Peptide/Gene Therapy for the Prevention of Diabetes / 한양의대학술지

Pancreatic betacell function deteriorates continuously in type 2 diabetes patients despite optimal treatment, which has been attributed to hyperglycemia itself via formation of excess reactive oxygen species. Studies of animals with spontaneous autoimmune diabetes have revealed that autoreactive T cells that mediate islet betacell destruction can be manipulated by the administration of cytokines, especially Th2 cytokines. Restoration of self tolerance at certain time period may facilitate islet cell regeneration and may enable complete recovery from diabetes. To overcome short halflives of cytokines, we would like to deliver genes which enable cytokine production in the body. We also induced antiapoptotic molecules in betacells, the protective effect of which we screened systematically, applying new gene/peptide delivery strategies. In this study, the effect of peptide delivery using specific carriers was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In view of the immunoregulatory activity of Th2 cytokines, we investigated whether systemic or local cytokine gene therapy stops islet destructive autoimmunity and regenerates betacells of the pancreas in NOD mice. In addition, treatment of betacells with the antioxidant metallothionein resulted in a significant reduction in pathological changes and restored GSIS. Specific inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by retroviral transduction of dominant negative inhibitor of NF-kappaB also protected betacells. Therefore, these results suggest the protective influence of these gene/ peptide delivery as an adjunctive measure to clinical islet transplantation may enable us to improve the results of the cell-based treatment to overcome the battle against the debilitating disease of diabetes mellitus.

Therapeutic Modulation of Apoptosis: Targeting the BCL-2 Family at the Interface of the Mitochondrial Membrane

A vast portion of human disease results when the process of apoptosis is defective. Disorders resulting from inappropriate cell death range from autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions to heart disease. Conversely, prevention of apoptosis is the hallmark of cancer and confounds the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. In the search for optimal targets that would enable the control of apoptosis, members of the BCL-2 family of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors have figured prominently. Development of BCL-2 antisense approaches, small molecules, and BH3 peptidomimetics has met with both success and failure. Success-because BCL-2 proteins play essential roles in apoptosis. Failure-because single targets for drug development have limited scope. By examining the activity of the BCL-2 proteins in relation to the mitochondrial landscape and drawing attention to the significant mitochondrial membrane alterations that ensue during apoptosis, we demonstrate the need for a broader based multi-disciplinary approach for the design of novel apoptosis-modulating compounds in the treatment of human disease.