Influencia del tiempo psicológico y el autocontrol en el malestar psicológico en adultos argentinos / Influence of psychological time and self-control on psychological distress in Argentinian adults

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si la temporalidad subjetiva -perspectiva y foco temporales- y la capacidad de autocontrol e impulsividad repercuten en el malestar psicológico, en particular durante la pandemia por COVID-19. La conjetura teórica es que el tiempo psicológico está estrechamente vinculado a la autorregulación, que influye en el desarrollo de la impulsividad y el autocontrol e impacta en el malestar psicológico. Se diseñó un modelo y se realizó un estudio empírico cuantitativo, no experimental y transversal (. = 279; 78 % mujeres; ME = 30.14 años; DE = 11.21). Los resultados del análisis de correlación mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables de interés. Para determinar las variables predictoras del malestar psicológico se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. El 48 % de la varianza del malestar psicológico fue explicado por el pasado negativo, autocontrol e impulsividad, y focos temporales futuro y presente. Finalmente, se probó el modelo teórico diseñado para analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del malestar psicológico a través de un análisis de senderos que presentó un buen ajuste a los datos, ya que explicó el 50 % de la varianza de aquel. La perspectiva y el foco temporal explicaron el 53 % de la variabilidad del autocontrol, y presentaron efectos indirectos sobre el malestar psicológico a través del autocontrol. El autocontrol influyó de manera inversa en el malestar. Los hallazgos indican que el tiempo subjetivo y el autocontrol sirven para explicar estados psicológicos, incluso en pandemia, lo cual confirma estudios previos que muestran la importancia de las variables de personalidad -además de las biológicas y contextuales- en la aparición de malestar psicológico.

Abstract Psychological time is an essential aspect of humans. Two of the most important notions of subjective temporality are time perspective and temporal focus. Time perspective is a process by which the flow of personal and social experiences are framed in five different temporal categories: past negative, past positive, present hedonistic, present fatalistic and future. Temporal focus refers to the attention people devote to thinking about the past, present, and future. Previous research shows there is a strong relation between psychological time and self-regulatory processes, specifically self-control and impulsivity. Self-control is the ability to inhibit impulsive behaviors or reactions that can keep the person from pursuing the proposed goals. On the other hand, impulsivity refers to a short attention span and a tendency to engage in risky behaviors, and to prefer immediate rewards. Both subjective temporality and self-regulatory processes influence behaviors and psychological states such as psychological distress. In particular, the objective of this study was to find out if subjective temporality -time perspective and temporal focus-- and self-control and impulsivity have repercussions on psychological distress, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, in an Argentinian sample. The theoretical conjecture is that subjective temporality is closely linked to self-regulation, which influences the development of impulsivity and self-control, and impacts psychological distress. A quantitative, non-experimental, and cross-sectional empirical study was carried out (. = 279; 78 % women; ME = 30.14 years old; SD = 11.21). Firstly, the results of the correlational analysis showed significant relations between the variables. Then, to facilitate further analyses, an index variable of self-control was created, which included the scores of self-control and three dimensions of impulsivity. An optimal parallel analysis was performed. It indicated the existence of a single dimension. Then a semi-confirmatory factor analysis was ran, which showed acceptable results (KMO = .68; X. (6) = 198.8, . < .001; GFI = .99; RMSR = 0.03). Thirdly, to determine the predictive variables of psychological distress, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. It was found that 48 % of the variance of psychological distress was explained by negative past, self-control index, and future and present temporal focuses (. (4, 266) = 64.66, . < .001, R. = .49, R. adjusted = .48). The best predictor variable was past negative. Afterwards, a theoretical model was tested to explain the direct and indirect causes of psychological distress. It presented a good fit (X./gl = 1.63; GFI = .99; RMSEA = .04). Time perspective and temporal focus explained 53 % of the variability of self-control and presented indirect effects on psychological distress through self-control. Self-control inversely influenced psychological distress; more self-control generates less psychological distress. The model explained half of the variance of psychological distress (R. = .50). The findings indicate that subjective temporality and self-control explain psychological states, even during a pandemic, which confirms previous studies that show the importance of personality variables -in addition to biological and contextual variables- in the manifestation of psychological distress. The results support the theory that psychological time can be considered as a personality trait underlying self-control and psychological distress. A theoretical and practical discussion of the results is presented.

Motivación Intrínseca y Perspectiva Temporal de Universitarios del Noroeste de México / Intrinsic Motivation and Temporal Perspective of University Students in Northwestern Mexico

Resumen Se buscó identificar el perfil de motivación intrínseca (MI) y su relación con la perspectiva temporal en estudiantes universitarios del noroeste de México. En una muestra no probabilística por conveniencia de 553 estudiantes, se puso a prueba un modelo de motivación intrínseca, autoeficacia, orientación al logro, percepción escolar, morosidad y orientaciones temporales (pasado, presente y futuro). Se conformó un modelo estructural de MI que posee bondad de ajuste práctica adecuada. El modelo explica 48% de la variabilidad de la motivación intrínseca; destaca el efecto positivo de la orientación al logro (peso estructural=.65*) y el efecto negativo e indirecto (a través de la autoeficacia) de la morosidad (peso estructural=-.53*) sobre la MI. Y un efecto positivo de las orientaciones temporales (pasado negativo, presente hedonista y presente fatalista) sobre la morosidad (peso estructural=.54*). El estudio ofrece información sobre los aspectos que deben ser desarrollados en los estudiantes universitarios en relación con la motivación intrínseca.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the intrinsic motivation (IM) profile and its relationship with time perspective in a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 553 students university students from a northwestern region in Mexico. Structural equation models were fitted for intrinsic motivation, with self-efficacy, achievement orientation, school perception, procrastination and temporal orientations (past, present and future) as direct and indirect predictors. A structural model of IM was formed that has adequate practical goodness-of-fit. The overall model explained 48% of the variance for intrinsic motivation. Achievement orientation was positively associated (structural weight =.65*) with intrinsic motivation while procrastination was negatively and indirectly (through self-efficacy) related (structural weight =.53*) to IM. Temporal orientations (negative past, hedonistic present and fatalistic present) were positively related to procrastination (structural weight =.54*). This study provides information regarding important predictors of intrinsic motivation that can be targeted among university students.

Estrategias de aprendizaje y estudio, perspectiva temporal y rendimiento académicoen estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires / Learning and study strategies, temporal perspective and academic performance in university students of Buenos Aires

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre estrategias de aprendizaje y estudio, perspectiva temporal y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires. Se trató de un estudio correlacional ­de diferencias entre grupos, con un diseño no experimental, de corte transversal. Participaron 334 sujetos (68.6% mujeres, 31.4% hombres; Medad=25.90, DEedad= 8.23). Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron: una encuesta sociodemográfica y de datos académicos, el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo, y el Inventario de Estrategias de Aprendizaje. En los análisis de diferencias de medias se hallaron diferencias según rendimiento académico. Se encontró que los alumnos con mejor rendimiento académico presentaron mayores puntajes en Motivación, Competencias para el Manejo de la Información, Futuro Neutro y menores en Pasado Negativo, Presente Fatalista AU

The aim of the research was to analyze the relationship between learning and study strategies, time perspective and academic performance in university students from Buenos Aires. A correlational study ­of differences between groups, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design was conducted. Participants were 334 subjects (68.6% women, 31.4% men; Mage=25.90, SDage= 8.23). The data collection instruments were: a sociodemographic and academic data survey, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and the Learning Strategies Inventory. In the analysis of differences in means, differences were found according to academic performance. It was found that the students with the best academic performance presented higher scores in Motivation, Information ManagementCompetences, Neutral Future and lower scores in Negative Past, Fatalistic Present AU

Time Perspective and Decision-Making: A Study on Decisional Patterns in Argentinian Adults / Perspectiva temporal y toma de decisión: un estudio sobre patrones decisionales en adultos argentinos / Perspectiva temporal e tomada de decisão: um estudo sobre padrões decisórios em adultos argentinos

The first aim of this study was to adapt the mdmq to Argentinian Spanish and to collect evidence of its va-lidity and reliability; the second was to determine if time perspectives were adequate predictors of decision-making styles. A first sample of 536 participants served in the validation process; a second sample of 209 individuals who completed the mdmq and the Brief Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ztpi) was used to conduct descriptive-correlational and regression analyses. Confirmatory factor analysis corroborated a fourfactor model with adequate internal consistency for each subscale. Regression analyses showed that future time perspective positively predicted the display of higher vigilant coping patterns ­adaptive and ratio-nal decision-making style­. Meanwhile, less future- time-oriented people were more likely to engage in defensive avoidance mechanisms to reach a decision. Past-negative and present-fatalistic time perspectives were positive predictors of non-vigilant decision-making style. It indicates that individuals with an aversive vision over their past experiences and present situation are more likely to engage in emotionally based and avoidant decision-making patterns. These findings support the reliability and construct-related validity of the mdmq for assessing decision-making styles among Argentinian individuals and set a step for con-ducting more in-depth research in the field of decision-making and time perspective.

El primer objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar el mdmq al español argentino y recolectar evidencia de su validez y confiabilidad; el segundo fue determinar si las perspectivas temporales eran predictores adecuados de los estilos de toma de decisiones. Una primera muestra de 536 participantes sirvió para el proceso de validación y una segunda muestra de 209 individuos completó el mdmq y el Brief Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ztpi), para un análisis descriptivo-correlacional y de regresión. El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró un modelo de cuatro factores con adecuada consistencia interna para cada subescala. Los análisis de regresión mostraron que la perspectiva del tiempo futuro predijo positivamente la aparición de patrones de afrontamiento más vigilantes ­estilo de toma de decisiones adaptativo y racional­, mientras que las personas que estaban menos orientadas al tiempo futuro tenían más probabilidades de involucrarse en mecanismos de evitación defensiva para tomar una decisión. Las perspectivas temporales negativas del pasado y fatalistas del presente fueron predictores positivos del estilo de toma de decisiones no vigilante, lo que indicaría que las personas con una visión aversiva sobre sus experiencias pasadas y la situación presente, son más propensas a involucrarse en tipos de toma de decisiones basadas en emociones y evasivas. Estos hallazgos respaldan la confiabilidad y la validez relacionada con el constructo del mdmq para evaluar los estilos de toma de decisiones entre los argentinos y marcan un paso para realizar investigaciones más profundas en el campo de la toma de decisiones y la perspectiva temporal.

O primeiro objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar o mdmqpara o espanhol argentino e coletar evidências de sua validade e confiabilidade; a segunda foi determinar se as perspectivas de tempo eram preditores adequados dos estilos de tomada de decisão. Uma primeira amostra de 536 participantes foi usada para o processo de va-lidação e uma segunda amostra de 209 indivíduos completarou o mdmq e o Brief Zimbardo Time Perspec-tive Inventory (ztpi) e foi usada para realizar análises descritivas-correlacionais e de regressão. A análise fatorial confirmatória corroborou um modelo de quatro fatores com consistência interna adequada para cada subescala. As análises de regressão mostraram que a perspectiva do tempo futuro previu positivamente o surgimento de padrões de enfrentamento mais vigilantes ­estilos de tomada de decisão racionais e adaptativos­ enquanto as pessoas menos orientadas para o futuro eram mais propensas a se envolver em mecanismos de enfrentamento de evasão defensiva para tomar uma decisão. Perspectivas temporais negativas do passado e fatalistas do presente foram preditores positivos do estilo de tomada de decisão não vigilante, indicando que pessoas com uma visão aversiva de suas experiências passadas e da situação presente são mais propensas a se envolver em tipos de tomada de decisão baseadas em emoções e padrões evasivos. Essas descobertas apoiam a confiabilidade e a validade relacionada ao construto do mdmq para avaliar os estilos de tomada de decisão entre os argentinos e marcam um importante passo para realizar pesquisas mais profundas no campo da tomada de decisão e perspectiva de tempo.

Reduciendo la ideación suicida en adolescentes con terapia de perspectiva temporal. Un estudio experimental / Reducing suicidal ideation in adolescents with time perspective therapy. An experimental study

Resumen El suicidio es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo, problema que en los últimos años ha venido en aumento sostenido para la población adolescente. En particular, la ideación suicida se ha relacionado fuertemente con el intento suicida, un predictor directo del suicidio; sin embargo, se encuentran escasas estrategias para disminuir la ideación suicida diseñadas principalmente para la depresión. Considerando las posibilidades terapéuticas de la teoría de Zimbardo sobre la perspectiva temporal equilibrada, en el presente estudio se diseñó una intervención breve basada en la perspectiva del tiempo para adolescentes con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de una intervención de perspectiva temporal en la modificación de indicadores de ideación y conducta suicida en adolescentes. De este modo, se realizó un estudio experimental, donde 82 participantes de 15 a 19 años fueron asignados a una intervención experimental o a un grupo control. Los participantes del grupo experimental (n = 43) participaron durante 8 sesiones del programa de intervención de perspectiva del tiempo denominado "Serenamente". Las mediciones pre-post se realizaron sobre las variables de ideación suicida (Okasha), el perfil temporal (ZTPI) y la calidad de vida (SF-36). Como resultados, se encontró que la intervención reduce la ideación suicida en un 41 %; y que, posiblemente, mejora la salud física de quienes reciben este tipo de tratamiento. Los resultados son un avance promisorio con fines preventivos en contextos educativos y de salud.

Abstract Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world, a problem that has been steadily increasing in recent years for the adolescent population. In particular, suicidal ideation has been strongly associated with suicide attempt, a direct predictor of suicide; however, few strategies to decrease suicidal ideation designed primarily for depression are found. Considering the therapeutic possibilities of Zimbardo's theory on balanced time perspective, in the present study a brief intervention for adolescents based on that theory was designed with the aim of evaluating the effect of a time perspective intervention on the modification of indicators of suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescents. Thus, an experimental study was conducted, where 82 participants aged 15 to 19 were assigned to either an experimental intervention or a control group. The participants of the experimental group (n = 43) engaged in eight sessions of the time perspective intervention program called "Serenity". Pre-post measurements were made on the variables of suicidal ideation (Okasha), time profile (ZTPI) and quality of life (SF-36). Results show that the intervention reduces suicidal ideation by 41%; and that, possibly, it improves the physical health of those who receive this type of treatment. The results are a promising advance for preventive purposes in educational and health contexts.

Perspectiva temporal futura: Teorias, construtos e instrumentos / Future time perspective: Theories, constructs, and instruments / Perspectiva temporal futura: teorías, constructos y instrumentos

O objetivo deste estudo teórico é apresentar as principais teorias, construtos e instrumentos utilizados na literatura internacional sobre perspectiva temporal futura (PTF). A revisão indicou dois tipos de abordagens teóricas. As abordagens atemáticas destacam uma tendência geral que orienta processos psicológicos associados ao futuro, de modo a investigar a PTF com escalas psicométricas cujos itens não se associam a conteúdos específicos. As abordagens temáticas enfocam as antecipações do futuro psicológico no presente e investigam as representações de futuro e os seus aspectos cognitivos, dinâmicos, afetivos e comportamentais. Os métodos de avaliação incluem escalas psicométricas associadas a domínios da vida ou instrumentos em que o conteúdo da PTF é listado de modo indutivo. As duas abordagens não são excludentes, mas complementares.

This theoretical study presents the main theories, constructs, and instruments used in international literature on future temporal perspective (FTP). The review indicated two theoretical approaches about the theme. The athematic approaches highlight a general tendency that guides psychological processes associated with future, in order to investigate FTP with psychometric scales with items not associated with specific contents. The thematic approaches focus on the anticipations of psychological future in present and investigate future representations and their cognitive, dynamic, affective, and behavioral aspects. Assessment methods include psychometric scales associated with life domains or instruments in which FTP content is listed inductively. The two approaches are not exclusive, but complementary.

El objetivo de este estudio teórico es presentar las principales teorías, constructos e instrumentos utilizados en la literatura internacional sobre perspectiva temporal futura (PTF). La revisión indicó dos tipos de enfoques teóricos. Los enfoques atemáticos destacan una tendencia general que orienta procesos psicológicos asociados al futuro, de modo a investigar la PTF con escalas psicométricas cuyos ítems no se asocian a contenidos específicos. Los enfoques temáticos enfocan las anticipaciones del futuro psicológico en el presente e investigan las representaciones de futuro y sus aspectos cognitivos, dinámicos, afectivos y comportamentales. Los métodos de evaluación incluyen escalas psicométricas asociadas a ámbitos de la vida o instrumentos en los que el contenido de la PTF se muestra de forma inductiva. Los dos enfoques no son excluyentes, sino complementarios.

Porcentaje de peso perdido y su recuperación en pacientes bariátricos: un análisis desde la perspectiva temporal / Percentage of total weight loss and weight regain in bariatric patients: a time perspective analysis

RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal se ha asociado a hábitos relacionados con salud. Específicamente, el futuro ha sido asociado a cambios en el estilo de vida como la incorporación de ejercicio físico. En cambio, el presente hedonista se ha asociado a la perdida sub-óptima de peso en pacientes bariátricos. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las variables de la perspectiva temporal y el porcentaje de peso total perdido; su mantención o re-ganancia desde el nadir, en pacientes bariátricos. Material y métodos: Se aplicó a 97 pacientes bariátricos el Inventario de la Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo y Boyd, y un cuestionario de estilo de vida construido para esta investigación. Resultados: Un mayor porcentaje de peso total perdido se asoció significativamente a futuro (r= 0,221; p<0,05) y desviación del perfil temporal negativo (r= 0,324; p<0,05). La pérdida de peso insuficiente estuvo asociada al presente fatalista (t= −2,16; p= 0,033) y desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,81; p= 0,006). La re-ganancia del %PTP se asoció significativamente a la desviación del perfil temporal balanceado (t= −2,09; p= 0,045) y al consumo de dulces (X2= 13,42; p= 0,009). Conclusiones: Una mayor desviación de la perspectiva temporal balanceada y un mayor consumo de dulces se asociaron a una pérdida de peso insuficiente y a la recuperación desde el nadir.

ABSTRACT Background: A person's perspective of time has been associated with health-related habits. Specifically, future has been associated with changes in lifestyle as well the incorporation of physical exercise. In contrast, current hedonism is associated with sub-optimal weight loss in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between seven variables of a time perspective and percentage of total weight loss; maintenance or weight regain among bariatric patients. Material and Methods: A sample of 97 bariatric patients answered the Inventory of Temporary Orientation and lifestyle questionnaires. Results: A greater percentage of total weight loss was significantly associated with future (r= 0.221; p<0.05) and deviations from negative time profile (r= 0.324; p<0.05). Insufficient weight loss was associated with a fatalistic present (t= −2.16, p= 0.033) and deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.81; p= 0.006). Regaining weight was significantly associated to deviations from a balanced time perspective (t= −2.09; p=0.045) and consumption of sweets (X2= 13.42; p= 0.009). Conclusions: Deviations from a balanced time perspective and consumption of sweets are associated with sub-optimal weight loss and regaining weight.

Predictores psicológicos de la re-ganancia del peso en pacientes bariátricos / Psychological predictors of the regain of weight in bariatric patients

Resumen La cirugía bariátrica permite una pérdida ponderal significativa y acelerada en el corto plazo. La re-ganancia del peso se observa entre el 15 al 30% de los pacientes. Los factores psicológicos explicarían en mayor medida la recuperación del peso en pacientes bariátricos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las variables "locus de control del peso", "perspectiva temporal" y "autoeficacia, para la re-ganancia del peso en pacientes bariátricos. Estudio multivariado predictivo. Se evalúo a 97 pacientes bariátricos. Los resultados indican que las variables psicológicas "locus de control", "presente fatalista" y "pasado positivo" explican el 27.1% de la varianza de la re-ganancia del peso (p<.001). Este modelo clasifica de forma correcta a un 88.7% de los pacientes. Las variables locus de control del peso, pasado positivo y presente fatalista predicen la re-ganancia del peso.

Abstract Bariatric surgery allows a significant and accelerated weight loss in the short term. The regain of the weight is observed between 15 to 30% of the patients. The psychological factors would explain to a greater extent the recovery of weight in bariatric patients. Aim: To evaluate the predictive capacity of the variables "locus of weight control", "temporal perspective" and "self-efficacy", for the re-gain of weight in bariatric patients. Method: Predictive multivariate study. A total of 97 bariatric patients were evaluated. Results: The psychological variables "locus of control", "present fatalist" and "positive past" explain 27.1% of the variance of the regain of weight (p <.001). This model correctly classifies 88.7% of patients. Conclusion: The variables locus of weight control, positive past and fatalistic present predict the regain of weight.

Future time perspective in female prison inmates convicted for the crime of terrorism in Lima, Peru / Perspectiva temporal futura en mujeres sentenciadas por el delito de terrorismo en un establecimiento penitenciario de lima (perú)

RESUMEN La perspectiva temporal futura plantea un espectro de motivaciones ubicadas cognitivamente en el futuro. Este estudio la describe veinticuatro mujeres sentenciadas por el delito de terrorismo en un establecimiento penitenciario de Lima. Para ello, se utilizó el método de inducción motivacional que usando frecuencias porcentuales categoriza y jerarquiza las metas de las participantes. La conclusión principal es que la distribución general y la extensión de las metas muestran proporciones similares con la población no penitenciaria estudiada en nuestro medio. Esto contradice la opinión pública, cuya imagen de las participantes es que su único interés corresponde a los fines del partido en el cual han militado.

ABSTRACT Future Time Perspective (PTF) formulates a spectrum of goals, cognitively located in the future. This study describes the PTF of 24 female prison inmates convicted for the crime of terrorism in Lima. To do so, we used the Motivational Induction Method, which categorizes and hierarchizes the goals of the participants using percentage frequencies. Our main conclusion is that proportions regarding the general distribution and the extension of the goals are similar to the non-prisoned society groups studied by Martínez (2004c). This is opposite to the public's opinion of the participants, according to which their only interest corresponds with the goals of the party they have been ascribed to.

Perspectiva temporal futura y estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de nivel medio próximos a egresar / Future temporal perspective and coping strategies in high school students who are about to graduate

Se examinan la perspectiva temporal futura y las estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes de nivel medio próximos a egresar. Se trabajó con 260 alumnos de escuelas secundarias de la Prov. de Buenos Aires (M = 17.09; DE= 1.04). Los instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron una encuesta de datos sociodemográficos y académicos, y las adaptaciones locales del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal de Zimbardo y el Inventario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento. Analizando diferencias según género, se hallaron diferencias en las estrategias de afrontamiento a favor de las mujeres en aproximación cognitiva, aproximación conductual y evitación cognitiva. Examinando diferencias según curso se encontró que los alumnos de 4to y 5to año presentaron medias mayores que los de 6to y 7mo en presente fatalista.Evaluando la relación entre la perspectiva temporal y las estrategias, se detectaron asociaciones débiles y moderadas entre diversas escalas.

Future temporal perspective and coping strategies are examined in middle school students who are about to graduate. It was worked with 260 students from high schools in the Province of Buenos Aires (M = 17.09, SD = 1.04). Data collection instruments were a survey of sociodemographic and academic data, and the local adaptations of the Zimbardo Temporary Perspective Inventory and the Coping Strategies Inventory. Analyzing differences according to gender, differences in coping strategies -in favor of women in cognitive and behavioral approximation, approach and cognitive avoidance- were found. Examining differences according to course, it was found that students of 4th and 5th year presented averages greater than those of 6th and 7th in present fatalistic. Evaluating the relationship between temporal perspective and strategies, weakand moderates associations between different scales were detected.

Perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad en estudiantes argentinos / Temporal perspective and personality styles in argentinean students

En la Psicología, el concepto de perspectiva temporal introducido por Lewin (1935) se define como la dirección preferencial de los pensamientos de un sujeto hacia el presente, pasado o futuro, dimensión más o menos estable de la personalidad, que influye sobre la motivación, el pensamiento y diversos aspectos de su conducta. Zimbardo define el concepto como un proceso no consciente mediante el cual el flujo de las experiencias personales y sociales se encuadran en categorías temporales que ayudan a dar orden, coherencia y significado a esas experiencias y lo operacionaliza, introduciendo también el concepto de perspectiva temporal balanceada (BTP). Se presentan los resultados de datos recogidos en una muestra de 329 estudiantes argentinos de nivel medio, terciario (nivel superior no universitario) y universitario, a partir de los que se exploró la posible relación entre perfiles de perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad y se evaluó el rol de la perspectiva temporal balanceada en la relación entre ambos constructos. Se aplicó el Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal (ZTPI - Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), el Cuestionario de Perspectiva Temporal Futura Trascendental (PTFT - Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997) y la adaptación para Argentina del Inventario Millon de Estilos de Personalidad (Casullo & Castro Solano, 2000). Los análisis de correlaciones y de variancia arrojan evidencia empírica acerca de las relaciones significativas entre perfiles de perspectiva temporal y estilos de personalidad y se verifica, en particular, que hay un perfil de perspectiva temporal más adaptativo que el resto. Se interpretan los resultados como bidireccionales.

The time notion has a central place both in the philosophical reflection and in Psychology, indicating a systematical position with regard to the man's mode of existence in the world. In Psychology, the time perspective concept was introduced by Lewin (1935), and defined as the totality of the individual's views of his psychological future and psychological past existing at a given time, a more or less stable trait of the personality, which influences the motivation, thinking, and various aspects of their behaviour. Zimbardo is the author that more has been busy of the operationalization of this concept, which he defined as a non conscious process through which the flow of personal and social experiences is assigned to temporal categories that help give order, coherence and meaning to those experiences. The relative weight of the time frames introduce considerable differences in the decisions and behaviours and this preference for any of the dimensions can function as a static personality trait that can be non-adaptive. Hence, the authors introduce the concept of balanced time perspective (BTP) according to which the present, past and future are combined in a flexible manner, in response to the demands of the times and tasks in the life of the people, as well as to their dominant values. In this work we present the results of data collected in a sample of 329 students of secondary, tertiary and university levels, from which explored the possible relationship between profiles of temporal perspective and personality styles in Argentinean students and evaluate the role of balanced temporal perspective in that relationship. The ZTPI (Inventory of Temporal Perspective -Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), the Questionnaire of Transcendental Future Time Perspective (PTFT -Boyd & Zimbardo, 1997), and the MIPS adaptation to Argentina (Casullo & Castro Solano, 2000) are applied. For the data analysis was used the following statistical: analysis of correlations, analysis of variance (ANOVA one way), tests of significance of the proportional differences and K-Means Cluster Analysis. We used the SPSS.20. Using cluster analysis, three profiles of time perspective and three personality styles are obtained. It is also estimated the deviation of balanced temporal perspective (DBTP) for each subject and three conglomerates were determinated. The correlations and variance analysis show empirical evidence about the meaningful relationships between profiles of temporal perspective and personality styles. It was verified, in particular, that there is a profile of temporal perspective more adaptive than the rest. In fact, 55% of the subjects who are identified with a profile of equilibrate-transcendent PT are within the group with open, active, strong and sociable personality stile, while 40% of subjects with conflicting PT are located in the style of conflicted personality. The inclusion of the future transcendental time scale, unified with the ZTPI allows us to see this perspective influences, in particular in the profiles of PT and its relationship with the personality styles. Some of these relationships and their difference with those found by the authors of both scales of PT are interpreted as a result of cultural differences. All the links found are confirmed on the basis of the determination of the balanced time perspective (BTP), which in our sample corresponds to the 28 per cent of the total number of subjects. There would be a two-way relationship, a mutual influence; on the one hand, certain personality traits would glances spreads to the temporal dimensions of the lived and living life and, on the other hand, the profile of temporal perspective that is being consolidated as personality trait refluxes on the rest of the traits, to contribute to the achievement of a identity with greater or lesser degree of adaptation and completeness.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal para adolescentes / Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Time Perspective Inventory for adolescents / Propiedades psicométricas de la versión Brasileña del Inventario de Perspectiva Temporal para adolescentes

A perspectiva temporal tem sido sistematicamente associada a vários construtos psicológicos. No âmbito do desenvolvimento de carreira de adolescentes, uma orientação para o futuro parece facilitar o planejamento de carreira a médio e longo prazo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão brasileira do instrumento português Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal (IPT), composto por quatro escalas: orientação ao futuro, orientação ao presente, orientação ao passado e visão ansiosa do futuro. Participaram 587 homens e mulheres, estudantes de ensino médio de escolas públicas e privadas, com idades entre 13 e 18 anos. Foram realizadas análises de componentes principais para verificar se as quatro dimensões propostas emergiriam empiricamente. De um modo geral, os resultados foram compatíveis com as expectativas, sugerindo a validade de construto e a fidedignidade da medida. Embora o instrumento possa ser aprimorado, os resultados indicam que possa ser utilizado em pesquisas em sua versão atual...

Time perspective has been systematically associated with various psychological constructs. Concerning the career development of adolescents, a future oriented perspective seems to facilitate career planning in medium and long term. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Portuguese instrument called Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal (IPT - Time Perspective Inventory) composed by four scales: Future orientation, Present orientation, Past orientation, and Anxious view of the future. Participants were 587 men and women high school students from public and private schools, aged between 13 and 18 years. Principal components analysis were conducted in order to verify if the four proposed dimensions would emerge empirically. Overall results were compatible with the expectations, providing evidences of validity and reliability for the instrument. Although the measure may be further refined, results suggest it can be used for research purposes in its current form...

La perspectiva temporal ha sido sistemáticamente asociada con diversos constructos psicológicos. Dentro de lo desarrollo de carrera de los jóvenes, una perspectiva orientada al futuro parece contribuir para la planificación de la carrera en el mediano y largo plazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión brasileña del instrumento portugués llamado Inventário de Perspectiva Temporal (IPT), compuesto por cuatro escalas: orientación al futuro, orientación al presente, orientación al pasado, y visión ansiosa del futuro. Los participantes fueron 587 hombres y mujeres estudiantes de secundaria de escuelas públicas y privadas, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 18 años. Análisis de componentes principales se llevaron a cabo con el fin de verificar si las cuatro dimensiones propuestas emergerían empíricamente. En general, los resultados fueron compatibles con las expectativas, proporcionando evidencias de validez y confiabilidad del instrumento. Aunque la medida pueda ser refinada, los resultados sugieren que puede ser utilizado para fines de investigación en su forma actual...

Reinserción social: estudio de la perspectiva temporal futura en sujetos que han recobrado su libertad / Social reintegration: study of the future time perspective in persons who are free after being in prison

La perspectiva temporal futura (FTP) entendida como la representación mental de objetos localizados en el futuro, constituye un aspecto central en el pensamiento y la conducta de los individuos (Nurmi, 1989). Dada la relevancia de esta variable en el estudio de la reinserción social de quienes han recobrado su libertad, es que se propone en este estudio describir la PTF en una muestra de liberados condicionales. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio - descriptivo de tipo transversal con una muestra de 140 adultos en libertad condicional. Se administró el Cuestionario para evaluar Perspectiva Temporal Futura, especialmente construido en este estudio. El mismo integra las dimensiones: metas, extensión temporal, planificación, evaluación y actitud temporal. Los resultados señalan la existencia de una PTF restringida, caracterizada por una escasa cantidad de metas, así como de recursos y acciones implementadas para su concreción. Resulta interesante indagar el papel que la PTF tiene en la prevención de la reincidencia delictiva.

The future time perspective (PTF) understood as the mental representation of objects located in the future is a central aspect in individuals thinking and behaviors (Nurmi, 1989). Due to the relevance of this variable in the study of social reintegration of persons who have obtained their freedom after being in prison, it is proposed to describe the PTF as parolees perceive it. An exploratory - descriptive cross sectional study has been designed with 140 adults on parole participation. A questionnaire specially built and validated for this research has been administered to assess future time perspective. This instrument integrates the following dimensions: goals, temporal extension, planning, evaluation and temporary attitude. The results indicate the existence of a limited PTF, characterized by a low amount of goals, resources and actions to achieve them. PTF has shown to play an important role in preventing recidivism which might have further outcomes.

Comportamento adaptativo e perspectivação do futuro: algumas evidências nos contextos da educação e da saúde / Adaptive behaviour and future time perspective: some evidence from education and health settings

O papel do futuro no comportamento actual dos indivíduos, em particular dos jovens, tem sido alvo de atenção ao longo do tempo, destacando-se aquele que tem vindo a ser um efeito consistente de associação entre, por um lado, a perspectivação e a construção de planos de futuro - expressados pelo conceito de perspectiva temporal de futuro (PTF) - e, por outro, a expressão de comportamentos adaptativos, que contribuem para uma maior adaptação ao meio. Dois dos contextos de estudo em que essa relação é mais abordada são os da educação e da saúde, este último especificamente ao nível da promoção de comportamentos saudáveis e da prevenção de riscos. Tendo em conta estes dois contextos, o presente trabalho pretende sistematizar e discutir um conjunto de dados, resultantes de vários estudos, e que se consideram relevantes para a evidenciação dessa relação.

The role of future in the current individual behavior, especially among youngsters, has been receiving considerable attention. It is important to underline the consistent effect of association between future plans construction and perspectives - as expressed by the Future Time Perspective (FTP) concept and adaptive behavior expression. This aspect is considered as a contributor to higher adaptation. Two of the contexts where that relation is studied are education and health, the latter specifically at healthy behavior development and risk prevention levels. Having in mind these two dimensions, the present article intends, to discuss some data from several studies, which are considered relevant for giving emphasis on such relation.