Exploring mechanism of hypolipidemic effect of total Ligustrum robustum (Roxb. ) Blume on hyperlipidemic golden hamsters based on intestinal flora / 中国药理学通报

Aim To evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides extracted from Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.) Blume (LRTPG) on hyperlipidemic golden hamsters and explore its regulatory effect on intestinal flora. Methods Sixty hamsters were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a positive drug group, LRTPG-L group, LRTPG-M group, and LRTPG-H group. After the successful induction of the model by high-fat diet, the animals were continuously administered for four weeks, and their blood lipids and liver lipids were detected. The formed feces from the colorectal region of the hamsters in the control group, model group and LRTPG-H group were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing. Results LRTPG reduced serum TG, TC, LDL-C and liver TG, TC concentrations significantly in hyperlipidemic hamsters. The results of the intestinal microbiota sequencing showed that compared to the control group, LRTPG significantly decreased the relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and increased the relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia (P < 0.01) at the phylum level. At the family level, LRTPG significantly increased the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae, Peptococcaceae, and Verrucomicrobiaceae (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). At the genus level, LRTPG significantly increased the relative abundance of Oscillospira, Oscillibacter, Flavonifractor and Akkermansiaceae (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These changes in the flora were beneficial to the hypolipidemic effect of LRTPG. Conclusion LRTPG may exert its hypolipidemic effect by improving the intestinal flora disorder caused by a high-fat diet in golden hamsters.

Proteomic-based studies on hypolipidemic mechanism of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from ligustrum robustum (roxb. ) blume in hyperlipidemic hamsters / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the hypolipidemic mechanism of the total phenylpropanoid glycoside from Ligustrum robustum (Roxb. ) Blume (LRTPG) on hyperlipidemic hamsters using label-free quantitative proteomic technique. Methods The total protein was extracted from livers of model group and the group treated with LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics research. Results The proteomic data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified. And 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between model group and group treated with LRTPG. Among the 549 proteins, 93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated, and 397 proteins had quantitative values only in model group or drug-administered group. Further, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that those differentially expressed proteins were primarily involved in an array of biological processes including metabolism, transport, oxidation-reduction, phosphorylation, signal transduction and lipid metabolism. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in several signal pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, non-alcoholic fatty liver dis-ease, PI3K-Akt, cAMP, and cGMP-PKG pathway. And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism, such as CD36, PK, HSS, GCK, ApoA I, Acly and FABP5. Conclusion The hypolipidemic effect of LRTPG may be related to CD36, PK, HSS, GCK, ApoA I, Acly and FABP5.

Advances in biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of phenylethanoid glycosides / 中草药

Phenylethanoid glycosides (PeGs) are natural active ingredients of many plants at home and abroad. They possess a spectrum of beneficial activities, such as anti-oxidant, hepatoprotective, whitening, and neuroprotective. However, the content of PeGs in food or medicinal materials is low and unstable. During the past decade, studies on biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of PeGs have been extensively carried out. Here, the recent achievements in biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of PeGs in plants and microorganisms are reviewed, as well as in total synthesis and semi-synthesis of PeGs. Hopefully, this work done so far will provide reference for elucidating the biosynthesis mechanism of PeGs, stabilizing and improving the content of PeGs in herbal materials, improving the quality, and synthesizing PeGs by microbial metabolic engineering or chemical synthesis.

Proteomics analysis on hypolipidemic mechanisms of total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum(Roxb.)Blume in hamsters fed a high fat diet / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To explore the hypolipidemic mechanisms of the total phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ligustrum robustum (Roxb.)Blume (LRTPG)in hamsters using proteomics technique. METHODS The hamsters were fed with a high fat diet to induce hyperlipidemia.Then LRTPG of high (1.2 g·kg-1),medium(0.6 g·kg-1)and low(0.3 g·kg-1)doses were administrated daily for 4 weeks.Then the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids were determined using enzymic methods.The total protein was extracted from livers of the model group and the group treated with the high dose of LRTPG for label-free quantitative proteomics. RESULTS LRTPG significantly reduced the concentrations of plasma and hepatic lipids in hamsters fed a high fat diet. The proteomics data showed that a total of 2231 proteins were identified,and 549 proteins were found to be differentially expressed between the model group and the group treated with LRTPG.Among the 549 proteins,93 proteins were up-regulated and 59 proteins were down-regulated, and 397 proteins were absent or not. And some of these proteins were much related to the lipid metabolism. Further, gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated metabolic process, transport, oxidation-reduction process, phosphorylation, signal transduction, lipid metabolic process were the main biological processes that those differentially expressed proteins participated. KEGG pathway analysis showed that those proteins were involved in several metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation,non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD),PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The proteomics study could provide valuable clues to help us to understand the hypolipidemic mechanisms of LRTPG much better.

Preliminary study on anti-oxidant activities and material base of n-butanol extract of Boschniakia rossica / 中草药

Objective To investigate anti-oxidant activities of the n-butanol extract of Boschniakia rossica (BEBR), and preliminarily determine the material basis of its antioxidant activities. Methods Antioxidant activities of different polarity extraction of BEBR were performed by using 1,1-dipheny-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assays and ferric reducing anti-oxidant power as the index. The aging rats induced by D-galactose were used as models to investigate the effects of different n-butanol extract parts on the content of MDA and the activity of SOD and CAT in liver tissue; The chemical composition of BEBR was preliminarily analyzed by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Results BEBR had good scavenging effect on free radicals of DPPH and ABTS, and well performation in ferrous reduction experiments of FRAP determination. Compared with the model group, all indexes of MDA, SOD, and CAT in liver tissues of rats from different dose groups with BEBR were significantly improved (P < 0.01), which showed that levels of MDA reduced, the activity of SOD and CAT increased and back to above normal levels. The anti-oxidant activity in vivo showed in a dose-dependent manner. Nineteen chemical constituents were tentatively characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS, of which 14 were phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs). Conclusion BEBR has good anti-oxidant effects and PPGs are the main active constituents.

Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides from the aerial parts of

Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides named cuneataside E () and cuneataside F (), were isolated from the aerial parts of(Dum. Cours.) G. Don, whose structures wereandisomer, respectively. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR). Inbioassays at 10 μmol/L, compoundshowed moderate hepatoprotective activity against-acetyl--aminophenol (APAP)-induced toxicity in HeG2 cells.

Identification of chemical constituents in Scrophulariae Radix by HPLC-IT-TOF-MS / 中国中药杂志

This experiment was performed to establish a qualitative analysis on chemical constituents of Scrophulariae Radix by HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS．The analysis was conducted on a C₁₈ column (Kromasil 100-5, 4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) with 0.1% formic acid-acetonitrile as the mobile phase for gradient elution; ESI ion source was used for mass spectra, and data were collected innegative and positive modes. The results showed that 64 compounds from Scrophulariae Radix had been identified by analyzing negative ion mass data including element composition and by comparing with data from literature. Two new compounds (4-hydroxy-6-O-methylcatalpol and acetylangoroside C) and seventeen known compounds were detected from Scrophulariae Radix for the first time. Seventeen known compounds included twelve iridoid glycosides, three phenylpropanoid glycosides and two other kind compounds. This study will provide chemical basis for elucidation of the effective substance in the Scrophulariae Radix.

Inhibition of human platelet aggregation in vitro by standardized extract of Wendtia calycina

Wendtia calycina (Griseb.) Griseb., Vivianiaceae, is a Paraguayan herbaceous plant commonly known as burrito. Our previous study indicated that burrito leaves are a very good source of phenylpropanoid glycosides, principally verbascoside. From W. calycina leaves, a standardized, water-soluble extract rich in phenylpropanoid glycosides (WSE) has been developed on an industrial scale to be used as a food supplement, cosmetic, phytomedicine, and ingredient of different formulations. In this study, we investigated the effect of the WSE on human platelet aggregation in vitro induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine (EPN), collagen (COL) or arachidonic acid (AA). WSE, concentration-dependently, inhibited ADP and EP-induced human platelet aggregation (IC50 were 0.82±0.15 mg/mL and 0.41±0.02 mg/mL, respectively). It did not inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation, thus suggesting a selectivity for the ADP-induced platelet activation pathways.