies of water. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficiency of the Australian wastewater treatment system and the quality of the Effluent Treatment Station (ETS) of a pig slaughterhouse, which flows into the Laranja Azeda stream in the city of Dourados (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Effluentsampling was carried out in the ETS using treatment ponds (Australian system), from the input to the output, over a period of one year. Physicochemical and biological parameters were assessed to measure the effluentquality. The results showed a reduction in organic matter and microorganisms. The concentration of dissolved oxygen, pH, effluent temperature, redox potential, as well as the amount of coliforms, exhibited a significant reduction (p<0.005). The waste management brought by the ETS promoted the removal of pollutants from the effluent. However, these procedures were not enough to satisfy Brazilian and international parameters proposed by the WHO, which regulate the dumping of waste into water bodies.

A suinocultura é uma atividade econômica que ocupa posição de destaque no cenário mundial alimentício vinculado ao comércio da carne. No entanto, abatedouros de suínos geram resíduos que são liberados pelos efluentes e podem disseminar microrganismos patogênicos e degradar o meio ambiente, especialmente em corpos hídricos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do sistema australiano e qualidade do efluente proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Efluente (ETE) de um abatedouro de suínos liberada no Córrego Laranja Azeda localizado na cidade de Dourados (Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). As coletas das amostras de efluentes na ETE foram realizadas nas lagoas de tratamento (sistema australiano) desde a sua entrada até a saída durante o período de um ano. Para mensuração da qualidade de água foram avaliados parâmetros físico-químicos e biológicos. Parâmetros referentes à Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio e a Demanda Química de Oxigênio foram aferidos de acordo com a American Public Health Association e, além destes foram mensurados quantidade de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos e potencial de oxi-redução do efluente. A técnica dos tubos múltiplos foi utilizada para quantificação de coliformes totais (CT) e coliformes termotolerantes (CTT). Os resultados apontaram a redução de matéria orgânica e microrganismos. As médias dos parâmetros avaliados apresentaram redução significativa (p<0,005) para a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido, pH, temperatura da água, potencial de oxi-redução, quantidade de coliformes presentes na água. O manejo dos resíduos gerados pela ETE acarretou na remoção de poluentes do efluente, mas não foi eficiente em atender os parâmetros legais brasileiros e internacionais que normatizam o seu despejo em corpos de água. Considera-se necessária maior fiscalização das condições referentes a qualidade de água do efluente lançado neste córrego, pois o resultado indica risco de saúde para a comunidade ribeirinha que faz uso dessa água para banhos, dessedentação de animais, irrigação e outras atividades domésticas.

Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of yateí (Tetragonisca angustula) honey for assessing quality standards and commercialization / Análisis microbiológico y fisicoquímico de la miel de yateí (Tetragonisca angustula) para la evaluación de estándares de calidad y comercialización

Due to the interest in the production and trading of yateí (Tetragonisca angustula) honey in the province of Misiones, Argentina, in this work we assessed microbiological and physicochemical parameters in order to contribute to the elaboration of standards for quality control and promote commercialization. Results showed that yateí honey samples had significantly different microbiological and physicochemical characteristics in comparison to established quality standards for Apis mellifera honey. Thus, we observed that values for pH (3.72), glucose (19.01 g/100 g) and fructose (23.74 g/100 g) were lower than A. mellifera quality standards, while acidity (79.42 meq/kg), moisture (24%), and mould and yeast count (MY) (3.02 log CFU/g) were higher. The acid content was correlated with glucose (R²=0.75) and fructose (R²=0.68) content, and also with mould and yeast counts (R²=0.45) to a lesser extent. The incidence of microorganisms in yateí honey samples reached 42.85% and 39% for Clostridium sulfite-reducers and Bacillus spp., respectively. No C. botulinum or B. cereus cells were detected. Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. incidence was similar (ca. 7.14%), whereas Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were not detected. We conclude that the microbiological and physicochemical properties of yateí honey are different from those of A. mellifera honey; hence, different quality standards could be implemented to promote its commercialization.

Debido al interés en la producción y comercialización de la miel de yateí (Tetragonisca angustula) en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina, en este trabajo se evaluaron parámetros microbiológicos y fisicoquímicos con el fin de contribuir con la elaboración de normas para el control de calidad y promover su comercialización. Los resultados demostraron que los parámetros analizados en esta miel (n = 28) diferían significativamente de los valores aceptables establecidos para la miel de Apis mellífera. En comparación, se observó que los valores de pH (3,72) y de concentración de glucosa (19,01 g/100 g) y fructosa (23,74 g/100 g) eran más bajos, mientras que los valores de acidez (79,42 meq/kg) y humedad (24 %), al igual que el recuento de hongos y levaduras (HyL) (3,02 log UFC/g), eran más altos. La acidez mostró una correlación inversamente proporcional con el contenido de glucosa (R² = 0,75) y fructosa (R² = 0,68), y directamente proporcional con el recuento de HyL, aunque en este caso la correlación fue menor (R² = 0,45). En lo que respecta a los parámetros microbiológicos, se observó 42,85 % de Clostridium sulfito-reductores y 39 % de Bacillus spp., y no se detectó presencia de C. botulinum ni de B. cereus. Enterococcus spp. y Staphylococcus spp. se encontraron en una proporción similar (ca. 7,14 %), mientras que Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. no fueron detectados. Concluimos que las propiedades microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas de la miel de yateí difieren de las de la miel de A. mellifera, por lo cual sería oportuno establecer normas de calidad diferentes para facilitar su comercialización.

Establecimiento de criterios microbiológicos para alimentos comercializados en Cuba / Establishment of microbiological criteria for food products sold in Cuba

Introducción: en Cuba se editó la primera Norma Cubana de Contaminantes Microbiológicos en 1987, a partir de la cual se propuso una actualización por el Comité Técnico de Microbiología de los Alimentos No 61. Objetivos: analizar y proponer criterios microbiológicos para los muestreos de segunda y tercera clases en alimentos, que respondieran a las condiciones climáticas y ecológicas del país, y a la forma de preparación y consumo de los productos. Métodos: se procedió a establecer grupos de alimentos, parámetros microbiológicos, categoría en relación con el peligro sanitario, plan de muestreo y criterios microbiológicos, para lo que se tomó en cuenta la NC 38-02-07:1987, la base de datos de los resultados de los laboratorios nacionales de análisis de alimentos y la literatura científica. Resultados: se definieron 17 grupos de alimentos, para consumo humano o animal. Se incluyeron nuevos parßmetros microbiol¾gicos a controlar, se mantuvieron los que aparecían en la NC 38-02-07,1987 y se especificaron los que se evaluaban en vigilancia. Se clasificaron los productos en diez categorías de acuerdo con el riesgo que involucraban y se aplicaron planes de muestreo representativos, con el uso de n 5. Se establecieron los criterios microbiológicos. La interpretación de resultados se resumió en tres categorías: aceptable, medianamente aceptable y rechazable. Conclusiones: con la implementación de esta Norma se logró una mayor protección al consumidor y reducir al mínimo el riesgo del producto

Introduction: technical Committee on Food Microbiology No. 61 has proposed an update of the first Cuban Standard for Microbiological Contaminants, published in 1987. Objectives: analyze and propose microbiological criteria for second and third class food sampling which would reflect the country's climatic and ecological conditions, as well as the different forms of food preparation and consumption. Methods: food groups, microbiological parameters, health hazard categories, a sampling plan and microbiological criteria were established, based on Cuban standard NC 38-02-07:1987, the database of results obtained by national food analysis laboratories, and scientific bibliography. Results: seventeen human and animal food groups were defined. New microbiological parameters were included, those contained in standard NC 38-02-07:1987 were retained, and specifications were developed for surveillance parameters. Food products were classified into ten categories according to the risk involved, and representative sampling plans were applied based on n 5. The required microbiological criteria were established. Results were classified into three categories: acceptable, fairly acceptable and rejectable. Conclusions: with implementation of the standard, consumer protection was improved and product-related risks were reduced to a minimum

Terapia periodontal no quirúrgica / Nonsurgical periodontal therapy

Introducción: en el tratamiento de las enfermedades periodontales contamos con la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica, la cual ha sido avalada científicamente mostrando su efectividad. El principal objetivo de este artículo es demostrar la efectividad de la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica evidenciada en múltiples estudios con relación a las indicaciones, aspectos microbiológicos, efectos enlos tejidos y la importancia de la terapia de mantenimiento una vez finalizado el tratamiento. Métodos: se hizo una revisión con relación al tema en los últimos años teniendo como patrón los conceptos clave periodontales. Resultados: la terapia periodontal no quirúrgica (TPNQ) no es un procedimiento que pueda y deba realizarse en un corto tiempo y en pocas citas, el tiempo para su ejecución se amplía lo necesario en especial para lograr una limpieza y regularización de las raíces lo más completa posible. Conclusión: varios autores reportanque la reducción de la microbiota se mantuvo entre 14 y 180 días, luego de la terapia, esto justifica las citas periódicas de mantenimientoperiodontal y estos señalan que el aspecto crítico de la terapia no es la escogencia entre un procedimiento quirúrgico o no quirúrgico, sino la limpieza detallada y completa por el profesional y el buen nivel de higiene bucal por parte del paciente.

Introduction: In the treatment of periodontal diseases, we can rely on nonsurgical periodontal therapy, which has been scientifically proven as its effectiveness has been recognized. The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of nonsurgical periodontal therapy, as evidenced in several studies that serve as guidelines, as well as microbiological aspects, effects on tissues and theimportance of maintenance therapy after treatment completion. Methods: a review was conducted in order to revise this topic considering key periodontal concepts as a guideline. Results: nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) is a procedure that cannot and should not be carried out in a few sessions; the time required for its completion is extended as necessary in order to achieve cleaning and adjustmentof the roots as completely as possible. Conclusions: Several authors have reported that reduction of microbiota remains between 14 and 180 days after therapy. This explains the regular periodontal maintenance appointments. They also indicate that the critical aspect of this therapy is not the choice between a surgical or a nonsurgical procedure, but a detailed and thorough cleaning by the dental professionaland the good level of oral hygiene achieved by the patient.