Antibacterial Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Oil Extracts on Periodontopathogenic Oral Bacteria

ABSTRACT@#Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites of plants metabolism and can be found in olive oil. They exhibit antimicrobial activity towards both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. However, little is known about the antibacterial activity of the compounds towards periodontopathogens. The study aimed to investigate the potential of these compounds as antibacterial agents towards pathogens, specifically Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Phenolic compounds were extracted from extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) through liquid-liquid separation using methanol:water (70:30), and hexane. It was then prepared in various concentrations to determine its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against the periodontopathogens. The anti-adhesion activity was quantified using crystal violet staining while the effects on the morphology were examined through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The MICs of the phenolic compounds on A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were 31.25 mg/mL, 62.5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL, respectively. The MBCs of the phenolic compounds on A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were 62.5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL, respectively suggesting this compound can eradicate these bacteria. There was no bactericidal effect on P. gingivalis. The adhesion of all the bacteria was interrupted by the compounds at the lowest concentration (1.95 mg/mL). SEM findings showed disruption of bacterial cell surfaces such as blebs and disintegration of cells after exposure to this extract. Phenolic compounds of olive oil exhibited antibacterial activity against the tested pathogens, with bactericidal effects on A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum and bacteriostatic effects on P. gingivalis.

Presence of the Periodontal Bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis in Patients with and without Cancer: A Meta-analysis

@#A high presence of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has been found in cancers at different body locations. The imbalance of the oral microbiome (dysbiosis) promotes the chronic inflammatory process that could contribute to carcinogenesis. To assess the P. gingivalis detection in cancer patients. A search for studies on P. gingivalis and neoplasms was conducted from 1974 to 2021 in the following databases: PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane Library, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus. For dichotomous outcomes, the estimates of effects of an intervention were expressed as odds ratios (OR) using MantelHaenszel (M-H) method with 95% confidence intervals. Funnel plot and Egger’s test for publication bias analysis were used. Also, Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) studies methodological quality assessment scale was employed. Thirteen studies that involved 1732 cancer patients and 3298 controls without cancer were included in this meta-analysis. P. gingivalis detection was 1.81 times more likely in cancer patients (p<0.01) compared to controls. P. gingivalis detection was also more likely in patients with colorectal (OR: 2.00, p=0.02) or pancreatic (OR: 1.32, p=0.02) tumors. In contrast, oral, esophageal, lung, or breast cancers did not show a significant increase of P. gingivalis detection (p>0.05).

Enfermedad periodontal como factor agravante de los pacientes con la COVID-19

RESUMEN A finales de diciembre del 2019, fue reportado en Wuhan, China, un nuevo virus causante de una neumonía atípica, denominado SARS-CoV-2, cuya enfermedad se nombró COVID-19. Posteriormente se demostró que los pacientes con comorbilidades asociadas (enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares, vasculares periféricas y diabetes mellitus) evolucionaban de forma tórpida e incluso a la muerte. Se ha demostrado que la periodontitis es un proceso infeccioso local con afectación sistémica y comparte mecanismos fisiopatológicos con dichas enfermedades. Su posible relación se establece mediante la presencia de microorganismos patógenos en las bolsas periodontales, que producen reacciones inmunoinflamatorias sistémicas, mediadas por numerosas citocinas. Las bacteriemias de bajo grado y endotoxemias transitorias, causadas por las bacterias periodontales, son el resultado de las neumonías aspirativas y las complicaciones de enfermedades preexistentes. Estudios recientes de numerosos autores alertan sobre dicho vínculo, motivo por el cual surge la necesidad de investigar sobre el tema y la publicación del artículo de opinión sobre la enfermedad periodontal como factor agravante de los pacientes con la COVID-19. Los autores consideran relevante relacionar la infección por la microflora subgingival y sus efectos sobre diferentes órganos distantes, con los daños provocados por la COVID-19 en el mismo individuo.

ABSTRACT At the end of December 2019, a new virus that causes atypical pneumonia called SARS-CoV-2 was reported in Wuhan, China, whose disease was named COVID-19. Later it was shown that patients with associated comorbidities (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular diseases and diabetes mellitus) evolved torpidly and even death. Periodontitis has been shown to be a local infectious process with systemic involvement and shares pathophysiological mechanisms with these pathologies. Its possible relationship is established by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the periodontal pockets, which produce systemic immunoinflammatory reactions mediated by numerous cytokines. Low-grade bacteremia and transient endotoxemia caused by periodontal bacteria are the result of aspiration pneumonia and complications from pre-existing diseases. Recent studies by numerous authors warn of this link, which is why the idea of ​​research on the subject arose and the publication of this opinion article on periodontal disease as an aggravating factor in patients with COVID-19. Although the possible relationship between periodontitis and severe forms of COVID-19 has not been proven, there is sufficient evidence that allows it to be related to different conditions such as diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. In turn, all of them are related to periodontitis, so it can be assumed that there is a relationship between periodontal disease and COVID-19.

Antibacterial Activity of Homeopathic Medications Lycopodium clavatum and Arsenicum album Against Periodontal Bacteria / Evaluación antibacteriana de los medicamentos homeopáticos sobre bacterias periodontales

Abstract There are several controversies regarding the efficacy of homeopathic substances; however, these remedies are used in many countries for the treatment of various pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of two homeopathic tinctures Arsenicum album (mineral extract) and Lycopodium clavatum (plant extract) on the periodontal bacteria Actinomyces israelii, Streptococcus sanguinis, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Phorphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Materials and methods: Equal numbers of bacteria were seeded on agar plates containing enriched media with the homeopathic solutions at 1dH and 1cH dilutions. After 7 days of incubation under anaerobic conditions, colony forming units (CFUs) were counted. The antibacterial effect was calculated based on the total number of CFUs observed on non-tincture containing agar, and on the tincture containing plates. Results: No visible growth of any of the strains was observed on the plates containing Arsenicum album at any of the dilutions tested. In contrast, when Lycopodium clavatum at 1cH dilution was tested, only P. gingivalis was susceptible to this compound. Conclusions: The results suggest that the mineral extract tincture had a greater antibacterial activity than the plant extract tincture, also Lycopodium clavatum preparation could be an effective inhibitor of periodontal pathogens bacteria such as P. gingivalis.

Resumen Se necesita un mayor número de estudios in vitro e in vivo para validar estos resultados.

Prevalence of eight putative periodontal pathogens in atherosclerotic plaque of coronary artery disease patients and comparing them with noncardiac subjects: A case–control study.

Background: The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of periodontal pathogens namely Tannerella forsythia (T.f), Campylobacter rectus (C.r), Eikenella corrodens (E.c), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Treponema denticola (T.d), Prevotella nigrescens (P.n) ,Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A.a), P.g (fi mA gene) and Prevotella intermedia (P.i), in the subgingival and the atheromatous plaque of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and comparing them with the noncardiac subjects thereby indicating the role of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in the progression of atherosclerosis in south Indian population. Materials and Methods: 51 cardiac and non cardiac subjects within the age group of 40–80 years,who met the eligibility criteria, were selected and categorized as the experimental and control group respectively. Total number of teeth was recorded, and oral hygiene was evaluated using Plaque Index and Oral Hygiene Index (OHI). Periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment level were also assessed as a part of periodontal examination. Subgingival plaque samples were collected with the help of with Gracey’s curette in both the groups. In experimental group, biopsy was obtained from the atherosclerotic plaque during Coronary artery bypass grafting CABG procedure. Both, subgingival and the coronary atherosclerotic plaque samples were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for identification of the periodontal bacteria. Statistical Analysis: Mean, standard deviation and test of significance of quantitative variables such as periodontal parameters were compared between experimental group and control group. Kappa measures of agreement was done to analyze the relationship between the presence/absence of microorganisms in the subgingival and atherosclerotic plaque samples in the experimental group. Results: The mean Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Russel’s Periodontal Index, OHI, clinical attachment level, Pocket Depth Index was statistically significant in both the groups. Association of T.f, E.c, C.r, P.g, P.g (fi mA), T.d, P.i, P.n was significantly associated. A.a was absent in the control group, whereas only one patient in the experimental group was positive for the bacteria. Kappa analysis showed the significant association of periodontal bacteria T.f, C.r, P.g, P.g (fi mA), P.i and P.n in subgingival plaque and atherosclerotic plaque of the same patients of the experimental group. Conclusion: It is concluded that CAD subjects had higher prevalence of periodontal pathogens in subgingival biofilms as compared to the non cardiac subjects. Further, the number of bacteria was significantly associated between the subgingival and atherosclerotic plaques of the cardiac patients in south Indian population.